January 22 – The Crusaders, under Raymond IV, reach
Masyaf, where a treaty is agreed to. They decide to continue the march, rather than to capture or destroy the town. The next day the Crusaders enter the deserted town of
Rafaniyah, that provides them with much-needed supplies. Raymond moves into the
Buqaia Valley, and takes the strategic Kurdish fortress of Hosn al-Akrad (the future
Krak des Chevaliers castle).[2]
February – The Crusaders under
Godfrey of Bouillon set out from Antioch to
Latakia. They are joined by forces of Bohemond I and
Robert II, count of
Flanders. On their arrival, Bohemond decides to turn back to consolidate his power in Antioch. Godfrey and Robert move on to besiege the small sea-port of
Jabala. After two weeks, the Emir of Jabala makes a truce, and accepts the suzerainty of the Crusaders.[3]
February 14 – The Crusaders under Raymond IV besiege the fortified town of
Akkar – whose garrison is loyal to
Jalal al-Mulk Abu'l-Hasan, emir of
Tripoli (modern
Lebanon). On May 13 after a 3-month siege the investment of Akkar is raised and Raymond orders the camp to be struck. The Crusader host, finally joined by the forces of Godfrey of Bouillon and Robert II, resumes his march southwards to Tripoli.[4]
February 17 – Raymond IV sends a small part of his army under
Raymond Pilet to attack the port of
Tortosa on the Syrian coast. The Crusaders led many fires around the port to make believe their number is greater than it is. Fooled by the deception, the governor and the garrison flees by sea in the night leaving the port open for the Crusaders to capture. The port becomes strategically important for supplies.[5]
May – The Crusaders march past Tripoli, accompanied by guides provided by the emir who lead them safely through the towns of
Batroun and
Byblos. On May 19 they cross the
Dog River north of
Beirut into Fatimid territory. There local governors supply the Crusaders with tribute and food in return for no damage to the
agricultural area. The Fatimids keep no large troops in the north, except for small garrisons.[6]
May 20 – The Fatimid governor of
Sidon refuses to cooperate and his garrison attacks the Crusader host while they are looting local villages. The Fatimids are repulsed, the towns further south generally follow the example of Beirut. The Crusaders move on to
Tyre – Raymond IV decides to wait for two days to allow a force under
Baldwin of Le Bourg (supported by knights from Antioch) to catch up with him.[7]
May 26 – The Crusaders march to
Haifa and along the coast under
Mount Carmel to
Caesarea (modern
Israel), where they rest for four days in order to celebrate
Whitsun (Whit Sunday).
June 2–
6 – The Crusaders occupy
Arsuf and turn inland towards
Ramlah, where they reorganise for the march against Jerusalem. A Crusader force under Tancred liberates
Bethlehem.[8]
June 7 –
Siege of Jerusalem: The Crusaders reach the outskirts of Jerusalem, and begin the siege of the Holy City.
Iftikhar al-Dawla offers a peace agreement but this is refused.[9]
June 13 – The Crusaders under Godfrey of Boullion launch their first assault on Jerusalem, while the Fatimid garrison and Jewish militia defend the northern wall at the
Damascus Gate.[10]
June 17 – A naval squadron of six Genoese ships led by
Guglielmo Embriaco (loaded with military materials) enters the port of
Jaffa; all except one are trapped by a larger Fatimid fleet.[11]
July 8 – The Crusaders attempt to take Jerusalem by storm but are repulsed. In a
procession they walk around the walls under leadership of priests in the hope the city would surrender.[12]
July 13 – The Crusader army (some 12,000 men) launch a final assault on Jerusalem. The attacks against the northern and southern wall are repulsed without establishing a foothold.[13]
The Crusaders breach the walls of Jerusalem after a two-pronged assault.
Iftikhar al-Dawla surrenders Jerusalem to Raymond IV in the
Tower of David with a great sum of treasure in return for his life. He is escorted out of the city with his bodyguard.[14]
August 10 – The Crusaders under Godfrey of Bouillon (supported by 1,200–1,300 knights) assemble at
Yibna (
Ibelin) – close to the coast and almost halfway from Jaffa to
Ascalon.[16]
August 12 –
Battle of Ascalon: The Crusader army (some 10,000 men) decisively defeats the Fatimids who are sent to relieve Jerusalem. Vizier
Al-Afdal is forced to retreat to
Egypt.[17]
November – A Crusader army under Bohemond I travels south to begin a
pilgrimage to Jerusalem. They are accompanied by
Baldwin of Boulogne, brother of Godfrey of Bouillon.[18]
^Steven Runciman (1951). A History of the Crusades. Volume I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 221.
