This article should specify the language of its non-English content, using {{
lang}}, {{
transliteration}} for transliterated languages, and {{
IPA}} for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate
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KainantuâGoroka | |
---|---|
East Highlands | |
Geographic distribution | highlands of Kainantu and Goroka, Eastern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea |
Linguistic classification |
TransâNew Guinea
|
Subdivisions | |
Glottolog | kain1273 |
Map: The KainantuâGoroka languages of New Guinea
The KainantuâGoroka languages
Other TransâNew Guinea languages
Other Papuan languages
Austronesian languages
Uninhabited |
The KainantuâGoroka languages are a family of Papuan languages established by Arthur Capell in 1948 under the name East Highlands. They formed the core of Stephen Wurm's 1960 East New Guinea Highlands family (the precursor of TransâNew Guinea), and are one of the larger branches of TransâNew Guinea in the 2005 classification of Malcolm Ross.
The constituent Kainantu and Goroka families are clearly valid groups, and both William A. Foley and Timothy Usher consider their TNG identity to be established. The languages are: [1]
The pronouns reconstructed by Ross (2005) for proto-KainantuâGoroka, proto-Kainantu, and proto-Goroka are as follows:
|
|
|
The possessive forms are:
sg | pl | |
---|---|---|
1 | *na-i | *ta-i |
2 | *ka | *tana-i |
3 | *[y]a, *wa | *ya-i, *yana-i |
KainantuâGoroka reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma are: [2]
Innovations in proto-Kainantu-Goroka replacing proto-Trans-New Guinea forms: [2]
Gorokan basic vocabulary from William A. Foley (1986): [3]
gloss | Proto-Gorokan | Gende | Siane | Benabena | Kamonoâ Yagaria | Fore |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
'two' | *tote | ogondrari | lele | loe | lole | tara |
'man' | *we | vei | we | vo | ve | wa |
'water' | *no(k) | nogoi | no | nagami | ni(na) | wani |
'fire' | tuva | yo | logo | hali | yakuÊ | |
'tree' | *ya | izo | ya | yafa | yava | yaË |
'leaf' | kuruma | aila | haya(Êa) | haeya | aÊyeÊ | |
'root' | *supa | tovaya | lufawa | lufusa(Êa) | havu | aubu |
'house' | *nom | nomu | numu(na) | no(hi) | yo(na) | naËmaÊ |
'breast' | *ami | ami- | ami(na) | amiha(Êa) | ami(maÊa) | nono |
'tooth' | *wa | va(iza) | auma | yogo(Êa) | (Ă€)vep | (a)wa |
'bone' | *yampu | yami- | auma | felisa(Êa) | (a)pu(va) | (a)yaËmpu |
'ear' | *ke/a | ka- | ka(la) | (e)kesa(Êa) | (Ă€)geta | (a)ge |
'hair' | *yoka | yogo | yowa(la) | oka(Êa) | (a)yokaÊ | (a)yaËÊ |
'leg' | *kia | kia- | kiya(na) | gigusa(Êa) | (a)gia | (a)gisaË |
'blood' | *kota | mamia- | wanu | golaha(Êa) | gola(na) | koraËÊ |
'hand' | *ya | ya | a(na) | yaha(Êa) | (Ă€)ya | ya |
'egg' | *mut | mura | mula | mu(Êa) | mu(na) | amuÊ |
'sun' | *po | po | fo | yafi | yafo | yaËbu |
'axe' | *tu | tu | luna | lu | lu | tuÊ |
'netbag' | *ko | ko | owo | gu(Êi) | gu(na) | koÊ |
'eat' | *na- | na- | n- | na- | no- | na- |
'die' | *puti- | pri- | fol- | fili- | fili- | puri- |
'say' | *si- | ti- | l- | li- | hi- | i- |
'give' | *mi- | imi- | om- | m- | mi- | mi- |
'big' | *(n)ampa | namba | namba | napa | legepa | tabe |
Kainantu basic vocabulary from William A. Foley (1986): [3]
gloss | Awa | Auyana | Gadsup | Tairora |
---|---|---|---|---|
'two' | tÉtare | kaiÊa | kaantani | taaraÊanta |
'man' | wÉ | waiya | banta | bainti |
'water' | no | nomba | nomi | namari |
'fire' | ira | irama | ikai | iha |
'tree' | ta | taima | yaani | katari |
