| Bora鈥揥it贸to | |
|---|---|
| Witotoan | |
| (controversial) | |
| Geographic distribution | northwestern Amazon |
| Linguistic classification | Proposed language family |
| Subdivisions | |
| Glottolog | None |
 | |
Bora鈥揥it贸to (also Bora鈥揌uitoto, Bora鈥揢itoto, or, ambiguously, Witotoan) is a proposal to unite the Boran and Witotoan language families of southwestern Colombia ( Amazonas Department) and neighboring regions of Peru and Brazil. Kaufman (1994) added the Andoque language.
Family division
Kaufman (1994) lists B贸ran and Wit贸toan (Huitoto鈥揙caina) as separate families (they are grouped together with Andoque as Bora鈥揥it贸toan; by 2007 he moved Andoque to Witotoan). (Note that Andoque was later demonstrated to be part of the Andoque鈥揢requena family.)
Genetic relations
Aschmann (1993) proposed Bora鈥揥itoto as a connection between the Boran and Witotoan language families. Echeverri & Seifart (2016) refute the connection.
Kaufman (2007) includes Bora-Witoto in his Macro-Andean proposal, and added the Andoque language to the Witotoan family. [1] (Aschmann had considered Andoque a language isolate.) These proposals have not been accepted by other linguists. Gildea and Payne (2007) checked Bora-Witoto with Andoque, Proto-Cariban and Yagua, and found Bora-Witoto to be not related to any of the others.
Mason (1950: 236鈥238) groups Bora鈥揥itoto, Tupian, and Zaparoan together as part of a proposed Macro-Tup铆-Guaran铆an family. [2]
Vocabulary
Below is a comparison of selected basic vocabulary items in Proto-Bora-Muinane (i.e., Proto-Boran), Bora, Proto-Witotoan, Witoto, and Andoque.
gloss Proto-Bora-Muinane [3] Bora [4] Proto-Witotoan [5] Witoto [4] Andoque [4] head *niga-扫 n墨藧k史脿莎虁 扫筛og扫 -tai hair *-hee- n铆藧k史膩k艒 扫筛ot扫ra扫 ka-tai 蕦ka-be eye *a胜扫-扫 膩c莎虅藧 u藨扫胃扫 -蕯谩k蕦 ear *n扫()-mee蕯u n莎虂m扫虅虈艒 ?**()po he筛o -bei nose *t扫h扫-蕯u T扫虂h扫虅虈貌 *topo-(蕯) do筛o -p嗓ta tooth *i蕯gai 铆蕯k史膩h扫虁 ?**ii蕯-gi-() i胃ido -k贸di tongue *nehe n扫虂藧h扫虅虈蕯k史膩 ?**()pe i扫筛e -sod嗓虄 mouth *i-h扫 墨蕯h什莎虁 **(-)po(e) 筛ue -筛i hand *蕯ut师e 艒hts扫虅虈 ono蔁扫 -dobi foot *tt扫蕯aai m膿ht铆膩 **(茂)ta() (lower leg) e藨扫蔁扫 -d蕦ka breast *m扫ppaino **xebae-ga茂 -刹e茅 meat *蕯ookuu, *duu 茅藧k贸 蔁扫k扫胃i -嗓虄ta blood *t扫扫 **t茂-x毛(蕯e) d扫e -du蕯s bone *bakk扫 p袒膩hk莎虅 i蔁aik扫 -tad嗓虄 person *m()a-m扫naa-ppi (sg.), *m()a-m扫naa (pl.) k史脿hp袒矛 扫ima 蕽贸蕯h蕦 name *momo **maime mamek扫 -ti dog *蕯uu蕯i 艒铆p袒什膿 **x茂虅蕯ko h扫ko 末刹玫 fish 膩m艒m猫 蔁扫k扫a扫 bei louse *gaaini-蕯u k史膩谩n墨 扫boma t谩蕯si tree *扫mo-蕯o 莎虅m猫猫 ?**(a茂)me() amena k嗓虄虂蕯嗓虄d嗓 leaf *-蕯aame 扫虂n膩蕯谩m扫虅虈 rabe -sed嗓虄 flower 胃a筛ia water *n扫-ppai()u n膿hp袒膩k什艒 **n艒-() h扫nui d煤蕯u fire *k扫扫h扫-gai k莎虂藧h莎虅k史膩 irai 蕦蕯pa stone n茅茅k史膩j墨 **goti- no筛扫k扫 筛isi earth *hiin扫-he 矛墨刹莎虁 *x谩茅n茂虅蕯-x毛 en扫e 刹峁嵤斈 salt *扫mo **(茂)xaidza茂(ga) 扫ai胃a扫 road **(na)x茂虅() na藨扫胃o dub嗓, 玫b嗓 eat *mat失u **d(o)蕯, **g艒墨(ne) guite -ba蕯i- die *gihe-尾o ba藨扫de 末-h蕦虂蕦- I *uu 艒艒 **(k)艒艒-xe(蕯e) kue o-蕯嗓 you *扫扫 **艒-xe(蕯e) o ha-蕯嗓
References
- ^ Kaufman, Terrence. 2007. South America. In: R. E. Asher and Christopher Moseley (eds.), Atlas of the World鈥檚 Languages (2nd edition), 59鈥94. London: Routledge.
