Languages of
Turkic peoples left numerous traces in different languages, including the English language. Turkic borrowings, which belong to the social and political vocabulary, are generally used in special literature and in the historical and ethnographical works, which relate to the life of Turkic and
Muslim peoples. The ethnographical words are generally used in the scientific literature, and in the historical and ethnographical texts.
The adoption of Indian (principally
Hindustani) words, among which there were some Turkic borrowings, became one of the ways for the words of the Turkic origin to penetrate English. Additionally, several words of Turkic origin penetrated English through Central or Eastern European languages like Russian and
Polish.
Albanian,
German,
Latin,
Spanish,
Italian,
French,
Hungarian and
Serbo-Croatian were also intermediary languages for the Turkic words to penetrate English, as well as containing numerous Turkic loanwords themselves (e.g. Serbo-Croatian contains around 5,000 Turkic loanwords, primarily from
Turkish[1]).
In the nineteenth century, Turkic loanwords, generally of
Turkish origin, began to penetrate not only through the writings of the travelers, diplomats and merchants, and through the ethnographical and historical works, but also through the press. In 1847, there were two English-language newspapers in
Istanbul – The Levant Herald and The Levant Times, seven newspapers in French, one in German and 37 in Turkish. Turkish contributed the largest share of the Turkic loans, which penetrated into the English directly. This can be explained by the fact that
Turkey had the most intensive and wide connections with
England. Nevertheless, there are many Turkic loans in English, which were borrowed by its contacts with other peoples –
Azerbaijanis,
Tatars,
Uzbeks,
Kazakhs and
Kirghiz.
Most of the Turkic loans in English carry exotic or ethnographical connotations. They do not have equivalents in English, do not have synonymic relations with primordial words, and generally are used to describe the fauna, flora, life customs, political and social life, and an administrative-territorial structure of Turkic regions. But there are many Turkic loans, which are still part of the frequently used vocabulary. Some Turkic loans have acquired new meanings, unrelated to their etymology.
To conclude, the words of the Turkic origin began penetrating English as early as the
Middle Ages, the Turkic loanwords found their way into English through other languages, most frequently through French. Since the 16c, beginning from the time of the establishment of the direct contacts between England and Turkey, and
Russia, in English appeared new direct borrowings from Turkic languages. German, Polish, Russian, Serbo-Croatian, French,
Arabic,
Armenian,
Afrikaans, Hungarian,
Yiddish, Hindustani, Spanish, Italian, Latin,
Malayan, to a different extent, took part in the process of the transfer of the Turkic words into English. The main language from which the borrowings were made, was Turkish.
(from
Arabic: عربةʿarabah or the Turkish loan form araba, arba or aroba). A horse-driven
carriage.
Arnaut
from Turkish arnavut, "an
Albanian". An inhabitant of
Albania and neighboring mountainous regions, especially an Albanian serving in the Turkish army.[18]
from
Hindibahādur "brave, brave person", from
Persian, probably from
Mongolian, cf.
