August –
Abdallah, son of the
Aghlabid emir
Ibrahim II, represses a revolt of his Muslim subjects, and then initiates a campaign against the last Byzantine strongholds in
Sicily.[3]
August 13 –
Zwentibold, king of
Lotharingia, is killed in battle on the
Meuse River, while fighting against his rebellious subjects; subsequently they recognize Louis IV as their rightful suzerain - Lotharingia is then converted from a kingdom to a duchy.[10]
King
Donald II is killed after an 11-year reign. He is succeeded by his cousin
Constantine II as king of
Scotland;[12] he will reign for more than 40 years.
After the rejection of their alliance proposal by the
Bavarians, the
Hungarians attack this country, occupying
Pannonia and parts of
Ostmark, which become part of the Hungarian state.
The
Persian scientist
Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi distinguishes
smallpox from
measles in the course of his writings. Holding against any sort of orthodoxy, particularly
Aristotle's physics, he maintains the conception of an 'absolute' time, regarded by him as "a never-ending flow".
Summer – Abu Abbas Abdallah defeats a relief Byzantine navy dispatched from
Constantinople at Messina. He dismantles the fortifications of Messina and transfers his booty to
Palermo.
Edward the Elder takes the title "King of the
Anglo-Saxons". His mother, Dowager-Queen
Ealhswith, founds the
Nunnaminster at
Winchester and retires into a religious life there.
The Kingdom of
Hu Goguryeo is established by the rebel leader
Gung Ye. He subjugates the local lords in the
Korean Peninsula and proclaims himself king.
June – Ibrahim II lands with an Aghlabid expeditionary force in
Trapani, and proceeds to
Palermo. He crushes the reinforced Byzantine army at
Giardini.
Spring – Emperor
Zhao Zong appoints
Yang Xingmi as the overall commander of the Eastern
circuits in
China. He receives the title of Prince Wuzhong of Wu.
July – Pope
Benedict IV dies after a 3-year reign. He is succeeded by
Leo V as the 118th
pope of the
Catholic Church. Leo is imprisoned and
tortured by Antipope
Christopher after a reign of just 1 month. Christopher makes himself the new pope of
Rome.
July 29 –
Sack of Thessalonica: A Muslim fleet, led by the Greek renegade
Leo of Tripoli, appears outside
Thessalonica and begins its attack after a short and silent inspection of the fortification of the city. After attacks from the sea for two days, the
Saracens are able to storm the city walls, overcome the Thessalonians' resistance and capture the city. The sacking continues for a full week, before the raiders depart for their base in the
Levant. Having freed 4,000 Muslim prisoners and captured 60 ships, gaining a large loot, they carry off 22,000 men and women as slaves.[29]
In
Portugal, for the third time in less than 30 years, the Christians take control of
Coimbra, this time for almost a century.[30]
Beginning of the Saeculum obscurum ('Dark Age'), a period of 60 years in which the papacy was heavily influenced by the powerful
Theophylacti family, the counts of Tusculum.
September 22 – The warlord
Zhu Quanzhong kills Emperor
Zhao Zong, along with his family and many ministers, after seizing control of the imperial government. Zhu places Zhao Zong's 13-year-old son
Ai (Li Zhou) on the imperial throne as a
puppet ruler of the
Tang dynasty.
Zhu Quanzhong has
Chang'an, the capital of the Tang dynasty and the largest city in the ancient world, destroyed, and moves the materials to
Luoyang, which becomes the new capital.
By topic
Religion
January 29 – Pope
Sergius III succeeds
Leo V and the deposed Antipope
Christopher (both of whom are murdered or
exiled) as the 119th
pope of the
Catholic Church. The ascension of Sergius marks the beginning of the
Pornocracy ('rule of the whores'), which will last for 150 years. During this time, the
clergy will be sidelined and rule over
Rome is dominated by the Roman
nobility.
Sergius III allies himself with
Theophylact I, count of
Tusculum, who becomes ruler of Rome and the papal administration. Sergius rewards him (for his support and rise of power) with the position of sacri palatii vestararius and essentially becomes his puppet.
