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Researchers announce a new technique for accelerating the development of vaccines and other pharmaceutical products by up to a million times, using much smaller quantities based on
DNA nanotechnology.[9][10]
Alzheimer's disease (AD) research progress: A study reports 42 new genes linked to an increased risk of AD.[11][12] Researchers report a potential primary mechanism of sleep disturbance as an early-stage effect of neurodegenerative diseases.[13][14] Researchers identify several genes associated with
changes in brain structure over lifetime and potential AD therapy-targets (5 Apr).[15][16]
One science journalist reflects on the global management of the
COVID-19 pandemic in relation to science, investigating
the question "Why the
WHO took two years to say
COVID is airborne"[28] – a finding hundreds of scientists reaffirmed in an
open letter in July 2020[29] – with one indication that this may be one valid major concern to many expert scientists being several writings published by news outlets.[30][31]
A trial of estimated financial energy cost of
refrigerators alongside
EU energy-efficiency class (EEEC) labels online finds that the approach of
labels involves a trade-off between
financial considerations and higher cost requirements in effort or time for the product-selection from the
many available options which are often unlabelled and don't have any EEEC-requirement for being bought, used or sold within the EU.[42][43]
Researchers show
air pollution in fast-growing tropical cities caused
~0.5 million earlier deaths in 2018 with a substantial recent and
projected rise, proposing "regulatory action targeting emerging anthropogenic sources".[46][47]
A study describes the impact of climate change on the survival of
cacti. It finds that 60% of species will experience a reduction in favourable climate by 2050–2070, with
epiphytes having the greatest exposure to increased warming.[55][56]
A
preprint demonstrates how
backdoors can be placed undetectably into classifying (e.g. posts as "spam" or well-visible "not spam")
machine learning models which are often developed and/or trained by third parties. Parties can change the classification of any input, including in cases with types of
data/software transparency, possibly including
white-box access.[57][58][59]
16 April – A
review suggests that global prevalence of
long COVID conditions after infection could be as high as 43%, with the most common symptoms being
fatigue and memory problems.[61][62]
21 April – Researchers discover that humans are interrupting a 66-million-years-old feature of
ecosystems, the relationship between diet and body mass, by driving the
largest vertebrate animals towards
extinction, which they suggest could have unpredictable consequences.[69][70][71]
22 April
The
Large Hadron Collider recommences full operations, three years after being shut down for upgrades.[72]
Cancer research progress: The largest study of whole cancer genomes reports 58 new
mutational signatures and shows that for each organ "cancers have a limited number of common signatures and a long tail of rare signatures".[75][76] A study reports presence of certain bacteria in the prostate and urine for aggressive forms of
prostate cancer, with
biomarker- and therapeutic potentials being unclear (18 Apr).[77][78]
A
review about meat and
sustainability of food systems, animal welfare, and healthy nutrition concludes that its consumption has to be reduced substantially for
sustainable consumption and names broad potential measures such as "restrictions or fiscal mechanisms".[82][83]
A new type of
cell death 'erebosis' is reported[84][85] after copper-dependent cell death was first reported the previous month.[86][87]
The Global Carbon Budget 2021 concludes that fossil CO2 emissions rebounded by around +4.8% relative to 2020 emissions – returning to 2019 levels, identifies three major issues for improving reliable accuracy of monitoring, shows that China and India surpassed 2019 levels (by 5.7% and 3.2%) while the EU and the US stayed beneath 2019 levels (by 5.3% and 4.5%), quantifies various changes and trends, for the first time provides models' estimates that are linked to the official country
GHG inventories reporting, and shows that the remaining
carbon budget at 1. Jan 2022 for a 50% likelihood to
limit global warming to 1.5 °C is 120 GtC (420 GtCO2) – or 11 years of 2021 emissions levels.[60]
A lineage of
H3N8bird flu is found to infect humans for the first time, with a case reported in the
Henan province of China.[92][93][94] Months earlier,
H5 strain bird flu viruses (HPAIv) have been detected in Canada and the US.[95][96]
Researchers report routes for
recycling 200 industrial
waste chemicals into important drugs and agrochemicals using a software for
computer-aided chemical synthesis design, helping enable "circular chemistry" as a potential area of a
circular economy.[101][102]
A single
master gene that programs
ear hair cells into either outer or inner ones is discovered, overcoming a major hurdle that had prevented the development of these cells to reverse
hearing loss.[118][119]
Scientists report the discovery of 830‑million-year-old
microorganisms in fluid inclusions within
halite that may,
potentially, still be alive. According to the researchers, "This study has implications for the search for life in both terrestrial and extraterrestrial chemical sedimentary rocks."[130][131]
8 May – The UK's
Met Office warns, with
WMO affirmation,[134] that the probability of
global average temperatures reaching
1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels over the next five years is now almost 50:50 (48%). It also predicts a more than 90% chance that a new record high will occur in at least one year from 2022 to 2026.[135][136]
9 May
A study reports that declining numbers of the largest fish on Earth, the endangered
whale shark, may be linked to collisions
with large vessels in the global transport fleet.[137][138]
