The 1689 Boston revolt was a popular uprising on April 18, 1689, against the rule of Sir
Edmund Andros, the governor of the
Dominion of New England. A well-organized "mob" of provincial militia and citizens formed in the city and arrested dominion officials. Members of the
Church of England, believed by Puritans to sympathize with the administration of the dominion, were also taken into custody by the rebels. Neither faction sustained casualties during the revolt. Leaders of the former
Massachusetts Bay Colony then reclaimed control of the government. In other colonies, members of governments displaced by the dominion were returned to power. Andros, commissioned governor of New England in 1686, had earned the enmity of the local populace by enforcing the restrictive
Navigation Acts, denying the validity of existing land titles, restricting
town meetings, and appointing unpopular regular officers to lead colonial militia, among other actions. Furthermore, he had infuriated
Puritans in
Boston by promoting the Church of England, which was disliked by many
Nonconformist New England colonists.
The 68th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment served in the
Union Army during the
American Civil War. Also known as the Cameron Rifles or the Second German Rifle Regiment, the men were mostly German immigrants. Organized in July 1861, three months after the outbreak of war, the 68th saw service in the
Eastern and
Western theaters. As a part of the
Army of the Potomac, it was initially assigned to the defenses of Washington, D.C. Later, the 68th was transferred to the Shenandoah Valley and fought at the Battle of Cross Keys. The men of the 68th were then reassigned to central Virginia and found themselves in the thick of the fighting at
Second Bull Run. After returning to the nation's capital, the regiment fought in
Chancellorsville and was routed by Confederate forces. At
Gettysburg, they saw battle on two of the three days and took heavy losses. The regiment was then transferred to the west and participated in the
Chattanooga campaign. The 68th fought in the battles of
Wauhatchie and
Missionary Ridge, assisting in the Union victories there. The regiment marched to relieve the siege of Knoxville, and then spent the last year of the war on occupation duty in
Tennessee and
Georgia, before being disbanded in November 1865.
Australian soldiers from the 2/16th Battalion arrive at Kaiapit after its capture by the 2/6th Independent Company
The Battle of Kaiapit was an action fought in 1943 between Australian and
Japanese forces in
New Guinea during the
Finisterre Range campaign of
World War II. Following the landings
at Nadzab and
at Lae, the
Allies attempted to exploit their success with an advance into the upper
Markham Valley, starting with
Kaiapit. The Japanese intended to use Kaiapit to threaten the Allied position at
Nadzab, and to create a diversion to allow the Japanese garrison at
Lae time to escape. The
Australian 2/6th Independent Company flew in to the Markham Valley from Port Moresby in 13
USAAFC-47 Dakotas, making a difficult landing on a rough airstrip. Unaware that a much larger Japanese force was also headed for Kaiapit, the company attacked the village on 19 September to secure the area so that it could be developed into an airfield. The company then held it against a strong counter attack. During two days of fighting the Australians defeated a larger Japanese force while suffering relatively few losses. The Australian victory at Kaiapit enabled the
Australian 7th Division to be flown in to the upper Markham Valley. This action accomplished the 7th Division's primary mission, for the Japanese could no longer threaten Lae or Nadzab, where a major airbase was being developed. The victory also led to the capture of the entire
Ramu Valley, which provided new forward fighter airstrips for the air war against the Japanese.
Kenneth R. Shadrick was a
private in the
United States Army at the onset of the
Korean War who was widely but incorrectly reported as the first American soldier
killed in action in the war. He joined the U.S. Army in 1948 and spent a year of service in
Japan before being dispatched to
South Korea at the onset of the Korean War in 1950 along with his unit, the
34th Infantry Regiment,
24th Infantry Division. During a patrol on July 5 1950, Shadrick was killed by the machine gun of a
North KoreanT-34 tank, and his body was taken to an outpost where journalist
Marguerite Higgins was covering the war. Higgins later reported that he was the first soldier killed in the war, a claim that was repeated in media across the United States, but Shadrick was actually killed after the first American combat fatalities in the
Battle of Osan.