Classical Mongolianbaγatur, which is from Turkic, perhaps originally a Turkic personal name.[26]
from
Balaklava, village in the
Crimea, which is from Turkish balıklava. A hoodlike knitted cap covering the head, neck, and part of the shoulders and worn especially by soldiers and mountaineers.[30][31]
the word came into English from the Russian word, biritch, which in turn originates from a Turkic word for "
bugler" (in modern Turkish: borucu, borazancı) or might have come from a Turkish term bir, üç, or "one, three"[67]
from Russian, probably from buryi "dark brown (of a horse)", probably of Turkic origin; akin to Turkish bur "red like a fox"; the Turkic word probably from
Persianbor "reddish brown"; akin to
Sanskritbabhru "reddish brown".[76]
C
Cafeneh
from Turkish kahvane, kahvehane "a coffee shop, café", from kahve "coffee" + hane "house"[77][78]
from
Middle Frenchcasaque "long coat", probably ultimately from Turkic quzzak "nomad, adventurer" (the source of
Cossack), an allusion to their typical riding coat. Or perhaps from Arabic kazagand, from
Persiankazhagand "padded coat".[88]
from German, from
Low German, alteration of
Middle Low Germanbisemer, besemer, of
Baltic origin; akin to
Lithuanianbezmnas, of
Slavic origin; akin to
Old East Slavicbezmenu "desemer, small weight", Polish bezmian, przezmian "balance without pans", perhaps of Turkic origin; akin to Turkish batman "small weight". An ancient balance.[99]
from Turkish kalyonçi, kalyoncu, "a Turkish sailor", from kalyon, Italian galeone + çi or cu, the Turkish suffix.[120]
Ganch
modification of Turkish kancalamak "to put on a hook", from Turkish kanca "large hook", modification of Greek gampsos "curved" + Turkish suffix -lamak.[121]
from French, from Spanish gileco, jaleco, chaleco, from Arabic jalikah, "a garment worn by slaves in
Algeria", from Turkish yelek "waistcoat, vest"[122]
from Russian, probably ultimately from
Old Turkicköpür, "milk, froth, foam", from köpürmäk, "to froth, foam".[147][148]
Kelek
from Turkish kelek, a raft or float supported on inflated animal skins.[149]
Kendyr
from Russian kendyr, from Turkish kendir. A strong bast fiber that resembles Indian
hemp and is used in
Asia as cordage and as a substitute for cotton and hemp.[150][151]
from Polish kiełbasa, from East and West
Slavic*kŭlbasa, from East Turkic kül bassï, "grilled cutlet", from Turkic kül bastï : kül, "coals, ashes" + bastï, "pressed (meat)" (from basmaq, to press)[160]
from Russian mamot, mamont, mamant, perhaps from a
Yakut word derived from
Yakutmamma "earth"; from the belief that the mammoths burrowed in the earth like moles.[186]
is a form of couch which usually has a head but no back, though sometimes it has neither. It may have square or semicircular ends, and as a rule it is what upholsterers call "overstuffed” — that is to say no wood is visible. In American English, an ottoman is a piece of furniture consisting of a padded, upholstered ...
from Russian pecheneg, which is from Turkic. Member of a Turkic people invading the South Russian, Danubian, and Moldavian steppes during the early Middle Ages.[201][202]
from Russian saksaul, which is from
Kazakhseksevil. A leafless xerophytic shrub or tree of the family
Chenopodiaceae of Asia that has green or greenish branches and is used for stabilization of desert soils.[217][218]
from Turkish Selçuk, "eponymous ancestor of the dynasties". Of or relating to any of several Turkic dynasties that ruled over a great part of western Asia in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries.[220]
from Russian taiga, of Turkic origin; akin to
Teleuttaiga "rocky, mountainous terrain", Turkish dağ "mountain";
Mongolian origin is also possible.[232][233]
from Arabic tarbūsh, from
Ottoman Turkishterposh, probably from
Persiansarposh "headdress" (equivalent to sar "head" + pūsh "covering"), by association with Turkish ter "sweat". A tasseled cap of cloth or felt, usually red, that is worn by Muslim men either by itself or as the inner part of the
turban.[237]
from Turkish tepe, literally "a hill, summit". An artificial mound.[246][247][248]
Terek
from
Terek, river of southeast Russia, which is from
BalkarTerk. A sandpiper of the
Old World breeding in the far north of eastern
Europe and Asia and migrating to southern
Africa and
Australia and frequenting rivers.[249][250]
from Russian tovarishch, from
Old East Slavictovarishch, sing. of tovarishchi, "business associates", which is from
Old Turkictavar ishchi, "businessman, merchant" : tavar, "wealth, trade" + ishchi, "one who works" (from ish, "work, business").[254]
from Ushak, Turkish Uşak, manufacturing town of western Turkey. A heavy woolen oriental rug tied in Ghiordes knots and characterized by bright primary colors and an elaborate medallion pattern.[267]
from Turkish yürük, "a nomad". 1. One of a nomadic shepherd people of the mountains of southeastern
Anatolia. 2. A Turkish rug from the
Konya and
Karaman regions, southeastern
Anatolia.[275]
^Prince, John Dyneley (1931). "Surviving Turkish Elements in Serbo-Croatian". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 51 (3): 241–261.
doi:
10.2307/593448.
JSTOR593448.
