Tutorial
Learn everything you need to know to get started.
The Teahouse
Ask questions and get help from experienced editors.
The Task Center
Learn what Wikipedians do and discover how to help.
Happy editing! Cheers, Pharaoh of the Wizards ( talk) 21:20, 3 July 2022 (UTC)
Thank you for
your contributions to Wikipedia. It appears that you copied or moved text from one or more pages into another page. While you are welcome to re-use Wikipedia's content, here or elsewhere,
Wikipedia's licensing does require that you provide attribution to the original contributor(s). When copying within Wikipedia, this is supplied at minimum in an
edit summary at the page into which you've copied content, disclosing the copying and
linking to the copied page, e.g.,
copied content from [[page name]]; see that page's history for attribution
. It is good practice, especially if copying is extensive, to also place a properly formatted {{
copied}} template on the talk pages of the source and destination. Please provide attribution for this duplication if it has not already been supplied by another editor, and if you have copied material between pages before, even if it was a long time ago, you should provide attribution for that also. You can read more about the procedure and the reasons at
Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia. Thank you.
Bamnamu (
talk) 02:26, 2 August 2022 (UTC)
Cite error: The named reference Lee Ki-baik page 88–89 was invoked but never defined (see the help page), which I have fixed. -- LCU ActivelyDisinterested ∆ transmissions∆ ° co-ords° 19:05, 13 August 2022 (UTC)
Hello Sunnyediting99! While we appreciate your contributions to Wikipedia, there are certain things you must keep in mind about using information from sources to avoid
copyright and
plagiarism issues.
It's very important that contributors understand and follow these practices, as policy requires that people who persistently do not must be blocked from editing. If you have any questions about this, you are welcome to leave me a message on my talk page. Thank you. Bamnamu ( talk) 22:47, 21 September 2022 (UTC)
{{
PD-notice}}
after your citation. I have done so for the article
South Dakota National Guard. Please do this in the future so that our readers will be aware that you copied the prose rather than wrote it yourself, and that it's okay to copy verbatim. Thanks, —
Diannaa (
talk) 14:13, 22 December 2022 (UTC)
It appears that you copied or moved text from
Goguryeo–Wei War to
History of Sino-Korean relations. While you are welcome to re-use Wikipedia's content, here or elsewhere,
Wikipedia's licensing does require that you provide attribution to the original contributor(s). When copying within Wikipedia, this is supplied at minimum in an
edit summary at the page into which you've copied content, disclosing the copying and
linking to the copied page, e.g.,
copied content from [[page name]]; see that page's history for attribution
. It is good practice, especially if copying is extensive, to also place a properly formatted {{
copied}} template on the talk pages of the source and destination. Please provide attribution for this duplication if it has not already been supplied by another editor, and if you have copied material between pages before, even if it was a long time ago, you should provide attribution for that also. You can read more about the procedure and the reasons at
Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia.
DanCherek (
talk) 17:08, 28 January 2023 (UTC)
Please see WP:PST and WP:NOTSOURCE. Being on Korean wiki does not make it a reliable source, Wikipedia is supposed to be primarily based on secondary sources, and quoting the same source without page numbers multiple times with no other sources in the same paragraph is bad form. There is no reason why you should not know this by now. Your later additions also directly contradict your previous ones so they can't have been very well researched or presented. Qiushufang ( talk) 10:17, 9 February 2023 (UTC)
Please stop. If you continue to violate Wikipedia's
no original research policy by adding your personal analysis or
synthesis into articles, as you did at
Northern and Southern States period, you may be
blocked from editing.
