Battle of Neopatras: Emperor
Michael VIII (Palaiologos) assembles a Byzantine expeditionary force (some 30,000 men), mostly mercenaries from
Bulgaria,
Serbia and the
Sultanate of Rum. He places these forces under his own brother,
John Palaiologos, and General
Alexios Kaballarios. Michael sends them against
Thessaly, and is supported by the
Byzantine navy led by Admiral
Alexios Doukas Philanthropenos, who is ordered to attack the Latin principalities and prevent them from aiding
John I (Angelos), ruler of Thessaly. John is caught by surprise by the rapid advance of the Byzantine forces and is bottled up with a garrison in his capital of
Neopatras, which the Byzantines proceed to lay siege. John manages to escape: he climbs down the walls of the fortress with a rope and walks through the Byzantine lines. After 3 days, John reaches
Thebes, where he requests the aid of
John I de la Roche, duke of
Athens. He receives some 500 horsemen with whom he returns to Neopatras. Meanwhile, the Byzantine forces have been weakened, with several detachments sent off to capture other forts or plunder the region. The Byzantines panic under the sudden attack of a smaller but disciplined Latin force and breaks completely when a Cuman contingent switches sides. Despite John's attempt to rally his forces, they flee and scatter.[1]
Battle of Demetrias: Michael VIII (Palaiologos) sends a Byzantine fleet led by Alexios Philanthropenos, to harass the Latin coasts. A joint Latin fleet composed of Lombard and Venetian vessels from
Negroponte (
Euboea) and
Venetian-held Crete, is variously given at 30 to 60 ships. The Latin fleet under Admiral
Guglielmo II da Verona gets the Byzantines by surprise and their attack is so effective that they almost win. Their ships, on which high wooden towers have been erected, have the advantage, and many Byzantine seamen and soldiers are killed or drowned. Just as victory seem theirs, Greek reinforcements arrive, led by John I (Angelos). His arrival boosts the Byzantines' morale, and John's men, ferried on board the ships by small boats, begin to replenish their casualties and turn the tide. The Latin casualties are heavy, which also include Guglielmo. By nightfall, all but two Latin ships have been captured.[2]
Spring – King
Edward I (Longshanks) demands a meeting with
Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, prince of
Wales, at
Chester to pay homage, but Llywelyn refuses. In an attempt to stir up internal problems, Llywelyn seeks to marry the 23-year-old
Eleanor of Montfort, daughter of
Simon de Montfort. But Eleanor is captured by English pirates (employed by Edward) on the journey from
France to meet Llywelyn. She is held prisoner at
Windsor Castle and used as a bargaining chip over the coming years, in Edward's attempts to subjugate Llywelyn and Wales.
April 22 – The first
Statute of Westminster, drawn up between
Parliament and Edward I (Longshanks), defines the legal privileges that landowners are allowed. These are based on the investigations carried out in
1274, into the landowner's rights to own their land. Establishing a series of laws into 51 chapters, including equal treatment of rich and poor, free and fair elections, and definition of
Bailable and non-bailable offenses.
Marinid forces take the city of
Algiers, at that time independent.[8]
Asia
March – Mongol forces (some 200,000 men) under
Bayan of the Baarin (Hundred Eyes) defeat a Chinese army of 130,000 men led by the Song chancellor
Jia Sidao on the
Yangtze River. Sidao sends an emissary to Bayan to discuss a truce, but he declines to negotiate. Dowager Empress
Xie Daoqing strips Sidao of his rank and titles, and is later on her orders executed by one of his own guards, as he is sent to exile in
Fujian.[9]
The 21-year-old
Marco Polo together with his father and uncle,
Niccolò and Maffeo Polo, arrives at
Kublai Khan's opulent summer palace at
Shangdu (or Xanadu), after a 4-year journey. They present the "Great Khan" sacred oil from
Jerusalem and papal letters of Pope
Gregory X. Kublai takes Marco into his royal court and appoints him as a 'special envoy' (possibly as a
tax collector).[10]
In
Ghent, the first instance is recorded of emission of
life annuities by a town in the
Low Countries; this event confirms a trend of consolidation of local public debt in northwestern
Europe, initiated in
1218 by
Reims.[13]
Ramon Llull, Spanish scholar and theologian, establishes a school in
Majorca to teach Arabic to preachers, in an attempt to aid
proselytizing to Moors. He also discovers
diethyl ether.