Languages of
Turkic peoples left numerous traces in different languages, including the English language. Turkic borrowings, which belong to the social and political vocabulary, are generally used in special literature and in the historical and ethnographical works, which relate to the life of Turkic and
Muslim peoples. The ethnographical words are generally used in the scientific literature, and in the historical and ethnographical texts.
The adoption of Indian (principally
Hindustani) words, among which there were some Turkic borrowings, became one of the ways for the words of the Turkic origin to penetrate English. Additionally, several words of Turkic origin penetrated English through Central or Eastern European languages like Russian and
Polish.
Albanian,
German,
Latin,
Spanish,
Italian,
French,
Hungarian and
Serbo-Croatian were also intermediary languages for the Turkic words to penetrate English, as well as containing numerous Turkic loanwords themselves (e.g. Serbo-Croatian contains around 5,000 Turkic loanwords, primarily from
Turkish[1]).
In the nineteenth century, Turkic loanwords, generally of
Turkish origin, began to penetrate not only through the writings of the travelers, diplomats and merchants, and through the ethnographical and historical works, but also through the press. In 1847, there were two English-language newspapers in
Istanbul – The Levant Herald and The Levant Times, seven newspapers in French, one in German and 37 in Turkish. Turkish contributed the largest share of the Turkic loans, which penetrated into the English directly. This can be explained by the fact that
Turkey had the most intensive and wide connections with
England. Nevertheless, there are many Turkic loans in English, which were borrowed by its contacts with other peoples –
Azerbaijanis,
Tatars,
Uzbeks,
Kazakhs and
Kirghiz.
Most of the Turkic loans in English carry exotic or ethnographical connotations. They do not have equivalents in English, do not have synonymic relations with primordial words, and generally are used to describe the fauna, flora, life customs, political and social life, and an administrative-territorial structure of Turkic regions. But there are many Turkic loans, which are still part of the frequently used vocabulary. Some Turkic loans have acquired new meanings, unrelated to their etymology.
To conclude, the words of the Turkic origin began penetrating English as early as the
Middle Ages, the Turkic loanwords found their way into English through other languages, most frequently through French. Since the 16c, beginning from the time of the establishment of the direct contacts between England and Turkey, and
Russia, in English appeared new direct borrowings from Turkic languages. German, Polish, Russian, Serbo-Croatian, French,
Arabic,
Armenian,
Afrikaans, Hungarian,
Yiddish, Hindustani, Spanish, Italian, Latin,
Malayan, to a different extent, took part in the process of the transfer of the Turkic words into English. The main language from which the borrowings were made, was Turkish.
(from
Arabic: عربةʿarabah or the Turkish loan form araba, arba or aroba). A horse-driven
carriage.
Arnaut
from Turkish arnavut, "an
Albanian". An inhabitant of
Albania and neighboring mountainous regions, especially an Albanian serving in the Turkish army.[18]
from
Hindibahādur "brave, brave person", from
Persian, probably from
Mongolian, cf.