- ^ Mason, J. Alden. 1950. The languages of South America. In: Julian Steward (ed.), Handbook of South American Indians, Volume 6, 157鈥317. ( Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 143.) Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
- ^ Seifart, Frank, & Echeverri, Juan Alvaro (2015). Proto Bora-Muinane. LIAMES: L铆nguas Ind铆genas Americanas, 15(2), 279-311. doi: 10.20396/liames.v15i2.8642303
- ^ a b c Gonz谩lez de P茅rez, Mar铆a Setlla (ed). 2000. Lenguas ind铆genas de Colombia: una visi贸n descriptiva. Bogot谩: Instituto Caro y Cuervo.
- ^ Aschmann, Richard P. (1993). Proto Witotoan. Publications in linguistics (No. 114). Arlington, TX: SIL & the University of Texas at Arlington.
Bibliography
- Aschmann, Richard P. (1993). Proto Witotoan. Publications in linguistics (No. 114). Arlington, TX: SIL & the University of Texas at Arlington.
- Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
- Echeverri, Juan Alvaro & Frank Seifart. (2016). Proto-Witotoan: A re-evaluation of the distant genealogical relationship between the Boran and Witotoan linguistic families.
- Gildea, Spike and Doris Payne. (2007). Is Greenberg's "Macro-Carib" viable? Bol. Mus. Para. Em铆lio Goeldi. Ciencias Humanas, Bel茅m, v. 2, n. 2, p. 19-72, May-Aug. 2007 Online version: http://www.museu-goeldi.br/editora/bh/artigos/chv2n2_2007/Greenbergs(gildea).pdf
- Greenberg, Joseph H. (1987). Language in the Americas. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
- Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages (pp. 13鈥67). Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-70414-3.
- Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), Atlas of the world's languages (pp. 46鈥76). London: Routledge.
External links
- Familia Bora鈥揥itoto at Proel
| Bora鈥揥it贸to | |
|---|---|
| Witotoan | |
| (controversial) | |
| Geographic distribution | northwestern Amazon |
| Linguistic classification | Proposed language family |
| Subdivisions | |
| Glottolog | None |
|
| |
Bora鈥揥it贸to (also Bora鈥揌uitoto, Bora鈥揢itoto, or, ambiguously, Witotoan) is a proposal to unite the Boran and Witotoan language families of southwestern Colombia ( Amazonas Department) and neighboring regions of Peru and Brazil. Kaufman (1994) added the Andoque language.
Family division
Kaufman (1994) lists B贸ran and Wit贸toan (Huitoto鈥揙caina) as separate families (they are grouped together with Andoque as Bora鈥揥it贸toan; by 2007 he moved Andoque to Witotoan). (Note that Andoque was later demonstrated to be part of the Andoque鈥揢requena family.)
Genetic relations
Aschmann (1993) proposed Bora鈥揥itoto as a connection between the Boran and Witotoan language families. Echeverri & Seifart (2016) refute the connection.
Kaufman (2007) includes Bora-Witoto in his Macro-Andean proposal, and added the Andoque language to the Witotoan family. [1] (Aschmann had considered Andoque a language isolate.) These proposals have not been accepted by other linguists. Gildea and Payne (2007) checked Bora-Witoto with Andoque, Proto-Cariban and Yagua, and found Bora-Witoto to be not related to any of the others.
Mason (1950: 236鈥238) groups Bora鈥揥itoto, Tupian, and Zaparoan together as part of a proposed Macro-Tup铆-Guaran铆an family. [2]
Vocabulary
Below is a comparison of selected basic vocabulary items in Proto-Bora-Muinane (i.e., Proto-Boran), Bora, Proto-Witotoan, Witoto, and Andoque.