Qiushufang (
talk) 05:02, 26 March 2023 (UTC)
Much of the material you have provided in massive edits are not backed up by WP:RS, some contain WP:UGC, and possible WP:SYNTH. Nearly all are WP:NOENG. Sources you added in this edit such as this are WP:UGC because it is a wiki anybody can edit, this does not have an author and is not a reliable source, while another here seems to be self published or a blog with broken images. This is obviously a partisan source and should be avoided. Your material on "Balhaego" by Yoo Deuk-gong could have easily been sourced in English, which is preferred on wiki ( WP:NOENG) if you had just taken a second to do a cursory search. There is also the matter of weight. The article is tiny, badly sourced outside of that one section, and does not need an essay on its historiography, which is only one part of the subject. This kind of half-assed heavy handed editing is not the first time this has happened, and includes other instances such as here and here. Qiushufang ( talk) 08:07, 26 March 2023 (UTC)
You also seem to do this every time you are called out on your editing behavior, resulting in even worse editing and spamming of low quality sources. For example, in the edit mentioned you spammed this link without a shortcut five times. Citing a journal (고려에서 독립운동기까지의 발해사인식) without a page number or url even though it was obviously from a site. You need to stop this behavior. Qiushufang ( talk) 08:21, 26 March 2023 (UTC)
Your additional sources did not address the pervasive SYNTH and OR seen in your previous edit(s) as well. Ex. As a result, the historiography of the Northern and Southern period had emerged as early as the 12th century, when these two factions had clashed over the consciousness of the succession of history, whether Goryeo succeeded Goguryeo or Silla.
[1]
is not supported in the source and is either SYNTH or OR. Considering you are a History Major according to your user page, do you not understand what synthesis or original research mean?
Qiushufang (
talk) 09:19, 26 March 2023 (UTC)
References
{{
cite web}}
: zero width space character in |title=
at position 15 (
help)
does every article cited in the Three Kingdoms Period specifically have to say "Three Kingdoms"?
the historiography of the Northern and Southern period had emerged as early as the 12th, and many paragraphs you added are solely related to that claim and only in a tangential manner. The claim itself is not made anywhere in the source regardless of the article title. Just because an article is titled North-South States does not mean you can claim it says something about the North-South States which it does not. That is still original research involving heavy interpretation.You can easily avoid this through providing a direction quotation from the source when challenged. If you still do not understand this after the third time you have been alerted to original research that I am aware of, then we have a problem. Qiushufang ( talk) 03:07, 27 March 2023 (UTC)
Hello, there is currently a discussion at Talk:Generalissimo#South Korea concerning contested article content that you added. Please join the debate there. ミラー強斗武 ( StG88ぬ会話) 14:39, 31 March 2023 (UTC)
Hi, Do you remember me? We met in the talk page of the Generalissimo.
If you have spare time, Can you participate in below discussion?
Spartan_3000 Discussion
Some user don't believe South Korean reliable sources and it has raised a dispute.
Anyway, Thanks! Footwiks ( talk) 13:42, 16 May 2023 (UTC)
Hey, the material you added to the Korea article is great; just a heads up though, on the talk page I made a post talking about potentially cutting down on the history material, as it overlaps heavily with the History of Korea article. Also, as per MOS:LEAD, we should aim to use four paragraphs; I think it'll be possible once we cut down on history and if we assume that the lead is supposed to be a pretty high-level overview. I think the last two paragraphs you added are great and in the vein of what I was thinking we should aim for. toobigtokale ( talk) 09:18, 2 September 2023 (UTC)
What is the name of the kingdom? Is it Silla
or Silla Korea
? —
GhostInTheMachine
talk to me 18:21, 14 October 2023 (UTC)
Hi Sunnyediting99,
I have gotten the two latest IP addresses involved in the disruption, 45.58.94.255 and 172.98.151.41, blocked from editing after making a report of them at WP:AIV (see my report here).
The first IP has been blocked for 1 week due to continuing the same disruption after the expiration of the 31h block on it, and the second IP has been blocked for 31h.
If they come back again after a block expires or as another IP address, let me know about it either by pinging me here or posting on my talk page, alternatively feel free to report them yourself at AIV using the right wording for the reasoning like I did in my report above! And if there's a particular talk page that gets rapidly disrupted by multiple IPs over a day or two, you could request page protection for it over at WP:RFPP.
Regards, — AP 499D25 (talk) 00:47, 26 November 2023 (UTC)
Hello! Voting in the 2023 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on Monday, 11 December 2023. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once.
The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail.
If you wish to participate in the 2023 election, please review
the candidates and submit your choices on the
voting page. If you no longer wish to receive these messages, you may add {{
NoACEMM}}
to your user talk page.
