King
Charles the Bald gives the order to build fortified bridges across the
Seine and
Loire Rivers, to protect Paris and the
Frankish heartland against
Viking raids. He hires the services of
Weland, a Viking chieftain based on the
Somme, to attack the Seine Vikings at their base on the
Isle of Oissel. Weland besieges the Vikings—they offer him a huge
bribe (6,000 pounds of
silver) to let them escape.[3]
Summer – Viking raiders led by Weland sail to England and attack
Winchester (the capital of
Wessex), which is set ablaze. He spreads inland, but is defeated by West Saxon forces, who deprive him of all he has gained.[5]
March –
Robert the Strong is appointed
margrave of
Neustria by King
Charles the Bald. He re-establishes the
Breton March, and extends his remit by campaigning against
Salomon, duke 'king' of
Brittany. Robert hires a combined
Seine-
Loire fleet for 6,000 pounds of
silver, 'before Salomon can ally with them against him'. In return, Salomon enlists 12 Viking ships under the command of
Hastein, to raid the county of
Maine, which, with
Anjou, becomes squeezed between Brittany and Neustria.
Robert the Strong, margrave of Neustria, captures 12 Viking ships and kills their crews. He pays
tribute (
Danegeld) for keeping the Vikings out of Neustria.[9]
Carloman, eldest son of King
Louis the German, revolts against his father. He is captured, but manages to escape to the
Ostmark (or
861).
Viking raiders again plunder
Dorestad (modern
Netherlands), a
Frankish port on the mouth of the river
Rhine. It thereafter disappears from the chronicles.
Danish
Vikings loot along the Rhine. They settle on an island near
Cologne, but are driven off by the combined forces of Lothair II and the
Saxons.
Spring – Emperor
Louis II (the Younger) marches with a
Frankish army against
Rome. While en route to the
papal city, he becomes ill, and decides to make peace with
Pope Nicholas I.
Pepin II joins the Vikings in an attack on
Toulouse. He is captured while besieging the Frankish city. Pepin is deposed as king of
Aquitaine, and imprisoned in
Senlis.
Pope Nicholas I orders that all Catholics should abstain from eating the "flesh, blood, or marrow"[22] of warm-blooded animals on Wednesdays and Fridays.[23]
Pope Nicholas I forbids the use of
torture in prosecutions for
witchcraft (approximate date).
The rival monarchs of Northumbria,
Ælla and
Osberht, join forces in an attempt to expel the Great Heathen Army, but are
defeated in battle by Ivar the Boneless and
Halfdan Ragnarsson. Osberht is killed in battle, while Ælla is reportedly captured, before being subject to the
blood eagle: a combined method of torture and execution.
Surviving members of the Northumbrian
court flee into the northernmost part of the kingdom,
Bernicia.
By topic
Religion
The
Council of Constantinople is held (presided over by Patriarch
Photius), which anathematizes the use of the
Filioque clause in the Creed, and also
Pope Nicholas I, for his attacks on the work of Greek missionaries in Bulgaria.
Salomon, duke ('king') of
Brittany, leads a joint campaign against the Loire
Vikings. He is forced to defend southeastern Brittany unaided, and mobilizes levies raised at
Poitiers to defeat the Vikings.
Al-Andalus: The city of
Mérida rises against the
Umayyad rule. Emir
Muhammad I regains control, and has the walls of the city destroyed. He supports the rival creation of
Badajoz in retaliation.[26]
Al-Mutawakkil, Abbasid
caliph (b.
822), On the night of 11 December, about one hour after midnight, the Turk guards burst in the chamber where the Caliph and al-Fath were having supper. Al-Fath was killed trying to protect the Caliph, who was killed next. His son, Al-Muntasir, who now assumed the caliphate, initially claimed that al-Fath had murdered his father, and that he had been killed after; within a short time, however, the official story changed to al-Mutawakkil choking on his drink.[35][36]
^Martínez Diez, Gonzalo (2007). Sancho III el Mayor Rey de Pamplona, Rex Ibericus (in Spanish). Madrid: Marcial Pons Historia. p. 25.
ISBN978-84-96467-47-7.
JSTORj.ctt6wpw4q.
^John Haywood (1995). Historical Atlas of the Vikings, p. 61. Penguin Books:
ISBN978-0-140-51328-8.
^Bóna, István (2000). The Hungarians and Europe in the 9th-10th centuries. Budapest: Historia - MTA Történettudományi Intézete, p. 13.
ISBN963-8312-67-X.
^Picard, Christophe (2000). Le Portugal musulman (VIIIe-XIIIe siècle0. L'Occident d'al-Andalus sous domination islamique. Paris: Maisonneuve & Larose. p. 109.
ISBN2-7068-1398-9.
^Buhl, Fr. (1986). Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. (eds.). "al-Ḥasan b. Zayd b. Muḥammad". The Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.). Brill: 245.
^Kreutz, Barbara M. (1991). Before the Normans: Southern Italy in the ninth and tenth centuries. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 43.
ISBN0812231015.
^Hill, Paul (2009). The Viking Wars of Alfred the Great. pp. 32–6.
ISBN978-1-59416-087-5.
