Eastern Trans-Fly | |
---|---|
Oriomo Plateau | |
Geographic distribution | Oriomo Plateau, Papua New Guinea, Torres Strait Islands (Australia) |
Linguistic classification |
Trans-Fly or independent
language family
|
Glottolog | east2503 |
Map: The Eastern Trans-Fly languages of New Guinea
The Eastern Trans-Fly languages
Trans–New Guinea languages
Other Papuan languages
Austronesian languages
Australian languages
Uninhabited |
The Eastern Trans-Fly (or Oriomo Plateau) languages are a small independent family of Papuan languages spoken in the Oriomo Plateau to the west of the Fly River in New Guinea.
The languages constituted a branch of Stephen Wurm's 1970 Trans-Fly proposal, which he later incorporated into his 1975 expansion of the Trans–New Guinea family as part of a Trans-Fly – Bulaka River branch. They are retained as a family but removed from Trans–New Guinea in the classifications of Malcolm Ross and Timothy Usher.
Wurm had determined that some of the languages he classified as Trans-Fly were not actually part of the Trans-New Guinea family but were instead heavily influenced by Trans-New Guinea languages. In 2005, Ross removed most of these languages, including Eastern Trans-Fly, from Wurm's Trans-New Guinea classification.
Timothy Usher links the four languages, which he calls Oriomo Plateau, to the Pahoturi languages and the Tabo language in an expanded Eastern Trans-Fly family.
Oriomo (Eastern Trans-Fly) languages and respective demographic information listed by Evans (2018) are provided below. [1] Geographical coordinates are also provided for each dialect (which are named after villages). [2]
The pronouns Ross reconstructs for proto–Eastern Trans-Fly are,
I | *ka | exclusive we | *ki |
inclusive we | *mi | ||
thou | *ma | you | *we |
he/she/it | *tab V; *e | they | *tepi |
There is a possibility of a connection here to Trans–New Guinea. If the inclusive pronoun is historically a second-person form, then there would appear to be i- ablaut for the plural: *ka~ki, **ma~mi, **tapa~tapi. This is similar to the ablaut reconstructed for TNG (*na~ni, *ga~gi). Although the pronouns themselves are dissimilar, ablaut is not likely to be borrowed. On the other hand, there is some formal resemblance to Austronesian pronouns (*(a)ku I, *(ka)mu you, *kita we inc., *(ka)mi we exc., *ia he/she/it; some archeological, cultural and linguistic evidence of Austronesian contact and settlement in the area exists (David et al., 2011; McNiven et al., 2011; McNiven et al., 2006; McNiven et al., 2004: 67-68; Mitchell 1995).
The following basic vocabulary words for Bine (Täti dialect), Bine (Sogal dialect), Gizra (Kupere dialect) and Wipi (Dorogori dialect) are from the Trans-New Guinea database. [3] The equivalent words for Meriam Mir are also included. [4]
gloss | Bine (Täti dialect) | Bine (Sogal dialect) | Gizra (Kupere dialect) | Wipi (Dorogori dialect) | Meriam Mir |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
head | mopo | mopo | siŋɨl | mopʰ | kìrìm |
hair | ede ŋæři | mopo ŋæři | eřŋen | mop ŋɨs | mus |
ear | tablam | tablamo | gublam | yəkəpya | girip, laip |
eye | iřeʔu | iřeku | ilkʰəp | yəř | erkep |
nose | keke | keke | siəkʰ | sok | pit |
tooth | giřiʔu | ziřgup | tìrìg | ||
tongue | wætæ | wærtæ | uːlitʰ | vlat | werut |
leg | er̃ŋe | er̃ŋe | wapʰər̃ | kwa | teter |
louse | ŋamwe | ŋamo | ŋəm | bɨnɨm | nem |
dog | dřego | dřeŋgo | ume | yɔŋg | omai |
pig | blomwe | blomo | b'om | borom | |
bird | eře | eře | pʰöyɑy | yi | ebur |
egg | ku | ku | uŕgup | kʰɨp | wer |
blood | uːdi | uːdi | əi | wɔːdž | mam |
bone | kaːke | kaːko | kʰus | kʰakʰ | lid |
skin | tæːpwe | tæːpo | sopʰai | gɨm | gegur |
breast | nono | ŋamo | ŋiam | ŋɔm | nano |
tree | uli | uli | nugup | wʉl | lu(g) |
man | řoːřie | řoːřie | pʰam | r̃ɨga | kimiar |
woman | magebe | magobe | kʰoːl | kʰɔŋga | koskìr |
sun | abwedži | bimu | abɨs | lom | lìm |
moon | mřeːpwe | mabye | mɛlpal | mobi | meb |
water | niːye | niːye | nai | ni | nì |
fire | ulobo | ulikobo | uːř | par̃a | ur |
stone | kula | kula | iŋlkʰup | gli | bakìr |
name | ŋi | ŋi | ŋi | niː | nei |
eat | waː aloda | nina wavwin | ero | ||
one | neːteřa | yepæ | dər̃pʰan | yəpa | netat |
two | neneni | neneni | niːs | nɨmɔg | neis |
Eastern Trans-Fly | |
---|---|
Oriomo Plateau | |
Geographic distribution | Oriomo Plateau, Papua New Guinea, Torres Strait Islands (Australia) |
Linguistic classification |
Trans-Fly or independent
language family
|
Glottolog | east2503 |
Map: The Eastern Trans-Fly languages of New Guinea
The Eastern Trans-Fly languages
Trans–New Guinea languages
Other Papuan languages
Austronesian languages
Australian languages
Uninhabited |
The Eastern Trans-Fly (or Oriomo Plateau) languages are a small independent family of Papuan languages spoken in the Oriomo Plateau to the west of the Fly River in New Guinea.