ISBN978-0-141-98550-3.
^Steven Runciman (1951). A History of the Crusades. Volume I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 222.
ISBN978-0-141-98550-3.
^Steven Runciman (1951). A History of the Crusades. Volume I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 224.
ISBN978-0-141-98550-3.
^David Nicolle (2003). The First Crusade 1096–99 - Conquest of the Holy Land, pp. 69–70. Osprey Publishing: Campaign 132.
ISBN978-1-84176-515-0.
^Steven Runciman (1951). A History of the Crusades. Volume I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 223.
ISBN978-0-141-98550-3.
^Steven Runciman (1951). A History of the Crusades. Volume I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, pp. 227–228.
ISBN978-0-141-98550-3.
^Steven Runciman (1951). A History of the Crusades. Volume I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 228.
ISBN978-0-141-98550-3.
^David Nicolle (2003). The First Crusade 1096–99 - Conquest of the Holy Land, p. 71. Osprey Publishing: Campaign 132.
ISBN978-1-84176-515-0.
^David Nicolle (2003). The First Crusade 1096–99 - Conquest of the Holy Land, p. 73. Osprey Publishing: Campaign 132.
ISBN978-1-84176-515-0.
^David Nicolle (2003). The First Crusade 1096–99 - Conquest of the Holy Land, pp. 73–76. Osprey Publishing: Campaign 132.
ISBN978-1-84176-515-0.
^David Nicolle (2003). The First Crusade 1096–99 - Conquest of the Holy Land, p. 76. Osprey Publishing: Campaign 132.
ISBN978-1-84176-515-0.
^Steven Runciman (1951). A History of the Crusades. Vol I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 236.
ISBN978-0-141-98550-3.
^Steven Runciman (1951). A History of the Crusades. Vol I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 237.
ISBN978-0-141-98550-3.
^Steven Runciman (1951). A History of the Crusades. Vol I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 242.
ISBN978-0-141-98550-3.
^David Nicolle (2003). The First Crusade 1096–99 - Conquest of the Holy Land, p. 83. Osprey Publishing: Campaign 132.
ISBN978-1-84176-515-0.
^Steven Runciman (1951). A History of the Crusades. Vol I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 250.
ISBN978-0-141-98550-3.
^Steven Runciman (1951). A History of the Crusades. Vol I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 251.
ISBN978-0-141-98550-3.
January 22 – The Crusaders, under Raymond IV, reach
Masyaf, where a treaty is agreed to. They decide to continue the march, rather than to capture or destroy the town. The next day the Crusaders enter the deserted town of
Rafaniyah, that provides them with much-needed supplies. Raymond moves into the
Buqaia Valley, and takes the strategic Kurdish fortress of Hosn al-Akrad (the future
Krak des Chevaliers castle).[2]
February – The Crusaders under
Godfrey of Bouillon set out from Antioch to
Latakia. They are joined by forces of Bohemond I and
Robert II, count of
Flanders. On their arrival, Bohemond decides to turn back to consolidate his power in Antioch. Godfrey and Robert move on to besiege the small sea-port of
Jabala. After two weeks, the Emir of Jabala makes a truce, and accepts the suzerainty of the Crusaders.[3]
February 14 – The Crusaders under Raymond IV besiege the fortified town of
Akkar – whose garrison is loyal to
Jalal al-Mulk Abu'l-Hasan, emir of
Tripoli (modern
Lebanon). On May 13 after a 3-month siege the investment of Akkar is raised and Raymond orders the camp to be struck. The Crusader host, finally joined by the forces of Godfrey of Bouillon and Robert II, resumes his march southwards to Tripoli.[4]
February 17 – Raymond IV sends a small part of his army under
Raymond Pilet to attack the port of
Tortosa on the Syrian coast. The Crusaders led many fires around the port to make believe their number is greater than it is. Fooled by the deception, the governor and the garrison flees by sea in the night leaving the port open for the Crusaders to capture. The port becomes strategically important for supplies.[5]
May – The Crusaders march past Tripoli, accompanied by guides provided by the emir who lead them safely through the towns of
Batroun and
Byblos. On May 19 they cross the
Dog River north of
Beirut into Fatimid territory. There local governors supply the Crusaders with tribute and food in return for no damage to the
agricultural area. The Fatimids keep no large troops in the north, except for small garrisons.[6]
May 20 – The Fatimid governor of
Sidon refuses to cooperate and his garrison attacks the Crusader host while they are looting local villages. The Fatimids are repulsed, the towns further south generally follow the example of Beirut. The Crusaders move on to
Tyre – Raymond IV decides to wait for two days to allow a force under
Baldwin of Le Bourg (supported by knights from Antioch) to catch up with him.[7]
May 26 – The Crusaders march to
Haifa and along the coast under
Mount Carmel to
Caesarea (modern
Israel), where they rest for four days in order to celebrate
Whitsun (Whit Sunday).