Classical Mongolianbaγatur, which is from Turkic, perhaps originally a Turkic personal name.[26]
from
Balaklava, village in the
Crimea, which is from Turkish balıklava. A hoodlike knitted cap covering the head, neck, and part of the shoulders and worn especially by soldiers and mountaineers.[30][31]
the word came into English from the Russian word, biritch, which in turn originates from a Turkic word for "
bugler" (in modern Turkish: borucu, borazancı) or might have come from a Turkish term bir, üç, or "one, three"[67]
from Russian, probably from buryi "dark brown (of a horse)", probably of Turkic origin; akin to Turkish bur "red like a fox"; the Turkic word probably from
Persianbor "reddish brown"; akin to
Sanskritbabhru "reddish brown".[76]
C
Cafeneh
from Turkish kahvane, kahvehane "a coffee shop, café", from kahve "coffee" + hane "house"[77][78]
from
Middle Frenchcasaque "long coat", probably ultimately from Turkic quzzak "nomad, adventurer" (the source of
Cossack), an allusion to their typical riding coat. Or perhaps from Arabic kazagand, from
Persiankazhagand "padded coat".[88]
from German, from
Low German, alteration of
Middle Low Germanbisemer, besemer, of
Baltic origin; akin to
Lithuanianbezmnas, of
Slavic origin; akin to
Old East Slavicbezmenu "desemer, small weight", Polish bezmian, przezmian "balance without pans", perhaps of Turkic origin; akin to Turkish batman "small weight". An ancient balance.[99]
from Turkish kalyonçi, kalyoncu, "a Turkish sailor", from kalyon, Italian galeone + çi or cu, the Turkish suffix.[120]
Ganch
modification of Turkish kancalamak "to put on a hook", from Turkish kanca "large hook", modification of Greek gampsos "curved" + Turkish suffix -lamak.[121]
from French, from Spanish gileco, jaleco, chaleco, from Arabic jalikah, "a garment worn by slaves in
Algeria", from Turkish yelek "waistcoat, vest"[122]
from Russian, probably ultimately from
Old Turkicköpür, "milk, froth, foam", from köpürmäk, "to froth, foam".[147][148]
Kelek
from Turkish kelek, a raft or float supported on inflated animal skins.[149]
Kendyr
from Russian kendyr, from Turkish kendir. A strong bast fiber that resembles Indian
hemp and is used in
Asia as cordage and as a substitute for cotton and hemp.[150][151]
from Polish kiełbasa, from East and West
Slavic*kŭlbasa, from East Turkic kül bassï, "grilled cutlet", from Turkic kül bastï : kül, "coals, ashes" + bastï, "pressed (meat)" (from basmaq, to press)[160]
from Russian mamot, mamont, mamant, perhaps from a
Yakut word derived from
Yakutmamma "earth"; from the belief that the mammoths burrowed in the earth like moles.[186]
is a form of couch which usually has a head but no back, though sometimes it has neither. It may have square or semicircular ends, and as a rule it is what upholsterers call "overstuffed” — that is to say no wood is visible. In American English, an ottoman is a piece of furniture consisting of a padded, upholstered ...
from Russian pecheneg, which is from Turkic. Member of a Turkic people invading the South Russian, Danubian, and Moldavian steppes during the early Middle Ages.[201][202]
from Russian saksaul, which is from
Kazakhseksevil. A leafless xerophytic shrub or tree of the family
Chenopodiaceae of Asia that has green or greenish branches and is used for stabilization of desert soils.[217][218]
from Turkish Selçuk, "eponymous ancestor of the dynasties". Of or relating to any of several Turkic dynasties that ruled over a great part of western Asia in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries.[220]
from Russian taiga, of Turkic origin; akin to
Teleuttaiga "rocky, mountainous terrain", Turkish dağ "mountain";
Mongolian origin is also possible.[232][233]
from Arabic tarbūsh, from
Ottoman Turkishterposh, probably from
Persiansarposh "headdress" (equivalent to sar "head" + pūsh "covering"), by association with Turkish ter "sweat". A tasseled cap of cloth or felt, usually red, that is worn by Muslim men either by itself or as the inner part of the
turban.[237]
from Turkish tepe, literally "a hill, summit". An artificial mound.[246][247][248]
Terek
from
Terek, river of southeast Russia, which is from
BalkarTerk. A sandpiper of the
Old World breeding in the far north of eastern
Europe and Asia and migrating to southern
Africa and
Australia and frequenting rivers.[249][250]
from Russian tovarishch, from
Old East Slavictovarishch, sing. of tovarishchi, "business associates", which is from
Old Turkictavar ishchi, "businessman, merchant" : tavar, "wealth, trade" + ishchi, "one who works" (from ish, "work, business").[254]
from Ushak, Turkish Uşak, manufacturing town of western Turkey. A heavy woolen oriental rug tied in Ghiordes knots and characterized by bright primary colors and an elaborate medallion pattern.[267]
from Turkish yürük, "a nomad". 1. One of a nomadic shepherd people of the mountains of southeastern
Anatolia. 2. A Turkish rug from the
Konya and
Karaman regions, southeastern
Anatolia.[275]
^Prince, John Dyneley (1931). "Surviving Turkish Elements in Serbo-Croatian". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 51 (3): 241–261.
doi:
10.2307/593448.
JSTOR593448.