RAF Uxbridge was a
Royal Air Force (RAF) station in
Uxbridge, within the
London Borough of Hillingdon, occupying a 44.6-hectare (110-acre) site that originally belonged to the
Hillingdon House estate. The British government purchased the estate in 1915, three years before the founding of the RAF. Until the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939, the station was open to the public. The station is best known as the headquarters of
No. 11 Group RAF, which was responsible for the aerial defence of London and the south-east of England during the
Battle of Britain. Hillingdon House served as the group's headquarters. A bunker, subsequently known as the
Battle of Britain Bunker, was built nearby to house the 11 Group Operations Room, which controlled fighter squadrons operating within the group. The Operations Room was also responsible for providing air support during the evacuation of
Dunkirk in May 1940 (
Operation Dynamo) and the D-Day landings (
Operation Overlord). It was here that
Winston Churchill first said, "
Never was so much owed by so many to so few", which he repeated in a speech to Parliament four days later. RAF Uxbridge closed on 31 March 2010 as part of a reduction in the number of Ministry of Defence properties in the
Greater London area. Many remaining military units were relocated to nearby
RAF Northolt the following day. Plans for redevelopment, consisting of a mixture of new residential and commercial properties and the retention of all listed buildings, were approved in January 2011. A small part of the station incorporating the Battle of Britain Bunker retains the RAF Uxbridge name and is maintained by RAF Northolt.
USS Arizona was a
Pennsylvania-classbattleship built for and by the
United States Navy in the mid-1910s. Named in honor of the
48th state's recent admission into the union, the ship was the second and last of the Pennsylvania class of "
super-dreadnought" battleships. Although
commissioned in 1916, the ship remained stateside during
World War I. Shortly after the end of the war, Arizona was one of a number of American ships that briefly escorted President
Woodrow Wilson to the
Paris Peace Conference. The ship was sent to Turkey in 1919 at the beginning of the
Greco-Turkish War to represent American interests for several months. Several years later, she was transferred to the
Pacific Fleet and remained there for the rest of her career. Aside from a comprehensive modernization in 1929–1931, Arizona was regularly used for training exercises between the wars, including the annual
Fleet Problems (training exercises). When an earthquake
struck Long Beach, California in 1933, Arizona's crew provided aid to the survivors. The ship was featured in a
Jimmy Cagney film, Here Comes the Navy, about the romantic troubles of a sailor. In April 1940, she and the rest of the Pacific Fleet were transferred from California to
Pearl Harbor,
Hawaii, as a deterrent to
Japanese imperialism. During the Japanese
attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941, Arizona was bombed. She exploded and sank, killing 1,177 officers and crewmen. Unlike many of the other ships sunk or damaged that day, Arizona could not be fully salvaged, though the Navy removed parts of the ship for reuse. The
wreck still lies at the bottom of Pearl Harbor and the
USS Arizona Memorial, dedicated on 30 May 1962 to all those who died during the attack, straddles the ship's
hull.
Warkworth Castle is a ruined medieval building in the
town of the same name in the English county of
Northumberland. The town and castle occupy a loop of the
River Coquet, less than a mile from England's north-east coast. When the castle was founded is uncertain, but traditionally it has been ascribed to Prince
Henry of Scotland in the mid 12th century, although it may have been built by King
Henry II of England when he took control of England's northern counties. Warkworth Castle was first documented in a charter of 1157–1164 when Henry II granted it to Roger fitz Richard. With the outbreak of the
Anglo-Scottish Wars,
Edward II invested in castles including Warkworth where he funded the strengthening of the garrison in 1319. Twice in 1327 the Scots besieged the castle without success.
Henry de Percy, 2nd Baron Percy, took control of Warkworth Castle in 1345.
Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland, added the imposing keep in the late 14th century. The
fourth earl remodelled the buildings in the bailey and began the construction of a
collegiate church within the castle, but work on the latter was abandoned after his death. Though
Algernon Percy, 10th Earl of Northumberland, supported Parliament during the
English Civil War, the castle was damaged during the conflict. The last Percy earl died in 1670, and the castle found its way into the hands of
Hugh Smithson who adopted the name "Percy" and founded the dynasty of the
Dukes of Northumberland, through whom possession of the castle descended.
Alan Percy, 8th Duke of Northumberland, gave custody of the castle to the
Office of Works in 1922.
English Heritage has cared for the site since 1984, and the castle is a Grade I
listed building and a
Scheduled Ancient Monument.
The Armed Forces Special Weapons Project (AFSWP) was a United States military agency responsible for those aspects of
nuclear weapons remaining under the military after the
Manhattan Project was succeeded by the
Atomic Energy Commission on 1 January 1947. These responsibilities included the maintenance, storage, surveillance, security and handling of nuclear weapons, as well as supporting
nuclear testing. The AFSWP was a joint organization, staffed by all three services, with its chief supported by two deputies from the other two services.