gloss Proto-Bora-Muinane [3] Bora [4] Proto-Witotoan [5] Witoto [4] Andoque [4] head *niga-扫 n墨藧k史脿莎虁 扫筛og扫 -tai hair *-hee- n铆藧k史膩k艒 扫筛ot扫ra扫 ka-tai 蕦ka-be eye *a胜扫-扫 膩c莎虅藧 u藨扫胃扫 -蕯谩k蕦 ear *n扫()-mee蕯u n莎虂m扫虅虈艒 ?**()po he筛o -bei nose *t扫h扫-蕯u T扫虂h扫虅虈貌 *topo-(蕯) do筛o -p嗓ta tooth *i蕯gai 铆蕯k史膩h扫虁 ?**ii蕯-gi-() i胃ido -k贸di tongue *nehe n扫虂藧h扫虅虈蕯k史膩 ?**()pe i扫筛e -sod嗓虄 mouth *i-h扫 墨蕯h什莎虁 **(-)po(e) 筛ue -筛i hand *蕯ut师e 艒hts扫虅虈 ono蔁扫 -dobi foot *tt扫蕯aai m膿ht铆膩 **(茂)ta() (lower leg) e藨扫蔁扫 -d蕦ka breast *m扫ppaino **xebae-ga茂 -刹e茅 meat *蕯ookuu, *duu 茅藧k贸 蔁扫k扫胃i -嗓虄ta blood *t扫扫 **t茂-x毛(蕯e) d扫e -du蕯s bone *bakk扫 p袒膩hk莎虅 i蔁aik扫 -tad嗓虄 person *m()a-m扫naa-ppi (sg.), *m()a-m扫naa (pl.) k史脿hp袒矛 扫ima 蕽贸蕯h蕦 name *momo **maime mamek扫 -ti dog *蕯uu蕯i 艒铆p袒什膿 **x茂虅蕯ko h扫ko 末刹玫 fish 膩m艒m猫 蔁扫k扫a扫 bei louse *gaaini-蕯u k史膩谩n墨 扫boma t谩蕯si tree *扫mo-蕯o 莎虅m猫猫 ?**(a茂)me() amena k嗓虄虂蕯嗓虄d嗓 leaf *-蕯aame 扫虂n膩蕯谩m扫虅虈 rabe -sed嗓虄 flower 胃a筛ia water *n扫-ppai()u n膿hp袒膩k什艒 **n艒-() h扫nui d煤蕯u fire *k扫扫h扫-gai k莎虂藧h莎虅k史膩 irai 蕦蕯pa stone n茅茅k史膩j墨 **goti- no筛扫k扫 筛isi earth *hiin扫-he 矛墨刹莎虁 *x谩茅n茂虅蕯-x毛 en扫e 刹峁嵤斈 salt *扫mo **(茂)xaidza茂(ga) 扫ai胃a扫 road **(na)x茂虅() na藨扫胃o dub嗓, 玫b嗓 eat *mat失u **d(o)蕯, **g艒墨(ne) guite -ba蕯i- die *gihe-尾o ba藨扫de 末-h蕦虂蕦- I *uu 艒艒 **(k)艒艒-xe(蕯e) kue o-蕯嗓 you *扫扫 **艒-xe(蕯e) o ha-蕯嗓
References
- ^ Kaufman, Terrence. 2007. South America. In: R. E. Asher and Christopher Moseley (eds.), Atlas of the World鈥檚 Languages (2nd edition), 59鈥94. London: Routledge.
- ^ Mason, J. Alden. 1950. The languages of South America. In: Julian Steward (ed.), Handbook of South American Indians, Volume 6, 157鈥317. ( Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 143.) Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
- ^ Seifart, Frank, & Echeverri, Juan Alvaro (2015). Proto Bora-Muinane. LIAMES: L铆nguas Ind铆genas Americanas, 15(2), 279-311. doi: 10.20396/liames.v15i2.8642303
- ^ a b c Gonz谩lez de P茅rez, Mar铆a Setlla (ed). 2000. Lenguas ind铆genas de Colombia: una visi贸n descriptiva. Bogot谩: Instituto Caro y Cuervo.
- ^ Aschmann, Richard P. (1993). Proto Witotoan. Publications in linguistics (No. 114). Arlington, TX: SIL & the University of Texas at Arlington.
Bibliography
- Aschmann, Richard P. (1993). Proto Witotoan. Publications in linguistics (No. 114). Arlington, TX: SIL & the University of Texas at Arlington.
- Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
- Echeverri, Juan Alvaro & Frank Seifart. (2016). Proto-Witotoan: A re-evaluation of the distant genealogical relationship between the Boran and Witotoan linguistic families.
- Gildea, Spike and Doris Payne. (2007). Is Greenberg's "Macro-Carib" viable? Bol. Mus. Para. Em铆lio Goeldi. Ciencias Humanas, Bel茅m, v. 2, n. 2, p. 19-72, May-Aug. 2007 Online version: http://www.museu-goeldi.br/editora/bh/artigos/chv2n2_2007/Greenbergs(gildea).pdf
- Greenberg, Joseph H. (1987). Language in the Americas. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
- Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages (pp. 13鈥67). Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-70414-3.
- Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), Atlas of the world's languages (pp. 46鈥76). London: Routledge.
External links
- Familia Bora鈥揥itoto at Proel