MediaWiki message delivery (
talk) 00:54, 28 November 2023 (UTC)
Hello, I'm
Qiushufang. I noticed that you added or changed content in an article,
Third conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War, but you didn't provide a
reliable source. It's been removed and archived in the page history for now, but if you'd like to
include a citation and re-add it, please do so. You can have a look at
referencing for beginners. If you think I made a mistake, you can leave me a message on
my talk page. Thank you.
Qiushufang (
talk) 00:04, 5 December 2023 (UTC)
In 1018 a huge new expeditionary force was mobilized by the Khitan and placed under the command of Hsiao P'ai-ya. The army crossed the Yalu late in 1018 but was ambushed by a superior Koryŏ force, suffering severe losses. The Koryŏ army had also cut their line of retreat, and so Hsiao P'ai-ya marched south, planning to take the capital Kaegyŏng, as in 1011. But this time the Koreans had prepared defenses around the capital, and the Khitan, constantly harried by Korean attacks, were forced to retreat toward the Yalu. At Kuju, between the Ch'a and T'o rivers, they were encircled and attacked by the main Koryŏ forces, which almost annihilated the Khitan army. Only a few thousand men managed to return to the Liao border. This was by far the worst defeat suffered by the Khitan during Sheng-tsung's reign, and in consequence Hsiao P'ai-ya was stripped of all his titles and offices and disgraced.
In the late summer of 1019 another great army, including many tribal troops, was assembled to attack Kory6. But it was now clear to both sides that neither country could win a decisive victory. In 1020 King Hy6njong sent envoys to pay tribute to the Liao, and Shen-tsung graciously pardoned him, in 1022 sending an envoy to invest him formally as king. The tributary relationship was resumed, and envoys were regularly exchanged. When in 1031 Hyonjong died, his son and successor Wang Hum (Tokchong; r. 1031 — 4) was invested as king by the Liao court. From this date until almost the end of the Liao, Koryo remained a loyal vassal, and peace prevailed between the two states.Qiushufang ( talk) 00:12, 5 December 2023 (UTC)
An automated process has detected that when you recently edited Chungsuk of Goryeo, you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page Vatican.
( Opt-out instructions.) -- DPL bot ( talk) 05:51, 3 February 2024 (UTC)
Hi Sunnyediting99,
sigh I know they're back...
I have created a long-term abuse infopage in my userspace here: User:AP 499D25/LTA Tracking/Noktundo bludgeoner, where I have listed pretty much every single IP address that I think this person used to disrupt the articles and talk pages.
So far, there seem to be eight distinct IP ranges that could be partially blocked from the targeted pages.
Reason why I created this page is because, administrators are reluctant to protect talk pages for long (or especially indefinite) periods of time, as they are the page that IPs/new editors go to when the article is protected. Doing so prevents other innocent editors from being able to engage in talk page discussions as well. And so placing a couple of rangeblocks may be a more feasible option due to the much lesser 'collateral damage' produced.
Feel free to add any new IP addresses to the list, even past ones, as it would help us determine how big or small the IP ranges are! And if you file a request for administrative action yourself, you can link to this userspace LTA infopage for admins to see at a glance all the details and IP addresses/ranges used by the person.
I intend to file another AN/I thread the next time this person disrupts talk pages or articles with the same POV pushing again, specifically requesting to admins that partial page range blocks be placed, as well as linking to this infopage I created.
Regards, — AP 499D25 (talk) 07:42, 21 April 2024 (UTC)
The Mongolian-Khitan invasions of the late tenth century challenge the stability of the Koryo government, but a period of prosperity follows the defeat of the Khitan in 1018..
Subsequently the Khitan launched several small-scale attacks, to press demands for Hyŏnjong's appearance at their court and surrender of the region of the Six Garrison Settlements, before mounting their third great invasion in 1018. Led by Hsiao P'ai-ya, this time the Khitan army was harassed at every turn and then, retreating, was all but annihilated by a massive Koryŏ attack at Kuju (Kusŏng) executed by Kang Kam-ch'an. The Koryŏ victory was so overwhelming that scarcely a few thousand of the 100,000 man invasion force survived. The Khitan invasions of Koryŏ thus ended in failure. Koryŏ had resolutely resisted foreign aggression and had driven the invaders back. The result was that the two nations worked out a settlement and peaceful relations were maintained between them thereafter.