June 2–
6 – The Crusaders occupy
Arsuf and turn inland towards
Ramlah, where they reorganise for the march against Jerusalem. A Crusader force under Tancred liberates
Bethlehem.[8]
June 7 –
Siege of Jerusalem: The Crusaders reach the outskirts of Jerusalem, and begin the siege of the Holy City.
Iftikhar al-Dawla offers a peace agreement but this is refused.[9]
June 13 – The Crusaders under Godfrey of Boullion launch their first assault on Jerusalem, while the Fatimid garrison and Jewish militia defend the northern wall at the
Damascus Gate.[10]
June 17 – A naval squadron of six Genoese ships led by
Guglielmo Embriaco (loaded with military materials) enters the port of
Jaffa; all except one are trapped by a larger Fatimid fleet.[11]
July 8 – The Crusaders attempt to take Jerusalem by storm but are repulsed. In a
procession they walk around the walls under leadership of priests in the hope the city would surrender.[12]
July 13 – The Crusader army (some 12,000 men) launch a final assault on Jerusalem. The attacks against the northern and southern wall are repulsed without establishing a foothold.[13]
The Crusaders breach the walls of Jerusalem after a two-pronged assault.
Iftikhar al-Dawla surrenders Jerusalem to Raymond IV in the
Tower of David with a great sum of treasure in return for his life. He is escorted out of the city with his bodyguard.[14]
August 10 – The Crusaders under Godfrey of Bouillon (supported by 1,200–1,300 knights) assemble at
Yibna (
Ibelin) – close to the coast and almost halfway from Jaffa to
Ascalon.[16]
August 12 –
Battle of Ascalon: The Crusader army (some 10,000 men) decisively defeats the Fatimids who are sent to relieve Jerusalem. Vizier
Al-Afdal is forced to retreat to
Egypt.[17]
November – A Crusader army under Bohemond I travels south to begin a
pilgrimage to Jerusalem. They are accompanied by
Baldwin of Boulogne, brother of Godfrey of Bouillon.[18]
^Steven Runciman (1951). A History of the Crusades. Volume I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 221.
ISBN978-0-141-98550-3.
^Steven Runciman (1951). A History of the Crusades. Volume I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 222.
ISBN978-0-141-98550-3.
^Steven Runciman (1951). A History of the Crusades. Volume I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 224.
ISBN978-0-141-98550-3.
^David Nicolle (2003). The First Crusade 1096–99 - Conquest of the Holy Land, pp. 69–70. Osprey Publishing: Campaign 132.
ISBN978-1-84176-515-0.
^Steven Runciman (1951). A History of the Crusades. Volume I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 223.
ISBN978-0-141-98550-3.
^Steven Runciman (1951). A History of the Crusades. Volume I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, pp. 227–228.
ISBN978-0-141-98550-3.
^Steven Runciman (1951). A History of the Crusades. Volume I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 228.
ISBN978-0-141-98550-3.
^David Nicolle (2003). The First Crusade 1096–99 - Conquest of the Holy Land, p. 71. Osprey Publishing: Campaign 132.
ISBN978-1-84176-515-0.
^David Nicolle (2003). The First Crusade 1096–99 - Conquest of the Holy Land, p. 73. Osprey Publishing: Campaign 132.
ISBN978-1-84176-515-0.
^David Nicolle (2003). The First Crusade 1096–99 - Conquest of the Holy Land, pp. 73–76. Osprey Publishing: Campaign 132.
ISBN978-1-84176-515-0.
^David Nicolle (2003). The First Crusade 1096–99 - Conquest of the Holy Land, p. 76. Osprey Publishing: Campaign 132.
ISBN978-1-84176-515-0.
^Steven Runciman (1951). A History of the Crusades. Vol I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 236.
ISBN978-0-141-98550-3.
^Steven Runciman (1951). A History of the Crusades. Vol I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 237.
ISBN978-0-141-98550-3.
^Steven Runciman (1951). A History of the Crusades. Vol I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 242.
ISBN978-0-141-98550-3.
^David Nicolle (2003). The First Crusade 1096–99 - Conquest of the Holy Land, p. 83. Osprey Publishing: Campaign 132.
ISBN978-1-84176-515-0.
^Steven Runciman (1951). A History of the Crusades. Vol I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 250.
ISBN978-0-141-98550-3.
^Steven Runciman (1951). A History of the Crusades. Vol I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 251.
ISBN978-0-141-98550-3.