^Fine, John Van Antwerp (1987). The Late medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest, p. 188. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press.
ISBN0-472-08260-4.
^Geanakoplos, Deno John (1959). Emperor Michael Palaeologus and the West, 1258–1282: A Study in byzantine-Latin Relations, p. 284. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
OCLC1011763434.
^Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011). The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the battle for the Strait, p. 65.
ISBN978-0-8122-2302-6.
^Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011). The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the battle for the Strait, pp. 67–68.
ISBN978-0-8122-2302-6.
^Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011). The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the battle for the Strait, p. 69.
ISBN978-0-8122-2302-6.
^Meynier, Gilbert (2010). L'Algérie cœr du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518). Paris: La Découverte. p. 158.
ISBN978-2-7071-5231-2.
^Tan Koon San (2014). Dynastic China: An Elementary History, p. 299.
ISBN978-983-9541-88-5.
^Bergreen, Laurence (2007). Marco Polo: From Venice to Xanadu, pp. 340–41.
ISBN978-0-307-26769-6.
^Wasserman, James (2001). The Templars and the Assassins: The Militia of Heaven, p. 115. Simon and Schuster.
ISBN978-1-59477-873-5.
^Virani, Shafique N.; Virani, Assistant Professor Departments of Historical Studies and the Study of Religion Shafique N. (2007). The Ismailis in the Middle Ages: A History of Survival, a Search for Salvation, p. 32. Oxford University Press, USA.
ISBN978-0-19-531173-0.
^Zuijderduijn, Jaco (2009). Medieval Capital Markets. Markets for renten, state formation and private investment in Holland (1300-1550). Leiden/Boston: Brill.
ISBN978-90-04-17565-5.
^Hywel Williams (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History, p. 147.
ISBN0-304-35730-8.
^Jacques Gernet (1996). A History of Chinese Civilization, p. 376. Cambridge University Press.
ISBN0-521-49781-7.
Battle of Neopatras: Emperor
Michael VIII (Palaiologos) assembles a Byzantine expeditionary force (some 30,000 men), mostly mercenaries from
Bulgaria,
Serbia and the
Sultanate of Rum. He places these forces under his own brother,
John Palaiologos, and General
Alexios Kaballarios. Michael sends them against
Thessaly, and is supported by the
Byzantine navy led by Admiral
Alexios Doukas Philanthropenos, who is ordered to attack the Latin principalities and prevent them from aiding
John I (Angelos), ruler of Thessaly. John is caught by surprise by the rapid advance of the Byzantine forces and is bottled up with a garrison in his capital of
Neopatras, which the Byzantines proceed to lay siege. John manages to escape: he climbs down the walls of the fortress with a rope and walks through the Byzantine lines. After 3 days, John reaches
Thebes, where he requests the aid of
John I de la Roche, duke of
Athens. He receives some 500 horsemen with whom he returns to Neopatras. Meanwhile, the Byzantine forces have been weakened, with several detachments sent off to capture other forts or plunder the region. The Byzantines panic under the sudden attack of a smaller but disciplined Latin force and breaks completely when a Cuman contingent switches sides. Despite John's attempt to rally his forces, they flee and scatter.[1]
Battle of Demetrias: Michael VIII (Palaiologos) sends a Byzantine fleet led by Alexios Philanthropenos, to harass the Latin coasts. A joint Latin fleet composed of Lombard and Venetian vessels from
Negroponte (
Euboea) and
Venetian-held Crete, is variously given at 30 to 60 ships. The Latin fleet under Admiral
Guglielmo II da Verona gets the Byzantines by surprise and their attack is so effective that they almost win. Their ships, on which high wooden towers have been erected, have the advantage, and many Byzantine seamen and soldiers are killed or drowned. Just as victory seem theirs, Greek reinforcements arrive, led by John I (Angelos). His arrival boosts the Byzantines' morale, and John's men, ferried on board the ships by small boats, begin to replenish their casualties and turn the tide. The Latin casualties are heavy, which also include Guglielmo. By nightfall, all but two Latin ships have been captured.[2]
Spring – King
Edward I (Longshanks) demands a meeting with
Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, prince of
Wales, at
Chester to pay homage, but Llywelyn refuses. In an attempt to stir up internal problems, Llywelyn seeks to marry the 23-year-old
Eleanor of Montfort, daughter of
Simon de Montfort. But Eleanor is captured by English pirates (employed by Edward) on the journey from
France to meet Llywelyn. She is held prisoner at
Windsor Castle and used as a bargaining chip over the coming years, in Edward's attempts to subjugate Llywelyn and Wales.