Tutorial
Learn everything you need to know to get started.
The Teahouse
Ask questions and get help from experienced editors.
The Task Center
Learn what Wikipedians do and discover how to help.
Happy editing! Cheers, Pharaoh of the Wizards ( talk) 21:20, 3 July 2022 (UTC)
Thank you for
your contributions to Wikipedia. It appears that you copied or moved text from one or more pages into another page. While you are welcome to re-use Wikipedia's content, here or elsewhere,
Wikipedia's licensing does require that you provide attribution to the original contributor(s). When copying within Wikipedia, this is supplied at minimum in an
edit summary at the page into which you've copied content, disclosing the copying and
linking to the copied page, e.g.,
copied content from [[page name]]; see that page's history for attribution
. It is good practice, especially if copying is extensive, to also place a properly formatted {{
copied}} template on the talk pages of the source and destination. Please provide attribution for this duplication if it has not already been supplied by another editor, and if you have copied material between pages before, even if it was a long time ago, you should provide attribution for that also. You can read more about the procedure and the reasons at
Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia. Thank you.
Bamnamu (
talk) 02:26, 2 August 2022 (UTC)
Cite error: The named reference Lee Ki-baik page 88–89 was invoked but never defined (see the help page), which I have fixed. -- LCU ActivelyDisinterested ∆ transmissions∆ ° co-ords° 19:05, 13 August 2022 (UTC)
Hello Sunnyediting99! While we appreciate your contributions to Wikipedia, there are certain things you must keep in mind about using information from sources to avoid
copyright and
plagiarism issues.
It's very important that contributors understand and follow these practices, as policy requires that people who persistently do not must be blocked from editing. If you have any questions about this, you are welcome to leave me a message on my talk page. Thank you. Bamnamu ( talk) 22:47, 21 September 2022 (UTC)
{{
PD-notice}}
after your citation. I have done so for the article
South Dakota National Guard. Please do this in the future so that our readers will be aware that you copied the prose rather than wrote it yourself, and that it's okay to copy verbatim. Thanks, —
Diannaa (
talk) 14:13, 22 December 2022 (UTC)
It appears that you copied or moved text from
Goguryeo–Wei War to
History of Sino-Korean relations. While you are welcome to re-use Wikipedia's content, here or elsewhere,
Wikipedia's licensing does require that you provide attribution to the original contributor(s). When copying within Wikipedia, this is supplied at minimum in an
edit summary at the page into which you've copied content, disclosing the copying and
linking to the copied page, e.g.,
copied content from [[page name]]; see that page's history for attribution
. It is good practice, especially if copying is extensive, to also place a properly formatted {{
copied}} template on the talk pages of the source and destination. Please provide attribution for this duplication if it has not already been supplied by another editor, and if you have copied material between pages before, even if it was a long time ago, you should provide attribution for that also. You can read more about the procedure and the reasons at
Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia.
DanCherek (
talk) 17:08, 28 January 2023 (UTC)
Please see WP:PST and WP:NOTSOURCE. Being on Korean wiki does not make it a reliable source, Wikipedia is supposed to be primarily based on secondary sources, and quoting the same source without page numbers multiple times with no other sources in the same paragraph is bad form. There is no reason why you should not know this by now. Your later additions also directly contradict your previous ones so they can't have been very well researched or presented. Qiushufang ( talk) 10:17, 9 February 2023 (UTC)
Please stop. If you continue to violate Wikipedia's
no original research policy by adding your personal analysis or
synthesis into articles, as you did at
Northern and Southern States period, you may be
blocked from editing.