July 21 – Berengar I and a hired Hungarian army defeat the Frankish force at Verona. They take Louis III as prisoner and Berengar blinds him for breaking his oath.
Louis III returns to
Provence. Unable to govern properly, he relinquishes the government of
Lower Burgundy to his cousin
Hugh, Count of
Arles.[31]
Ahmad ibn Kayghalagh, an Abbasid military officer, is appointed governor of the provinces of
Damascus and
Jordan. He is sent to confront a pro-Tulunid rebellion under Muhammad ibn Ali al-Khalanji. The latter manages to capture
Fustat and proclaims the restoration of the Tulunids, while the local Abbasid commander withdraws to
Alexandria.[33][34]
Abaoji, a
Khitan tribal leader, leads 70,000 cavalry into
Shanxi (Northern China) to create a 'brotherhood' with
Li Keyong, a
Shatuo governor (jiedushi) of the Tang Dynasty.
King
Constantine II of Scotland calls for an assembly to meet at
Scone. Scottish Christian
clergy under Bishop
Cellach pledges that the laws and disciplines of the faith, and the laws of churches and gospels, should be kept pariter cum Scottis.[35]
Summer – The Hungarians invade
Bavaria, causing great destruction, occupying many towns and, on their way home, defeating a Bavarian army at
Lengenfeld. The Hungarian-Bavarian border is fixed on the
Enns River.[38]
Emir
Isma'il ibn Ahmad dies after a 15-year reign in which he has extended his borders to
Tabaristan and
Khorasan. He establishes independence throughout the eastern part of his empire from his capital at
Bukhara. Isma'il is succeeded by his son
Ahmad Samani as ruler of the
Samanid Empire.
February 27 –
Abaoji, ruler (khagan) of the confederation of
Khitans, proclaims himself emperor and establishes the
Liao dynasty, killing most of the other Khitan chieftains. He occupies territories along China's northern border including parts of
Hebei and
Shanxi provinces.
The short-lived
Wu Kingdom is founded by
Yang Wo (Prince of Hongnong) in
Jiangdu (
South Central China). He refuses to acknowledge the rule of Zhu Quanzhong.[40]
June 1 – Zhu Quanzhong (Zhu Wen) usurps the
throne and proclaims himself the first emperor of
Later Liang. China is controlled by successive short-lived kingdoms (until
960).
Duke
Atenulf I (the Great) of
Benevento attacks the
Saracens at the
Garigliano River, with the assistance of
Naples and
Amalfi. Crossing the river, Atenulf defeats an Arab army and reaches the walls of their fortified camp. However, the sudden withdrawal of the Neapolitans renders the
siege useless.
May 1 – Emperor
Wang Jian of
Former Shu puts his adoptive son (and a potential successor)
Wang Zongji (Prince of Shu) to death. He orders Wang Zongji's associates to be
exiled.[46]
June 9 – The generals
Zhang Hao and
Xu Wen assassinate
Yang Wo (Prince of Hongnong). He is succeeded by his 11-year-old brother
Yang Longyan as ruler of the
Wu Kingdom.
June 18 – Xu Wen murders Zhang Hao and takes over as Yang Longyan's
regent, and sole commander of the
imperial guard. He becomes de facto ruler of the Wu Kingdom.
Winter – Abdullah al-Mahdi Billah takes up the leadership of the Fatimid state and proclaims himself Caliph Abdullah (al-Mahdi).
China
April 27 – The
Min Kingdom (modern-day
Fujian province) is established by governor
Wang Shenzhi (Prince of Langye), with
Fuzhou (known as
Changle) as its capital. Wang Shenzhi tries to attract scholars who will help to construct an efficient bureaucracy and
tax system.
^Vasiliev, Alexander A. (1968). Byzance et les Arabes, Tome II: Les relations politiques de Byzance et des Arabes à l'époque de la dynastie macédonienne (les empereurs Basile I, Léon le Sage et Constantin VII Porphyrogénète) 867-959 (253-348). Première partie: Les relations politiques de Byzance et des Arabes à l'époque de la dynastie macédonienne. Première période, de 867 à 959. Corpus Bruxellense Historiae Byzantinae (in French). French ed.:
Henri Grégoire,
Marius Canard. Brussels: Fondation Byzantine. pp. 145–147.