Major GeneralLeslie R. Groves, the former head of the Manhattan Project, was its first chief. The early nuclear weapons were large, complex and cumbersome. They were stored as components rather than complete devices and required expert knowledge to assemble. However the short life of their
lead-acid batteries and
modulated neutron initiators, and the amount of heat generated by the
fissile cores, precluded storing them assembled. The large amounts of conventional explosive in each weapon likewise demanded special care be taken in handling, for which Groves hand-picked an elite team of regular Army officers. They in turn trained the enlisted soldiers, and the Army teams then trained teams from the Navy and Air Force. As nuclear weapons development proceeded, the weapons became smaller, lighter, and easier to store. The AFSWP gradually became more involved in stockpile management and providing administrative, technical and logistical support. It also supported nuclear weapons testing. In 1958, the AFSWP became the
Defense Atomic Support Agency (DASA), a field agency of the
Department of Defense.
US
Boston bombing a Japanese merchant ship during the Battle of the Bismarck Sea
The Battle of the Bismarck Sea took place in the
South West Pacific Area (SWPA) during
World War II. Aircraft of the U.S.
Fifth Air Force and the
Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) attacked a
Japaneseconvoy that was carrying troops to
Lae,
New Guinea. Most of the task force was destroyed, and Japanese troop losses were heavy. In December 1942, the Japanese decided to reinforce their position in the
South West Pacific. A plan was devised to move some 6,900 troops from
Rabaul directly to Lae. On 28 February 1943, the convoy—comprising eight
destroyers and eight
troop transports with an escort of approximately 100
fighters—set out from
Simpson Harbour in Rabaul. The Allies had detected preparations for the convoy, and naval
codebreakers in
Melbourne and
Washington, D.C. had decrypted and translated messages indicating the convoy's intended destination and date of arrival. The
Allied Air Forces detected and shadowed the convoy, which came under sustained air attack on 2–3 March 1943. Follow-up attacks by
PT boats and aircraft were made on 4 March. All eight transports and four of the escorting destroyers were sunk. Out of 6,900 troops who were badly needed in New Guinea, only about 1,200 made it to Lae. Another 2,700 were saved by destroyers and submarines and returned to Rabaul. The Japanese would make no further attempts to reinforce Lae by ship, greatly hindering their ultimately unsuccessful efforts to stop Allied offensives in New Guinea.
The German navies of the 1920s through 1945—the
Reichsmarine and later
Kriegsmarine—built or planned a series of
heavy cruisers starting in the late 1920s, initially classified as panzerschiffe (armored ships). Four different designs—the
Deutschland,
D,
P, and
Admiral Hipper classes, comprising twenty-two ships in total—were prepared in the period, though only the three Deutschland-class ships and three of the five Admiral Hipper-class cruisers were ever built. The terms of the
Treaty of Versailles, which ended
World War I, limited German warships to a displacement of 10,000 t (9,800 long tons). The first class of ships designed under these restrictions was the Deutschland class, designed in the late 1920s, and commonly referred to as "pocket battleships". Five ships of the Admiral Hipper class were authorized under the terms of the
Anglo-German Naval Agreement, signed in 1935, which permitted Germany 50,000 long tons (51,000 t) of heavy cruisers, but only three were completed. In total, Germany completed six heavy cruisers, all of which saw extensive service with the fleet. Most were used as commerce raiders during the war, of which Admiral Scheer was the most successful.
Admiral Graf Spee was meanwhile scuttled after the
Battle of the River Plate.
Blücher was sunk by Norwegian coastal batteries during
Operation Weserübung, the German invasion of Denmark and Norway, just four days after the ship joined the fleet. Deutschland—renamed Lützow—Admiral Scheer and
Admiral Hipper were all destroyed by British bombers. Only
Prinz Eugen survived the conflict. She was ceded to the US Navy as a
war prize and used in nuclear testing in
Operation Crossroads.
Also known as the June Days, the Łódź insurrection was an uprising by Polish workers in
Łódź against the
Russian Empire between 21–25 June 1905.[a] This event was one of the largest disturbances in the Russian-controlled
Congress Poland during the
Russian Revolution of 1905. Poland was
a major center of revolutionary fighting in the Russian Empire in 1905–1907, and the Łódź insurrection was a key incident in those events. For months, workers in Łódź had been in a state of unrest, with several major
strikes having taken place, which were forcibly suppressed by the Russian police and military. The insurrection began spontaneously, without backing from any organized group. Polish revolutionary groups were taken by surprise and did not play a major role in the subsequent events. Around 21–22 June, following clashes with the authorities in the previous days, angry workers began building barricades and assaulting police and military patrols. Additional troops were called by the authorities, who also declared
martial law. On 23 June, no businesses operated in the city, as the police and military stormed dozens of workers' barricades. By 25 June the uprising was crushed, with estimates of several hundred dead and wounded. The uprising was reported in the international press and widely discussed by socialist and communist activists worldwide. Unrest in Łódź would continue for many months, although without protests on such a large scale.