The languages constituted a branch of Stephen Wurm's 1970 Trans-Fly proposal, which he later incorporated into his 1975 expansion of the Trans–New Guinea family as part of a Trans-Fly – Bulaka River branch. They are retained as a family but removed from Trans–New Guinea in the classifications of Malcolm Ross and Timothy Usher.
Wurm had determined that some of the languages he classified as Trans-Fly were not actually part of the Trans-New Guinea family but were instead heavily influenced by Trans-New Guinea languages. In 2005, Ross removed most of these languages, including Eastern Trans-Fly, from Wurm's Trans-New Guinea classification.
Timothy Usher links the four languages, which he calls Oriomo Plateau, to the Pahoturi languages and the Tabo language in an expanded Eastern Trans-Fly family.
Oriomo (Eastern Trans-Fly) languages and respective demographic information listed by Evans (2018) are provided below. [1] Geographical coordinates are also provided for each dialect (which are named after villages). [2]
The pronouns Ross reconstructs for proto–Eastern Trans-Fly are,
I | *ka | exclusive we | *ki |
inclusive we | *mi | ||
thou | *ma | you | *we |
he/she/it | *tab V; *e | they | *tepi |
There is a possibility of a connection here to Trans–New Guinea. If the inclusive pronoun is historically a second-person form, then there would appear to be i- ablaut for the plural: *ka~ki, **ma~mi, **tapa~tapi. This is similar to the ablaut reconstructed for TNG (*na~ni, *ga~gi). Although the pronouns themselves are dissimilar, ablaut is not likely to be borrowed. On the other hand, there is some formal resemblance to Austronesian pronouns (*(a)ku I, *(ka)mu you, *kita we inc., *(ka)mi we exc., *ia he/she/it; some archeological, cultural and linguistic evidence of Austronesian contact and settlement in the area exists (David et al., 2011; McNiven et al., 2011; McNiven et al., 2006; McNiven et al., 2004: 67-68; Mitchell 1995).
The following basic vocabulary words for Bine (Täti dialect), Bine (Sogal dialect), Gizra (Kupere dialect) and Wipi (Dorogori dialect) are from the Trans-New Guinea database. [3] The equivalent words for Meriam Mir are also included. [4]
gloss | Bine (Täti dialect) | Bine (Sogal dialect) | Gizra (Kupere dialect) | Wipi (Dorogori dialect) | Meriam Mir |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
head | mopo | mopo | siŋɨl | mopʰ | kìrìm |
hair | ede ŋæři | mopo ŋæři | eřŋen | mop ŋɨs | mus |
ear | tablam | tablamo | gublam | yəkəpya | girip, laip |
eye | iřeʔu | iřeku | ilkʰəp | yəř | erkep |
nose | keke | keke | siəkʰ | sok | pit |
tooth | giřiʔu | ziřgup | tìrìg | ||
tongue | wætæ | wærtæ | uːlitʰ | vlat | werut |
leg | er̃ŋe | er̃ŋe | wapʰər̃ | kwa | teter |
louse | ŋamwe | ŋamo | ŋəm | bɨnɨm | nem |
dog | dřego | dřeŋgo | ume | yɔŋg | omai |
pig | blomwe | blomo | b'om | borom | |
bird | eře | eře | pʰöyɑy | yi | ebur |
egg | ku | ku | uŕgup | kʰɨp | wer |
blood | uːdi | uːdi | əi | wɔːdž | mam |
bone | kaːke | kaːko | kʰus | kʰakʰ | lid |
skin | tæːpwe | tæːpo | sopʰai | gɨm | gegur |
breast | nono | ŋamo | ŋiam | ŋɔm | nano |
tree | uli | uli | nugup | wʉl | lu(g) |
man | řoːřie | řoːřie | pʰam | r̃ɨga | kimiar |
woman | magebe | magobe | kʰoːl | kʰɔŋga | koskìr |
sun | abwedži | bimu | abɨs | lom | lìm |
moon | mřeːpwe | mabye | mɛlpal | mobi | meb |
water | niːye | niːye | nai | ni | nì |
fire | ulobo | ulikobo | uːř | par̃a | ur |
stone | kula | kula | iŋlkʰup | gli | bakìr |
name | ŋi | ŋi | ŋi | niː | nei |
eat | waː aloda | nina wavwin | ero | ||
one | neːteřa | yepæ | dər̃pʰan | yəpa | netat |
two | neneni | neneni | niːs | nɨmɔg | neis |