OCLC1070617015.
^Gilbert Meynier (2010). L'Algérie cœur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518). Paris: La Découverte; p. 26.
^Faith and Sword: A short history of Christian-Muslim conflict by Alan G. Jamieson, p. 32.
^Picard, Christophe (2000). Le Portugal musulman (VIIIe-XIIIe siècle). L'Occident d'al-Andalus sous domination islamique. Paris: Maisonneuve & Larose. p. 109.
ISBN2-7068-1398-9.
^Bradbury, Jim (2007). The Capetians: Kings of France, 987-1132. Continuum. p. 63.
^Reuter, Timothy. Germany in the Early Middle Ages 800–1056. New York: Longman, 1991., p. 129.
^Chronicon Hermanni Contracti: Ex Inedito Hucusque Codice Augiensi, Unacum Eius Vita Et Continuatione A Bertholdo eius discipulo scripta. Praemittuntur Varia Anecdota. Subiicitur Chronicon Petershusanum Ineditum. 1, Typis San-Blasianis, 1790, p. CVIII, Text from: Gesta Francorum excerpta, ex originali ampliata, Latin text: "980 [...] Ungari in Saxones. Et Burchardus dux Toringorum, et Reodulfus epsicopus, Eginoque aliique quamplurimi occisi sunt devastata terra...". English translation: "908 [...] The Hungarians against the Saxons. Burchard, duke of Thuringia, bishop Rudolf, and Egino were killed with many others and [the Hungarians] devastated the land...".
^Heighway, Carolyn (2001). "Gloucester and the new minister of St Oswald". In Higham, N. J.; Hill, D. H. (eds.). Edward the Elder 899-924. Routledge. p. 108.
^John Haywood (1995). Historical Atlas of the Vikings, p. 68. Penguin Books:
ISBN978-0-140-51328-8.
August –
Abdallah, son of the
Aghlabid emir
Ibrahim II, represses a revolt of his Muslim subjects, and then initiates a campaign against the last Byzantine strongholds in
Sicily.[3]
August 13 –
Zwentibold, king of
Lotharingia, is killed in battle on the
Meuse River, while fighting against his rebellious subjects; subsequently they recognize Louis IV as their rightful suzerain - Lotharingia is then converted from a kingdom to a duchy.[10]
King
Donald II is killed after an 11-year reign. He is succeeded by his cousin
Constantine II as king of
Scotland;[12] he will reign for more than 40 years.
After the rejection of their alliance proposal by the
Bavarians, the
Hungarians attack this country, occupying
Pannonia and parts of
Ostmark, which become part of the Hungarian state.
The
Persian scientist
Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi distinguishes
smallpox from
measles in the course of his writings. Holding against any sort of orthodoxy, particularly
Aristotle's physics, he maintains the conception of an 'absolute' time, regarded by him as "a never-ending flow".
Summer – Abu Abbas Abdallah defeats a relief Byzantine navy dispatched from
Constantinople at Messina. He dismantles the fortifications of Messina and transfers his booty to
Palermo.
Edward the Elder takes the title "King of the
Anglo-Saxons". His mother, Dowager-Queen
Ealhswith, founds the
Nunnaminster at
Winchester and retires into a religious life there.
The Kingdom of
Hu Goguryeo is established by the rebel leader
Gung Ye. He subjugates the local lords in the
Korean Peninsula and proclaims himself king.
June – Ibrahim II lands with an Aghlabid expeditionary force in
Trapani, and proceeds to
Palermo. He crushes the reinforced Byzantine army at
Giardini.
Spring – Emperor
Zhao Zong appoints
Yang Xingmi as the overall commander of the Eastern
circuits in
China. He receives the title of Prince Wuzhong of Wu.
July – Pope
Benedict IV dies after a 3-year reign. He is succeeded by
Leo V as the 118th
pope of the
Catholic Church. Leo is imprisoned and
tortured by Antipope
Christopher after a reign of just 1 month. Christopher makes himself the new pope of
Rome.