On 11 April 1951, US President
Harry S. Truman relieved
General of the ArmyDouglas MacArthur, a popular war hero of
World War II who was then the commander of
United Nations forces fighting in the
Korean War, of his commands for making public statements that contradicted the administration's policies. MacArthur's relief remains a controversial topic in the field of
civil-military relations. MacArthur led the Allied forces in the
Southwest Pacific during World War II, and after the war was in charge of the
Occupation of Japan. When
North Korea invaded
South Korea in June 1950, starting the Korean War, he was designated commander of the United Nations forces defending South Korea. He conceived and executed the
amphibious assault at Inchon on 15 September 1950, for which he was hailed as a military genius. However, when he followed up his victory with a full-scale invasion of North Korea on Truman's orders, China intervened in the war and inflicted a series of defeats, compelling him to withdraw from North Korea. By April 1951, the military situation had stabilized, but MacArthur's public statements became increasingly irritating to Truman, and he relieved MacArthur of his commands. The
Senate Armed Services Committee and the
Senate Foreign Relations Committee held a joint inquiry into the military situation and the circumstances surrounding MacArthur's relief, and concluded that "the removal of General MacArthur was within the constitutional powers of the President but the circumstances were a shock to national pride."
HMS Temeraire was a 98-gun
second-rateship of the line of the
Royal Navy. Launched in 1798, she served during the
French Revolutionary and
Napoleonic Wars, mostly on blockades or convoy escort duties. She fought only one fleet action, the
Battle of Trafalgar, but became so well known for her actions and her subsequent depictions in art and literature that she has been remembered as 'The Fighting Temeraire'. Built at
Chatham Dockyard, Temeraire entered service on the
Brest blockade with the
Channel Fleet. Her first incident of note came when a group of sailors, hearing rumours they were to be sent to the
West Indies at a time when peace with France seemed imminent, refused to obey orders, so committing an act of mutiny. The mutiny failed and a number of the mutineers were tried and executed. Temeraire went into action immediately astern of
Horatio Nelson's flagship,
HMS Victory, at the Battle of Trafalgar on 21 October 1805. During the battle Temeraire came to the rescue of the beleaguered Victory, and fought and captured two French ships. She returned to public renown in Britain. Her last action was against the French off
Toulon in 1810, when she came under fire from shore batteries. Temeraire was eventually converted in turn to a prison ship, a
receiving ship, a victualling depot, and finally a
guardship. The
Admiralty ordered her to be sold in 1838, and she was towed up the Thames to be broken up. This final voyage was depicted in an oil painting by
J.M.W. Turner, The Fighting Temeraire, which won enduring acclaim. In 2005 it was voted Britain's favourite painting.
HMS Vanguard was a British
fast battleship built during
World War II and commissioned after the end of the war. She was the only ship of her class and was the biggest, fastest and last of the
Royal Navy's
dreadnoughts, and the last
battleship to be
launched in the world. Throughout her career, the battleship usually served as the flagship of whichever unit she was assigned to. Work on the ship's design commenced before the war because the Royal Navy anticipated being outnumbered by the combined German and Japanese battleships in the early 1940s. The British had enough guns and
gun turrets in storage to equip one battleship that could be built relatively quickly. Her design was revised several times, even after construction had begun, to reflect war experience and these changes prevented her from being completed during the war. Vanguard's first task after completing her
sea trial at the end of 1946 was, early the next year, to convey
King George VI and his family on the first Royal Tour of
South Africa by a reigning monarch. Vanguard briefly became flagship of the
Mediterranean Fleet in early 1949. After her return home in mid-1949, she became flagship of the
Home Fleet Training Squadron. During the early 1950s, Vanguard was involved in a number of training exercises with
NATO forces. In 1953 she participated in Queen
Elizabeth II's
Coronation Review. While she was refitting in 1955, the
Admiralty announced that the ship was going to be put into
reserve upon completion of the work. Vanguard was sold for
scrap in late 1959 and was broken up beginning in 1960.
About The Bugle
First published in 2006, the Bugle is the monthly newsletter of the English Wikipedia's Military history WikiProject.