Qiushufang (
talk) 05:02, 26 March 2023 (UTC)
Much of the material you have provided in massive edits are not backed up by WP:RS, some contain WP:UGC, and possible WP:SYNTH. Nearly all are WP:NOENG. Sources you added in this edit such as this are WP:UGC because it is a wiki anybody can edit, this does not have an author and is not a reliable source, while another here seems to be self published or a blog with broken images. This is obviously a partisan source and should be avoided. Your material on "Balhaego" by Yoo Deuk-gong could have easily been sourced in English, which is preferred on wiki ( WP:NOENG) if you had just taken a second to do a cursory search. There is also the matter of weight. The article is tiny, badly sourced outside of that one section, and does not need an essay on its historiography, which is only one part of the subject. This kind of half-assed heavy handed editing is not the first time this has happened, and includes other instances such as here and here. Qiushufang ( talk) 08:07, 26 March 2023 (UTC)
You also seem to do this every time you are called out on your editing behavior, resulting in even worse editing and spamming of low quality sources. For example, in the edit mentioned you spammed this link without a shortcut five times. Citing a journal (고려에서 독립운동기까지의 발해사인식) without a page number or url even though it was obviously from a site. You need to stop this behavior. Qiushufang ( talk) 08:21, 26 March 2023 (UTC)
Your additional sources did not address the pervasive SYNTH and OR seen in your previous edit(s) as well. Ex. As a result, the historiography of the Northern and Southern period had emerged as early as the 12th century, when these two factions had clashed over the consciousness of the succession of history, whether Goryeo succeeded Goguryeo or Silla.
[1]
is not supported in the source and is either SYNTH or OR. Considering you are a History Major according to your user page, do you not understand what synthesis or original research mean?
Qiushufang (
talk) 09:19, 26 March 2023 (UTC)
References
{{
cite web}}
: zero width space character in |title=
at position 15 (
help)
does every article cited in the Three Kingdoms Period specifically have to say "Three Kingdoms"?
the historiography of the Northern and Southern period had emerged as early as the 12th, and many paragraphs you added are solely related to that claim and only in a tangential manner. The claim itself is not made anywhere in the source regardless of the article title. Just because an article is titled North-South States does not mean you can claim it says something about the North-South States which it does not. That is still original research involving heavy interpretation.You can easily avoid this through providing a direction quotation from the source when challenged. If you still do not understand this after the third time you have been alerted to original research that I am aware of, then we have a problem. Qiushufang ( talk) 03:07, 27 March 2023 (UTC)
Hello, there is currently a discussion at Talk:Generalissimo#South Korea concerning contested article content that you added. Please join the debate there. ミラー強斗武 ( StG88ぬ会話) 14:39, 31 March 2023 (UTC)
Hi, Do you remember me? We met in the talk page of the Generalissimo.
If you have spare time, Can you participate in below discussion?
Spartan_3000 Discussion
Some user don't believe South Korean reliable sources and it has raised a dispute.
Anyway, Thanks! Footwiks ( talk) 13:42, 16 May 2023 (UTC)
Hey, the material you added to the Korea article is great; just a heads up though, on the talk page I made a post talking about potentially cutting down on the history material, as it overlaps heavily with the History of Korea article. Also, as per MOS:LEAD, we should aim to use four paragraphs; I think it'll be possible once we cut down on history and if we assume that the lead is supposed to be a pretty high-level overview. I think the last two paragraphs you added are great and in the vein of what I was thinking we should aim for. toobigtokale ( talk) 09:18, 2 September 2023 (UTC)
What is the name of the kingdom? Is it Silla
or Silla Korea
? —
GhostInTheMachine
talk to me 18:21, 14 October 2023 (UTC)
Hi Sunnyediting99,
I have gotten the two latest IP addresses involved in the disruption, 45.58.94.255 and 172.98.151.41, blocked from editing after making a report of them at WP:AIV (see my report here).
The first IP has been blocked for 1 week due to continuing the same disruption after the expiration of the 31h block on it, and the second IP has been blocked for 31h.
If they come back again after a block expires or as another IP address, let me know about it either by pinging me here or posting on my talk page, alternatively feel free to report them yourself at AIV using the right wording for the reasoning like I did in my report above! And if there's a particular talk page that gets rapidly disrupted by multiple IPs over a day or two, you could request page protection for it over at WP:RFPP.
Regards, — AP 499D25 (talk) 00:47, 26 November 2023 (UTC)
Hello! Voting in the 2023 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on Monday, 11 December 2023. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once.
The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail.
If you wish to participate in the 2023 election, please review
the candidates and submit your choices on the
voting page. If you no longer wish to receive these messages, you may add {{
NoACEMM}}
to your user talk page.