July 29 –
Sack of Thessalonica: A Muslim fleet, led by the Greek renegade
Leo of Tripoli, appears outside
Thessalonica and begins its attack after a short and silent inspection of the fortification of the city. After attacks from the sea for two days, the
Saracens are able to storm the city walls, overcome the Thessalonians' resistance and capture the city. The sacking continues for a full week, before the raiders depart for their base in the
Levant. Having freed 4,000 Muslim prisoners and captured 60 ships, gaining a large loot, they carry off 22,000 men and women as slaves.[29]
In
Portugal, for the third time in less than 30 years, the Christians take control of
Coimbra, this time for almost a century.[30]
Beginning of the Saeculum obscurum ('Dark Age'), a period of 60 years in which the papacy was heavily influenced by the powerful
Theophylacti family, the counts of Tusculum.
September 22 – The warlord
Zhu Quanzhong kills Emperor
Zhao Zong, along with his family and many ministers, after seizing control of the imperial government. Zhu places Zhao Zong's 13-year-old son
Ai (Li Zhou) on the imperial throne as a
puppet ruler of the
Tang dynasty.
Zhu Quanzhong has
Chang'an, the capital of the Tang dynasty and the largest city in the ancient world, destroyed, and moves the materials to
Luoyang, which becomes the new capital.
By topic
Religion
January 29 – Pope
Sergius III succeeds
Leo V and the deposed Antipope
Christopher (both of whom are murdered or
exiled) as the 119th
pope of the
Catholic Church. The ascension of Sergius marks the beginning of the
Pornocracy ('rule of the whores'), which will last for 150 years. During this time, the
clergy will be sidelined and rule over
Rome is dominated by the Roman
nobility.
Sergius III allies himself with
Theophylact I, count of
Tusculum, who becomes ruler of Rome and the papal administration. Sergius rewards him (for his support and rise of power) with the position of sacri palatii vestararius and essentially becomes his puppet.
July 21 – Berengar I and a hired Hungarian army defeat the Frankish force at Verona. They take Louis III as prisoner and Berengar blinds him for breaking his oath.
Louis III returns to
Provence. Unable to govern properly, he relinquishes the government of
Lower Burgundy to his cousin
Hugh, Count of
Arles.[31]
Ahmad ibn Kayghalagh, an Abbasid military officer, is appointed governor of the provinces of
Damascus and
Jordan. He is sent to confront a pro-Tulunid rebellion under Muhammad ibn Ali al-Khalanji. The latter manages to capture
Fustat and proclaims the restoration of the Tulunids, while the local Abbasid commander withdraws to
Alexandria.[33][34]
Abaoji, a
Khitan tribal leader, leads 70,000 cavalry into
Shanxi (Northern China) to create a 'brotherhood' with
Li Keyong, a
Shatuo governor (jiedushi) of the Tang Dynasty.
King
Constantine II of Scotland calls for an assembly to meet at
Scone. Scottish Christian
clergy under Bishop
Cellach pledges that the laws and disciplines of the faith, and the laws of churches and gospels, should be kept pariter cum Scottis.[35]
Summer – The Hungarians invade
Bavaria, causing great destruction, occupying many towns and, on their way home, defeating a Bavarian army at
Lengenfeld. The Hungarian-Bavarian border is fixed on the
Enns River.[38]
Emir
Isma'il ibn Ahmad dies after a 15-year reign in which he has extended his borders to
Tabaristan and
Khorasan. He establishes independence throughout the eastern part of his empire from his capital at
Bukhara. Isma'il is succeeded by his son
Ahmad Samani as ruler of the
Samanid Empire.
February 27 –
Abaoji, ruler (khagan) of the confederation of
Khitans, proclaims himself emperor and establishes the
Liao dynasty, killing most of the other Khitan chieftains. He occupies territories along China's northern border including parts of
Hebei and
Shanxi provinces.