The 1689 Boston revolt was a popular uprising on April 18, 1689, against the rule of Sir
Edmund Andros, the governor of the
Dominion of New England. A well-organized "mob" of provincial militia and citizens formed in the city and arrested dominion officials. Members of the
Church of England, believed by Puritans to sympathize with the administration of the dominion, were also taken into custody by the rebels. Neither faction sustained casualties during the revolt. Leaders of the former
Massachusetts Bay Colony then reclaimed control of the government. In other colonies, members of governments displaced by the dominion were returned to power. Andros, commissioned governor of New England in 1686, had earned the enmity of the local populace by enforcing the restrictive
Navigation Acts, denying the validity of existing land titles, restricting
town meetings, and appointing unpopular regular officers to lead colonial militia, among other actions. Furthermore, he had infuriated
Puritans in
Boston by promoting the Church of England, which was disliked by many
Nonconformist New England colonists.
The 68th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment served in the
Union Army during the
American Civil War. Also known as the Cameron Rifles or the Second German Rifle Regiment, the men were mostly German immigrants. Organized in July 1861, three months after the outbreak of war, the 68th saw service in the
Eastern and
Western theaters. As a part of the
Army of the Potomac, it was initially assigned to the defenses of Washington, D.C. Later, the 68th was transferred to the Shenandoah Valley and fought at the Battle of Cross Keys. The men of the 68th were then reassigned to central Virginia and found themselves in the thick of the fighting at
Second Bull Run. After returning to the nation's capital, the regiment fought in
Chancellorsville and was routed by Confederate forces. At
Gettysburg, they saw battle on two of the three days and took heavy losses. The regiment was then transferred to the west and participated in the
Chattanooga campaign. The 68th fought in the battles of
Wauhatchie and
Missionary Ridge, assisting in the Union victories there. The regiment marched to relieve the siege of Knoxville, and then spent the last year of the war on occupation duty in
Tennessee and
Georgia, before being disbanded in November 1865.
Australian soldiers from the 2/16th Battalion arrive at Kaiapit after its capture by the 2/6th Independent Company
The Battle of Kaiapit was an action fought in 1943 between Australian and
Japanese forces in
New Guinea during the
Finisterre Range campaign of
World War II. Following the landings
at Nadzab and
at Lae, the
Allies attempted to exploit their success with an advance into the upper
Markham Valley, starting with
Kaiapit. The Japanese intended to use Kaiapit to threaten the Allied position at
Nadzab, and to create a diversion to allow the Japanese garrison at
Lae time to escape. The
Australian 2/6th Independent Company flew in to the Markham Valley from Port Moresby in 13
USAAFC-47 Dakotas, making a difficult landing on a rough airstrip. Unaware that a much larger Japanese force was also headed for Kaiapit, the company attacked the village on 19 September to secure the area so that it could be developed into an airfield. The company then held it against a strong counter attack. During two days of fighting the Australians defeated a larger Japanese force while suffering relatively few losses. The Australian victory at Kaiapit enabled the
Australian 7th Division to be flown in to the upper Markham Valley. This action accomplished the 7th Division's primary mission, for the Japanese could no longer threaten Lae or Nadzab, where a major airbase was being developed. The victory also led to the capture of the entire
Ramu Valley, which provided new forward fighter airstrips for the air war against the Japanese.
Kenneth R. Shadrick was a
private in the
United States Army at the onset of the
Korean War who was widely but incorrectly reported as the first American soldier
killed in action in the war. He joined the U.S. Army in 1948 and spent a year of service in
Japan before being dispatched to
South Korea at the onset of the Korean War in 1950 along with his unit, the
34th Infantry Regiment,
24th Infantry Division. During a patrol on July 5 1950, Shadrick was killed by the machine gun of a
North KoreanT-34 tank, and his body was taken to an outpost where journalist
Marguerite Higgins was covering the war. Higgins later reported that he was the first soldier killed in the war, a claim that was repeated in media across the United States, but Shadrick was actually killed after the first American combat fatalities in the
Battle of Osan.