MediaWiki message delivery (
talk) 00:54, 28 November 2023 (UTC)
Hello, I'm
Qiushufang. I noticed that you added or changed content in an article,
Third conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War, but you didn't provide a
reliable source. It's been removed and archived in the page history for now, but if you'd like to
include a citation and re-add it, please do so. You can have a look at
referencing for beginners. If you think I made a mistake, you can leave me a message on
my talk page. Thank you.
Qiushufang (
talk) 00:04, 5 December 2023 (UTC)
In 1018 a huge new expeditionary force was mobilized by the Khitan and placed under the command of Hsiao P'ai-ya. The army crossed the Yalu late in 1018 but was ambushed by a superior Koryŏ force, suffering severe losses. The Koryŏ army had also cut their line of retreat, and so Hsiao P'ai-ya marched south, planning to take the capital Kaegyŏng, as in 1011. But this time the Koreans had prepared defenses around the capital, and the Khitan, constantly harried by Korean attacks, were forced to retreat toward the Yalu. At Kuju, between the Ch'a and T'o rivers, they were encircled and attacked by the main Koryŏ forces, which almost annihilated the Khitan army. Only a few thousand men managed to return to the Liao border. This was by far the worst defeat suffered by the Khitan during Sheng-tsung's reign, and in consequence Hsiao P'ai-ya was stripped of all his titles and offices and disgraced.
In the late summer of 1019 another great army, including many tribal troops, was assembled to attack Kory6. But it was now clear to both sides that neither country could win a decisive victory. In 1020 King Hy6njong sent envoys to pay tribute to the Liao, and Shen-tsung graciously pardoned him, in 1022 sending an envoy to invest him formally as king. The tributary relationship was resumed, and envoys were regularly exchanged. When in 1031 Hyonjong died, his son and successor Wang Hum (Tokchong; r. 1031 — 4) was invested as king by the Liao court. From this date until almost the end of the Liao, Koryo remained a loyal vassal, and peace prevailed between the two states.Qiushufang ( talk) 00:12, 5 December 2023 (UTC)
An automated process has detected that when you recently edited Chungsuk of Goryeo, you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page Vatican.
( Opt-out instructions.) -- DPL bot ( talk) 05:51, 3 February 2024 (UTC)
Hi Sunnyediting99,
sigh I know they're back...
I have created a long-term abuse infopage in my userspace here: User:AP 499D25/LTA Tracking/Noktundo bludgeoner, where I have listed pretty much every single IP address that I think this person used to disrupt the articles and talk pages.
So far, there seem to be eight distinct IP ranges that could be partially blocked from the targeted pages.
Reason why I created this page is because, administrators are reluctant to protect talk pages for long (or especially indefinite) periods of time, as they are the page that IPs/new editors go to when the article is protected. Doing so prevents other innocent editors from being able to engage in talk page discussions as well. And so placing a couple of rangeblocks may be a more feasible option due to the much lesser 'collateral damage' produced.
Feel free to add any new IP addresses to the list, even past ones, as it would help us determine how big or small the IP ranges are! And if you file a request for administrative action yourself, you can link to this userspace LTA infopage for admins to see at a glance all the details and IP addresses/ranges used by the person.
I intend to file another AN/I thread the next time this person disrupts talk pages or articles with the same POV pushing again, specifically requesting to admins that partial page range blocks be placed, as well as linking to this infopage I created.
Regards, — AP 499D25 (talk) 07:42, 21 April 2024 (UTC)
The Mongolian-Khitan invasions of the late tenth century challenge the stability of the Koryo government, but a period of prosperity follows the defeat of the Khitan in 1018..
Subsequently the Khitan launched several small-scale attacks, to press demands for Hyŏnjong's appearance at their court and surrender of the region of the Six Garrison Settlements, before mounting their third great invasion in 1018. Led by Hsiao P'ai-ya, this time the Khitan army was harassed at every turn and then, retreating, was all but annihilated by a massive Koryŏ attack at Kuju (Kusŏng) executed by Kang Kam-ch'an. The Koryŏ victory was so overwhelming that scarcely a few thousand of the 100,000 man invasion force survived. The Khitan invasions of Koryŏ thus ended in failure. Koryŏ had resolutely resisted foreign aggression and had driven the invaders back. The result was that the two nations worked out a settlement and peaceful relations were maintained between them thereafter.