The short-lived
Wu Kingdom is founded by
Yang Wo (Prince of Hongnong) in
Jiangdu (
South Central China). He refuses to acknowledge the rule of Zhu Quanzhong.[40]
June 1 – Zhu Quanzhong (Zhu Wen) usurps the
throne and proclaims himself the first emperor of
Later Liang. China is controlled by successive short-lived kingdoms (until
960).
Duke
Atenulf I (the Great) of
Benevento attacks the
Saracens at the
Garigliano River, with the assistance of
Naples and
Amalfi. Crossing the river, Atenulf defeats an Arab army and reaches the walls of their fortified camp. However, the sudden withdrawal of the Neapolitans renders the
siege useless.
May 1 – Emperor
Wang Jian of
Former Shu puts his adoptive son (and a potential successor)
Wang Zongji (Prince of Shu) to death. He orders Wang Zongji's associates to be
exiled.[46]
June 9 – The generals
Zhang Hao and
Xu Wen assassinate
Yang Wo (Prince of Hongnong). He is succeeded by his 11-year-old brother
Yang Longyan as ruler of the
Wu Kingdom.
June 18 – Xu Wen murders Zhang Hao and takes over as Yang Longyan's
regent, and sole commander of the
imperial guard. He becomes de facto ruler of the Wu Kingdom.
Winter – Abdullah al-Mahdi Billah takes up the leadership of the Fatimid state and proclaims himself Caliph Abdullah (al-Mahdi).
China
April 27 – The
Min Kingdom (modern-day
Fujian province) is established by governor
Wang Shenzhi (Prince of Langye), with
Fuzhou (known as
Changle) as its capital. Wang Shenzhi tries to attract scholars who will help to construct an efficient bureaucracy and
tax system.
^Vasiliev, Alexander A. (1968). Byzance et les Arabes, Tome II: Les relations politiques de Byzance et des Arabes à l'époque de la dynastie macédonienne (les empereurs Basile I, Léon le Sage et Constantin VII Porphyrogénète) 867-959 (253-348). Première partie: Les relations politiques de Byzance et des Arabes à l'époque de la dynastie macédonienne. Première période, de 867 à 959. Corpus Bruxellense Historiae Byzantinae (in French). French ed.:
Henri Grégoire,
Marius Canard. Brussels: Fondation Byzantine. pp. 145–147.
OCLC1070617015.
^Gilbert Meynier (2010). L'Algérie cœur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518). Paris: La Découverte; p. 26.
^Faith and Sword: A short history of Christian-Muslim conflict by Alan G. Jamieson, p. 32.
^Picard, Christophe (2000). Le Portugal musulman (VIIIe-XIIIe siècle). L'Occident d'al-Andalus sous domination islamique. Paris: Maisonneuve & Larose. p. 109.
ISBN2-7068-1398-9.
^Bradbury, Jim (2007). The Capetians: Kings of France, 987-1132. Continuum. p. 63.
^Reuter, Timothy. Germany in the Early Middle Ages 800–1056. New York: Longman, 1991., p. 129.
^Chronicon Hermanni Contracti: Ex Inedito Hucusque Codice Augiensi, Unacum Eius Vita Et Continuatione A Bertholdo eius discipulo scripta. Praemittuntur Varia Anecdota. Subiicitur Chronicon Petershusanum Ineditum. 1, Typis San-Blasianis, 1790, p. CVIII, Text from: Gesta Francorum excerpta, ex originali ampliata, Latin text: "980 [...] Ungari in Saxones. Et Burchardus dux Toringorum, et Reodulfus epsicopus, Eginoque aliique quamplurimi occisi sunt devastata terra...". English translation: "908 [...] The Hungarians against the Saxons. Burchard, duke of Thuringia, bishop Rudolf, and Egino were killed with many others and [the Hungarians] devastated the land...".
^Heighway, Carolyn (2001). "Gloucester and the new minister of St Oswald". In Higham, N. J.; Hill, D. H. (eds.). Edward the Elder 899-924. Routledge. p. 108.
^John Haywood (1995). Historical Atlas of the Vikings, p. 68. Penguin Books:
ISBN978-0-140-51328-8.