RAF Uxbridge was a
Royal Air Force (RAF) station in
Uxbridge, within the
London Borough of Hillingdon, occupying a 44.6-hectare (110-acre) site that originally belonged to the
Hillingdon House estate. The British government purchased the estate in 1915, three years before the founding of the RAF. Until the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939, the station was open to the public. The station is best known as the headquarters of
No. 11 Group RAF, which was responsible for the aerial defence of London and the south-east of England during the
Battle of Britain. Hillingdon House served as the group's headquarters. A bunker, subsequently known as the
Battle of Britain Bunker, was built nearby to house the 11 Group Operations Room, which controlled fighter squadrons operating within the group. The Operations Room was also responsible for providing air support during the evacuation of
Dunkirk in May 1940 (
Operation Dynamo) and the D-Day landings (
Operation Overlord). It was here that
Winston Churchill first said, "
Never was so much owed by so many to so few", which he repeated in a speech to Parliament four days later. RAF Uxbridge closed on 31 March 2010 as part of a reduction in the number of Ministry of Defence properties in the
Greater London area. Many remaining military units were relocated to nearby
RAF Northolt the following day. Plans for redevelopment, consisting of a mixture of new residential and commercial properties and the retention of all listed buildings, were approved in January 2011. A small part of the station incorporating the Battle of Britain Bunker retains the RAF Uxbridge name and is maintained by RAF Northolt.
USS Arizona was a
Pennsylvania-classbattleship built for and by the
United States Navy in the mid-1910s. Named in honor of the
48th state's recent admission into the union, the ship was the second and last of the Pennsylvania class of "
super-dreadnought" battleships. Although
commissioned in 1916, the ship remained stateside during
World War I. Shortly after the end of the war, Arizona was one of a number of American ships that briefly escorted President
Woodrow Wilson to the
Paris Peace Conference. The ship was sent to Turkey in 1919 at the beginning of the
Greco-Turkish War to represent American interests for several months. Several years later, she was transferred to the
Pacific Fleet and remained there for the rest of her career. Aside from a comprehensive modernization in 1929–1931, Arizona was regularly used for training exercises between the wars, including the annual
Fleet Problems (training exercises). When an earthquake
struck Long Beach, California in 1933, Arizona's crew provided aid to the survivors. The ship was featured in a
Jimmy Cagney film, Here Comes the Navy, about the romantic troubles of a sailor. In April 1940, she and the rest of the Pacific Fleet were transferred from California to
Pearl Harbor,
Hawaii, as a deterrent to
Japanese imperialism. During the Japanese
attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941, Arizona was bombed. She exploded and sank, killing 1,177 officers and crewmen. Unlike many of the other ships sunk or damaged that day, Arizona could not be fully salvaged, though the Navy removed parts of the ship for reuse. The
wreck still lies at the bottom of Pearl Harbor and the
USS Arizona Memorial, dedicated on 30 May 1962 to all those who died during the attack, straddles the ship's
hull.
Warkworth Castle is a ruined medieval building in the
town of the same name in the English county of
Northumberland. The town and castle occupy a loop of the
River Coquet, less than a mile from England's north-east coast. When the castle was founded is uncertain, but traditionally it has been ascribed to Prince
Henry of Scotland in the mid 12th century, although it may have been built by King
Henry II of England when he took control of England's northern counties. Warkworth Castle was first documented in a charter of 1157–1164 when Henry II granted it to Roger fitz Richard. With the outbreak of the
Anglo-Scottish Wars,
Edward II invested in castles including Warkworth where he funded the strengthening of the garrison in 1319. Twice in 1327 the Scots besieged the castle without success.
Henry de Percy, 2nd Baron Percy, took control of Warkworth Castle in 1345.
Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland, added the imposing keep in the late 14th century. The
fourth earl remodelled the buildings in the bailey and began the construction of a
collegiate church within the castle, but work on the latter was abandoned after his death. Though
Algernon Percy, 10th Earl of Northumberland, supported Parliament during the
English Civil War, the castle was damaged during the conflict. The last Percy earl died in 1670, and the castle found its way into the hands of
Hugh Smithson who adopted the name "Percy" and founded the dynasty of the
Dukes of Northumberland, through whom possession of the castle descended.
Alan Percy, 8th Duke of Northumberland, gave custody of the castle to the
Office of Works in 1922.
English Heritage has cared for the site since 1984, and the castle is a Grade I
listed building and a
Scheduled Ancient Monument.
The Armed Forces Special Weapons Project (AFSWP) was a United States military agency responsible for those aspects of
nuclear weapons remaining under the military after the
Manhattan Project was succeeded by the
Atomic Energy Commission on 1 January 1947. These responsibilities included the maintenance, storage, surveillance, security and handling of nuclear weapons, as well as supporting
nuclear testing. The AFSWP was a joint organization, staffed by all three services, with its chief supported by two deputies from the other two services.