King
Charles the Bald gives the order to build fortified bridges across the
Seine and
Loire Rivers, to protect Paris and the
Frankish heartland against
Viking raids. He hires the services of
Weland, a Viking chieftain based on the
Somme, to attack the Seine Vikings at their base on the
Isle of Oissel. Weland besieges the Vikings—they offer him a huge
bribe (6,000 pounds of
silver) to let them escape.[3]
Summer – Viking raiders led by Weland sail to England and attack
Winchester (the capital of
Wessex), which is set ablaze. He spreads inland, but is defeated by West Saxon forces, who deprive him of all he has gained.[5]
March –
Robert the Strong is appointed
margrave of
Neustria by King
Charles the Bald. He re-establishes the
Breton March, and extends his remit by campaigning against
Salomon, duke 'king' of
Brittany. Robert hires a combined
Seine-
Loire fleet for 6,000 pounds of
silver, 'before Salomon can ally with them against him'. In return, Salomon enlists 12 Viking ships under the command of
Hastein, to raid the county of
Maine, which, with
Anjou, becomes squeezed between Brittany and Neustria.
Robert the Strong, margrave of Neustria, captures 12 Viking ships and kills their crews. He pays
tribute (
Danegeld) for keeping the Vikings out of Neustria.[9]
Carloman, eldest son of King
Louis the German, revolts against his father. He is captured, but manages to escape to the
Ostmark (or
861).
Viking raiders again plunder
Dorestad (modern
Netherlands), a
Frankish port on the mouth of the river
Rhine. It thereafter disappears from the chronicles.
Danish
Vikings loot along the Rhine. They settle on an island near
Cologne, but are driven off by the combined forces of Lothair II and the
Saxons.
Spring – Emperor
Louis II (the Younger) marches with a
Frankish army against
Rome. While en route to the
papal city, he becomes ill, and decides to make peace with
Pope Nicholas I.
Pepin II joins the Vikings in an attack on
Toulouse. He is captured while besieging the Frankish city. Pepin is deposed as king of
Aquitaine, and imprisoned in
Senlis.
Pope Nicholas I orders that all Catholics should abstain from eating the "flesh, blood, or marrow"[22] of warm-blooded animals on Wednesdays and Fridays.[23]
Pope Nicholas I forbids the use of
torture in prosecutions for
witchcraft (approximate date).
The rival monarchs of Northumbria,
Ælla and
Osberht, join forces in an attempt to expel the Great Heathen Army, but are
defeated in battle by Ivar the Boneless and
Halfdan Ragnarsson. Osberht is killed in battle, while Ælla is reportedly captured, before being subject to the
blood eagle: a combined method of torture and execution.
Surviving members of the Northumbrian
court flee into the northernmost part of the kingdom,
Bernicia.
By topic
Religion
The
Council of Constantinople is held (presided over by Patriarch
Photius), which anathematizes the use of the
Filioque clause in the Creed, and also
Pope Nicholas I, for his attacks on the work of Greek missionaries in Bulgaria.
Salomon, duke ('king') of
Brittany, leads a joint campaign against the Loire
Vikings. He is forced to defend southeastern Brittany unaided, and mobilizes levies raised at
Poitiers to defeat the Vikings.
Al-Andalus: The city of
Mérida rises against the
Umayyad rule. Emir
Muhammad I regains control, and has the walls of the city destroyed. He supports the rival creation of
Badajoz in retaliation.[26]
Al-Mutawakkil, Abbasid
caliph (b.
822), On the night of 11 December, about one hour after midnight, the Turk guards burst in the chamber where the Caliph and al-Fath were having supper. Al-Fath was killed trying to protect the Caliph, who was killed next. His son, Al-Muntasir, who now assumed the caliphate, initially claimed that al-Fath had murdered his father, and that he had been killed after; within a short time, however, the official story changed to al-Mutawakkil choking on his drink.[35][36]
^Martínez Diez, Gonzalo (2007). Sancho III el Mayor Rey de Pamplona, Rex Ibericus (in Spanish). Madrid: Marcial Pons Historia. p. 25.
ISBN978-84-96467-47-7.
JSTORj.ctt6wpw4q.
^John Haywood (1995). Historical Atlas of the Vikings, p. 61. Penguin Books:
ISBN978-0-140-51328-8.
^Bóna, István (2000). The Hungarians and Europe in the 9th-10th centuries. Budapest: Historia - MTA Történettudományi Intézete, p. 13.
ISBN963-8312-67-X.
^Picard, Christophe (2000). Le Portugal musulman (VIIIe-XIIIe siècle0. L'Occident d'al-Andalus sous domination islamique. Paris: Maisonneuve & Larose. p. 109.
ISBN2-7068-1398-9.
^Buhl, Fr. (1986). Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. (eds.). "al-Ḥasan b. Zayd b. Muḥammad". The Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.). Brill: 245.
^Kreutz, Barbara M. (1991). Before the Normans: Southern Italy in the ninth and tenth centuries. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 43.
ISBN0812231015.
^Hill, Paul (2009). The Viking Wars of Alfred the Great. pp. 32–6.
ISBN978-1-59416-087-5.