April 22 – The first
Statute of Westminster, drawn up between
Parliament and Edward I (Longshanks), defines the legal privileges that landowners are allowed. These are based on the investigations carried out in
1274, into the landowner's rights to own their land. Establishing a series of laws into 51 chapters, including equal treatment of rich and poor, free and fair elections, and definition of
Bailable and non-bailable offenses.
Marinid forces take the city of
Algiers, at that time independent.[8]
Asia
March – Mongol forces (some 200,000 men) under
Bayan of the Baarin (Hundred Eyes) defeat a Chinese army of 130,000 men led by the Song chancellor
Jia Sidao on the
Yangtze River. Sidao sends an emissary to Bayan to discuss a truce, but he declines to negotiate. Dowager Empress
Xie Daoqing strips Sidao of his rank and titles, and is later on her orders executed by one of his own guards, as he is sent to exile in
Fujian.[9]
The 21-year-old
Marco Polo together with his father and uncle,
Niccolò and Maffeo Polo, arrives at
Kublai Khan's opulent summer palace at
Shangdu (or Xanadu), after a 4-year journey. They present the "Great Khan" sacred oil from
Jerusalem and papal letters of Pope
Gregory X. Kublai takes Marco into his royal court and appoints him as a 'special envoy' (possibly as a
tax collector).[10]
In
Ghent, the first instance is recorded of emission of
life annuities by a town in the
Low Countries; this event confirms a trend of consolidation of local public debt in northwestern
Europe, initiated in
1218 by
Reims.[13]
Ramon Llull, Spanish scholar and theologian, establishes a school in
Majorca to teach Arabic to preachers, in an attempt to aid
proselytizing to Moors. He also discovers
diethyl ether.
^Fine, John Van Antwerp (1987). The Late medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest, p. 188. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press.
ISBN0-472-08260-4.
^Geanakoplos, Deno John (1959). Emperor Michael Palaeologus and the West, 1258–1282: A Study in byzantine-Latin Relations, p. 284. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
OCLC1011763434.
^Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011). The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the battle for the Strait, p. 65.
ISBN978-0-8122-2302-6.
^Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011). The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the battle for the Strait, pp. 67–68.
ISBN978-0-8122-2302-6.
^Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011). The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the battle for the Strait, p. 69.
ISBN978-0-8122-2302-6.
^Meynier, Gilbert (2010). L'Algérie cœr du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518). Paris: La Découverte. p. 158.
ISBN978-2-7071-5231-2.
^Tan Koon San (2014). Dynastic China: An Elementary History, p. 299.
ISBN978-983-9541-88-5.
^Bergreen, Laurence (2007). Marco Polo: From Venice to Xanadu, pp. 340–41.
ISBN978-0-307-26769-6.
^Wasserman, James (2001). The Templars and the Assassins: The Militia of Heaven, p. 115. Simon and Schuster.
ISBN978-1-59477-873-5.
^Virani, Shafique N.; Virani, Assistant Professor Departments of Historical Studies and the Study of Religion Shafique N. (2007). The Ismailis in the Middle Ages: A History of Survival, a Search for Salvation, p. 32. Oxford University Press, USA.
ISBN978-0-19-531173-0.
^Zuijderduijn, Jaco (2009). Medieval Capital Markets. Markets for renten, state formation and private investment in Holland (1300-1550). Leiden/Boston: Brill.
ISBN978-90-04-17565-5.
^Hywel Williams (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History, p. 147.
ISBN0-304-35730-8.
^Jacques Gernet (1996). A History of Chinese Civilization, p. 376. Cambridge University Press.
ISBN0-521-49781-7.