Major GeneralLeslie R. Groves, the former head of the Manhattan Project, was its first chief. The early nuclear weapons were large, complex and cumbersome. They were stored as components rather than complete devices and required expert knowledge to assemble. However the short life of their
lead-acid batteries and
modulated neutron initiators, and the amount of heat generated by the
fissile cores, precluded storing them assembled. The large amounts of conventional explosive in each weapon likewise demanded special care be taken in handling, for which Groves hand-picked an elite team of regular Army officers. They in turn trained the enlisted soldiers, and the Army teams then trained teams from the Navy and Air Force. As nuclear weapons development proceeded, the weapons became smaller, lighter, and easier to store. The AFSWP gradually became more involved in stockpile management and providing administrative, technical and logistical support. It also supported nuclear weapons testing. In 1958, the AFSWP became the
Defense Atomic Support Agency (DASA), a field agency of the
Department of Defense.
US
Boston bombing a Japanese merchant ship during the Battle of the Bismarck Sea
The Battle of the Bismarck Sea took place in the
South West Pacific Area (SWPA) during
World War II. Aircraft of the U.S.
Fifth Air Force and the
Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) attacked a
Japaneseconvoy that was carrying troops to
Lae,
New Guinea. Most of the task force was destroyed, and Japanese troop losses were heavy. In December 1942, the Japanese decided to reinforce their position in the
South West Pacific. A plan was devised to move some 6,900 troops from
Rabaul directly to Lae. On 28 February 1943, the convoy—comprising eight
destroyers and eight
troop transports with an escort of approximately 100
fighters—set out from
Simpson Harbour in Rabaul. The Allies had detected preparations for the convoy, and naval
codebreakers in
Melbourne and
Washington, D.C. had decrypted and translated messages indicating the convoy's intended destination and date of arrival. The
Allied Air Forces detected and shadowed the convoy, which came under sustained air attack on 2–3 March 1943. Follow-up attacks by
PT boats and aircraft were made on 4 March. All eight transports and four of the escorting destroyers were sunk. Out of 6,900 troops who were badly needed in New Guinea, only about 1,200 made it to Lae. Another 2,700 were saved by destroyers and submarines and returned to Rabaul. The Japanese would make no further attempts to reinforce Lae by ship, greatly hindering their ultimately unsuccessful efforts to stop Allied offensives in New Guinea.
The German navies of the 1920s through 1945—the
Reichsmarine and later
Kriegsmarine—built or planned a series of
heavy cruisers starting in the late 1920s, initially classified as panzerschiffe (armored ships). Four different designs—the
Deutschland,
D,
P, and
Admiral Hipper classes, comprising twenty-two ships in total—were prepared in the period, though only the three Deutschland-class ships and three of the five Admiral Hipper-class cruisers were ever built. The terms of the
Treaty of Versailles, which ended
World War I, limited German warships to a displacement of 10,000 t (9,800 long tons). The first class of ships designed under these restrictions was the Deutschland class, designed in the late 1920s, and commonly referred to as "pocket battleships". Five ships of the Admiral Hipper class were authorized under the terms of the
Anglo-German Naval Agreement, signed in 1935, which permitted Germany 50,000 long tons (51,000 t) of heavy cruisers, but only three were completed. In total, Germany completed six heavy cruisers, all of which saw extensive service with the fleet. Most were used as commerce raiders during the war, of which Admiral Scheer was the most successful.
Admiral Graf Spee was meanwhile scuttled after the
Battle of the River Plate.
Blücher was sunk by Norwegian coastal batteries during
Operation Weserübung, the German invasion of Denmark and Norway, just four days after the ship joined the fleet. Deutschland—renamed Lützow—Admiral Scheer and
Admiral Hipper were all destroyed by British bombers. Only
Prinz Eugen survived the conflict. She was ceded to the US Navy as a
war prize and used in nuclear testing in
Operation Crossroads.
Also known as the June Days, the Łódź insurrection was an uprising by Polish workers in
Łódź against the
Russian Empire between 21–25 June 1905.[a] This event was one of the largest disturbances in the Russian-controlled
Congress Poland during the
Russian Revolution of 1905. Poland was
a major center of revolutionary fighting in the Russian Empire in 1905–1907, and the Łódź insurrection was a key incident in those events. For months, workers in Łódź had been in a state of unrest, with several major
strikes having taken place, which were forcibly suppressed by the Russian police and military. The insurrection began spontaneously, without backing from any organized group. Polish revolutionary groups were taken by surprise and did not play a major role in the subsequent events. Around 21–22 June, following clashes with the authorities in the previous days, angry workers began building barricades and assaulting police and military patrols. Additional troops were called by the authorities, who also declared
martial law. On 23 June, no businesses operated in the city, as the police and military stormed dozens of workers' barricades. By 25 June the uprising was crushed, with estimates of several hundred dead and wounded. The uprising was reported in the international press and widely discussed by socialist and communist activists worldwide. Unrest in Łódź would continue for many months, although without protests on such a large scale.