'leaf' | ÉnÉ | anama | anai | mare |
'root' | anuÊ | anuÊa | anuÊi | tuÊa |
'house' | nÉ | naamba | maÊi | naabu |
'breast' | nÉ | naamba | naami | naama |
'tooth' | awÉ | awaiyamba | abakuni | aabai |
'bone' | ayÉnta | ayaantamba | ayampai | buhaarima |
'ear' | Ére | aÊa | aakami | aato |
'hair' | (a)yÉra | aayara | -nyoi | kauhi |
'leg' | ai | aisamima | akani | aiÊu |
'blood' | nÉe | naema | naarei | naare |
'hand' | ayÉnobeh | ayamba | aayaami | kauÊu |
'egg' | au | auma | amuÊi | auru |
'sun' | popoÊnah | aabauma | ikona | kauri |
'axe' | konaro | koraroba | kuntaÊi | kaarima |
'netbag' | unÉ | unaamba | unaami | uta |
'eat' | nÉno | nare | naano | naana |
'die' | pukire | pukai | pukono | Êutubiro |
'say' | iraruwo | siyo | seÊu | tiena |
'give' | awiÊ | ami | ameno | amina |
'big' | aanotÉ | anomba | inoÊna | nora |
Some lexical reconstructions of Proto-East Kainantu and Proto-North Kainantu by Usher (2020) are: [4] [5]
gloss | Proto-East Kainantu | Proto-North Kainantu |
---|---|---|
head | *piá”tÉ | *noËN |
hair/feather | *jÉá”si | *jÉá” |
ear | *ÉËtoË | *ÉËÊ |
eye | *wu | *u |
nose | *ipi | *siÊ |
tooth | *wÉâ± | *wÉj |
tongue | *mâÉËpiÉŸi | *[m/n][Éâ±]piÉŸ |
leg | *ipu | *tÉÉŸ |
blood | *wi[Êt]ipÉ | *nÉËÉŸeË |
bone | *muÊjÉËni | *(É-)jÉNpÉ |
breast | *nÉËNmÉ | *nÉËN |
louse | *numÉ | *nuN |
dog | *wâÉâ±ni | *ijÉN |
pig | *pâuá”ÉŸÉ | *poËÉŸ |
bird | *inÉËmÉ; *uwini | *nuN |
egg | *uÉŸu | *uÉŸ |
tree | *jÉtÉÉŸi | *jÉËj |
sun | *jâuá”ni | *ÉËÊ |
moon | *[u]toËnÉ | *wi[ÉŸ]oËN |
water | *noËni | *noËN |
fire | *iÊjÉ | *itÉ |
stone | *oËni | *oË[ÉŸ/j] |
path | *ÉËni | *ÉËj |
man | *wÉâ±-iNti | *wÉËâ±NsÉ |
woman | *ÉnÉËjeË | *ÉnÉËsi |
name | *utu | *wiÊ |
eat | *nÉ- | |
one | *moËÊjÉË | *mÉnÉË |
two | *tÉËÉŸÉ | *tÉËN |
This article should specify the language of its non-English content, using {{
lang}}, {{
transliteration}} for transliterated languages, and {{
IPA}} for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate
ISO 639 code. Wikipedia's
multilingual support templates may also be used. (January 2022) |
KainantuâGoroka | |
---|---|
East Highlands | |
Geographic distribution | highlands of Kainantu and Goroka, Eastern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea |
Linguistic classification |
TransâNew Guinea
|
Subdivisions | |
Glottolog | kain1273 |
Map: The KainantuâGoroka languages of New Guinea
The KainantuâGoroka languages
Other TransâNew Guinea languages
Other Papuan languages
Austronesian languages
Uninhabited |
The KainantuâGoroka languages are a family of Papuan languages established by Arthur Capell in 1948 under the name East Highlands. They formed the core of Stephen Wurm's 1960 East New Guinea Highlands family (the precursor of TransâNew Guinea), and are one of the larger branches of TransâNew Guinea in the 2005 classification of Malcolm Ross.
The constituent Kainantu and Goroka families are clearly valid groups, and both William A. Foley and Timothy Usher consider their TNG identity to be established. The languages are: [1]
The pronouns reconstructed by Ross (2005) for proto-KainantuâGoroka, proto-Kainantu, and proto-Goroka are as follows:
|
|
|
The possessive forms are:
sg | pl | |
---|---|---|
1 | *na-i | *ta-i |
2 | *ka | *tana-i |
3 | *[y]a, *wa | *ya-i, *yana-i |
KainantuâGoroka reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma are: [2]
Innovations in proto-Kainantu-Goroka replacing proto-Trans-New Guinea forms: [2]
Gorokan basic vocabulary from William A. Foley (1986): [3]