On 11 April 1951, US President
Harry S. Truman relieved
General of the ArmyDouglas MacArthur, a popular war hero of
World War II who was then the commander of
United Nations forces fighting in the
Korean War, of his commands for making public statements that contradicted the administration's policies. MacArthur's relief remains a controversial topic in the field of
civil-military relations. MacArthur led the Allied forces in the
Southwest Pacific during World War II, and after the war was in charge of the
Occupation of Japan. When
North Korea invaded
South Korea in June 1950, starting the Korean War, he was designated commander of the United Nations forces defending South Korea. He conceived and executed the
amphibious assault at Inchon on 15 September 1950, for which he was hailed as a military genius. However, when he followed up his victory with a full-scale invasion of North Korea on Truman's orders, China intervened in the war and inflicted a series of defeats, compelling him to withdraw from North Korea. By April 1951, the military situation had stabilized, but MacArthur's public statements became increasingly irritating to Truman, and he relieved MacArthur of his commands. The
Senate Armed Services Committee and the
Senate Foreign Relations Committee held a joint inquiry into the military situation and the circumstances surrounding MacArthur's relief, and concluded that "the removal of General MacArthur was within the constitutional powers of the President but the circumstances were a shock to national pride."
HMS Temeraire was a 98-gun
second-rateship of the line of the
Royal Navy. Launched in 1798, she served during the
French Revolutionary and
Napoleonic Wars, mostly on blockades or convoy escort duties. She fought only one fleet action, the
Battle of Trafalgar, but became so well known for her actions and her subsequent depictions in art and literature that she has been remembered as 'The Fighting Temeraire'. Built at
Chatham Dockyard, Temeraire entered service on the
Brest blockade with the
Channel Fleet. Her first incident of note came when a group of sailors, hearing rumours they were to be sent to the
West Indies at a time when peace with France seemed imminent, refused to obey orders, so committing an act of mutiny. The mutiny failed and a number of the mutineers were tried and executed. Temeraire went into action immediately astern of
Horatio Nelson's flagship,
HMS Victory, at the Battle of Trafalgar on 21 October 1805. During the battle Temeraire came to the rescue of the beleaguered Victory, and fought and captured two French ships. She returned to public renown in Britain. Her last action was against the French off
Toulon in 1810, when she came under fire from shore batteries. Temeraire was eventually converted in turn to a prison ship, a
receiving ship, a victualling depot, and finally a
guardship. The
Admiralty ordered her to be sold in 1838, and she was towed up the Thames to be broken up. This final voyage was depicted in an oil painting by
J.M.W. Turner, The Fighting Temeraire, which won enduring acclaim. In 2005 it was voted Britain's favourite painting.
HMS Vanguard was a British
fast battleship built during
World War II and commissioned after the end of the war. She was the only ship of her class and was the biggest, fastest and last of the
Royal Navy's
dreadnoughts, and the last
battleship to be
launched in the world. Throughout her career, the battleship usually served as the flagship of whichever unit she was assigned to. Work on the ship's design commenced before the war because the Royal Navy anticipated being outnumbered by the combined German and Japanese battleships in the early 1940s. The British had enough guns and
gun turrets in storage to equip one battleship that could be built relatively quickly. Her design was revised several times, even after construction had begun, to reflect war experience and these changes prevented her from being completed during the war. Vanguard's first task after completing her
sea trial at the end of 1946 was, early the next year, to convey
King George VI and his family on the first Royal Tour of
South Africa by a reigning monarch. Vanguard briefly became flagship of the
Mediterranean Fleet in early 1949. After her return home in mid-1949, she became flagship of the
Home Fleet Training Squadron. During the early 1950s, Vanguard was involved in a number of training exercises with
NATO forces. In 1953 she participated in Queen
Elizabeth II's
Coronation Review. While she was refitting in 1955, the
Admiralty announced that the ship was going to be put into
reserve upon completion of the work. Vanguard was sold for
scrap in late 1959 and was broken up beginning in 1960.
About The Bugle
First published in 2006, the Bugle is the monthly newsletter of the English Wikipedia's Military history WikiProject.
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