gloss | Proto-Gorokan | Gende | Siane | Benabena | Kamonoâ Yagaria | Fore |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
'two' | *tote | ogondrari | lele | loe | lole | tara |
'man' | *we | vei | we | vo | ve | wa |
'water' | *no(k) | nogoi | no | nagami | ni(na) | wani |
'fire' | tuva | yo | logo | hali | yakuÊ | |
'tree' | *ya | izo | ya | yafa | yava | yaË |
'leaf' | kuruma | aila | haya(Êa) | haeya | aÊyeÊ | |
'root' | *supa | tovaya | lufawa | lufusa(Êa) | havu | aubu |
'house' | *nom | nomu | numu(na) | no(hi) | yo(na) | naËmaÊ |
'breast' | *ami | ami- | ami(na) | amiha(Êa) | ami(maÊa) | nono |
'tooth' | *wa | va(iza) | auma | yogo(Êa) | (Ă€)vep | (a)wa |
'bone' | *yampu | yami- | auma | felisa(Êa) | (a)pu(va) | (a)yaËmpu |
'ear' | *ke/a | ka- | ka(la) | (e)kesa(Êa) | (Ă€)geta | (a)ge |
'hair' | *yoka | yogo | yowa(la) | oka(Êa) | (a)yokaÊ | (a)yaËÊ |
'leg' | *kia | kia- | kiya(na) | gigusa(Êa) | (a)gia | (a)gisaË |
'blood' | *kota | mamia- | wanu | golaha(Êa) | gola(na) | koraËÊ |
'hand' | *ya | ya | a(na) | yaha(Êa) | (Ă€)ya | ya |
'egg' | *mut | mura | mula | mu(Êa) | mu(na) | amuÊ |
'sun' | *po | po | fo | yafi | yafo | yaËbu |
'axe' | *tu | tu | luna | lu | lu | tuÊ |
'netbag' | *ko | ko | owo | gu(Êi) | gu(na) | koÊ |
'eat' | *na- | na- | n- | na- | no- | na- |
'die' | *puti- | pri- | fol- | fili- | fili- | puri- |
'say' | *si- | ti- | l- | li- | hi- | i- |
'give' | *mi- | imi- | om- | m- | mi- | mi- |
'big' | *(n)ampa | namba | namba | napa | legepa | tabe |
Kainantu basic vocabulary from William A. Foley (1986): [3]
gloss | Awa | Auyana | Gadsup | Tairora |
---|---|---|---|---|
'two' | tÉtare | kaiÊa | kaantani | taaraÊanta |
'man' | wÉ | waiya | banta | bainti |
'water' | no | nomba | nomi | namari |
'fire' | ira | irama | ikai | iha |
'tree' | ta | taima | yaani | katari |
'leaf' | ÉnÉ | anama | anai | mare |
'root' | anuÊ | anuÊa | anuÊi | tuÊa |
'house' | nÉ | naamba | maÊi | naabu |
'breast' | nÉ | naamba | naami | naama |
'tooth' | awÉ | awaiyamba | abakuni | aabai |
'bone' | ayÉnta | ayaantamba | ayampai | buhaarima |
'ear' | Ére | aÊa | aakami | aato |
'hair' | (a)yÉra | aayara | -nyoi | kauhi |
'leg' | ai | aisamima | akani | aiÊu |
'blood' | nÉe | naema | naarei | naare |
'hand' | ayÉnobeh | ayamba | aayaami | kauÊu |
'egg' | au | auma | amuÊi | auru |
'sun' | popoÊnah | aabauma | ikona | kauri |
'axe' | konaro | koraroba | kuntaÊi | kaarima |
'netbag' | unÉ | unaamba | unaami | uta |
'eat' | nÉno | nare | naano | naana |
'die' | pukire | pukai | pukono | Êutubiro |
'say' | iraruwo | siyo | seÊu | tiena |
'give' | awiÊ | ami | ameno | amina |
'big' | aanotÉ | anomba | inoÊna | nora |
Some lexical reconstructions of Proto-East Kainantu and Proto-North Kainantu by Usher (2020) are: [4] [5]
gloss | Proto-East Kainantu | Proto-North Kainantu |
---|---|---|
head | *piá”tÉ | *noËN |
hair/feather | *jÉá”si | *jÉá” |
ear | *ÉËtoË | *ÉËÊ |
eye | *wu | *u |
nose | *ipi | *siÊ |
tooth | *wÉâ± | *wÉj |
tongue | *mâÉËpiÉŸi | *[m/n][Éâ±]piÉŸ |
leg | *ipu | *tÉÉŸ |
blood | *wi[Êt]ipÉ | *nÉËÉŸeË |
bone | *muÊjÉËni | *(É-)jÉNpÉ |
breast | *nÉËNmÉ | *nÉËN |
louse | *numÉ | *nuN |
dog | *wâÉâ±ni | *ijÉN |
pig | *pâuá”ÉŸÉ | *poËÉŸ |
bird | *inÉËmÉ; *uwini | *nuN |
egg | *uÉŸu | *uÉŸ |
tree | *jÉtÉÉŸi | *jÉËj |
sun | *jâuá”ni | *ÉËÊ |
moon | *[u]toËnÉ | *wi[ÉŸ]oËN |
water | *noËni | *noËN |
fire | *iÊjÉ | *itÉ |
stone | *oËni | *oË[ÉŸ/j] |
path | *ÉËni | *ÉËj |
man | *wÉâ±-iNti | *wÉËâ±NsÉ |
woman | *ÉnÉËjeË | *ÉnÉËsi |
name | *utu | *wiÊ |
eat | *nÉ- | |
one | *moËÊjÉË | *mÉnÉË |
two | *tÉËÉŸÉ | *tÉËN |