Researchers identify the 425 biggest fossil fuel extraction projects globally, of which 40% as of 2020 are new projects that haven't yet started extraction. They conclude that "defusing" these "carbon bombs" – worked on by only "few actors" to date – would be necessary for
climate change mitigation of global climate goals.[157] On 17 May, a separate study finds that "staying within a 1.5 °C
carbon budget (50% probability) implies leaving almost 40% of 'developed reserves' of
fossil fuels unextracted".[158] On 26 May, a study calculates climate policies-induced future lost financial profits from global
strandedfossil-fuelassets.[159]
17 May
Isotopically pure
silicon-28nanowires are shown to conduct heat 150% better than regular silicon, with potential for improved cooling of computer chips.[160][161]
A review concludes that, like in 2015,
pollution (3⁄4 from
air pollution) was responsible for
9 million premature deaths in 2019 (one in six deaths). It concludes that little real
progress against pollution can be identified and outlines needs for attention and action such as a "formal
science–
policy interface".[162][163]
NASA reports that the
Voyager 1 spacecraft, the farthest human-made object, is sending data that does not reflect what is happening on board with the antenna apparently remaining in its prescribed orientation to Earth.[166][167] On 17 June, it was reported that NASA is preparing to power down the two Voyager spacecraft in the hope of using the remaining power to extend their operation to about 2030.[168]
A study shows how a
Twin-world models cosmological model – already extensively studied to find out why gravity appears much weaker than other known forces – could explain the
Hubble constant (H0) tension via interactions between the two worlds. The "mirror world" would contain copies of all existing fundamental particles.[169][170] On 2 May, another twin/pair-world or "bi-worlds"
cosmology is shown to theoretically be able to solve the
cosmological constant (Λ) problem, closely related to
dark energy: two interacting worlds with a large Λ each resulting in a small shared effective Λ.[171][172][173] Previous similar models e.g. attempt to explain the baryon asymmetry – why there was more matter than antimatter at the beginning –
with a mirror anti-universe.[174][175][176]
19 May
Scientists report that
RNA was found to be formed spontaneously on prebiotic
basalt lava glass which is presumed to have been abundantly available on the
early Earth.[177][178]
A study estimates losses of 61 metals to help the development of
circular economy strategies, showing that usespans of, often scarce,
tech-critical metals are short.[183]
20 May – Global warming is projected to substantially
erode sleep worldwide.[184][185]
The
WHO informs about the international
2022 monkeypox outbreak in non-endemic countries[188] – an unprecedented number of cases detected outside of Africa[189] after the first of these cases was detected on 6 May.[190] On 24 May, the WHO states that the outbreak can be contained.[191] The main method used for the
early containment is '
ring vaccination' – vaccinating close contacts of positive cases via existing vaccines.[189][192]
Scientists report the first
3D-printedlab-grown wood. It is unclear if it could ever be used on a commercial scale (e.g. with sufficient production efficiency and quality).[198][199]
A
CDC study based on
electronic health records shows that "one in five COVID-19 survivors aged 18–64 years and one in four survivors aged ≥65 years experienced at least one incident condition that might be attributable to previous COVID-19" or long COVID.[200][201] On 18 May, an analysis of private healthcare claims shows that of 78,252 patients diagnosed with '
long COVID', 75.8% had not been hospitalized for COVID-19.[202][203]
31 May – Success of record-long (3 days rather than usually <12 hours) of human
transplant organ
preservation with
machine perfusion of a
liver is reported. It could possibly be extended to 10 days and prevent substantial cell damage by low temperature preservation methods.[220][221] On the same day, a separate study reports new
cryoprotectant solvents, tested with cells, that could preserve organs by the latter methods for much longer with substantially reduced damage.[222][223]
5 June – Progress in the
treatment of cancer: A very small trial shows complete remission of a type of
colorectal cancer without surgery and radiation in all 12 patients.[229][230] On the same day, results of a trial show that
trastuzumab deruxtecan therapy for
HER2-low metastatic
breast cancer exceeded results from
chemotherapy.[231][232] The synthesis of ERX-41, a novel compound that has shown promise in eliminating
cancer cells, is reported (2 June).[233] Researchers describe a new light-activated '
photoimmunotherapy' for
brain cancerin vitro. They believe it could join surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and immunotherapy as a fifth major form of cancer treatment (16 June).[234][235]
Scientists provide an overview of the capabilities of missions and observatories for detecting various alien
technosignatures.[241][242]
9 June
A study estimates the
air pollution impacts on climate change and the ozone layer from rocket launches and re-entry of reusable components and
debris in 2019 and from a theoretical future
space industry extrapolated from the "
billionaire space race". It concludes that substantial effects from routine
space tourism should "motivate
regulation".[243][244]
10 June – The core of the
globular clusterNGC 3201 is shown to harbor a sub-cluster of nearly a hundred
black holes. The same study also confirms that the globular cluster
NGC 6397 has ejected most of its original black hole population, and its inner mass excess is composed by hundreds of massive
white dwarfs.[250][251]
13 June –
Science and the
2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine: Groups of academics report how global
science community could help Ukraine via an action plan, including for helping organizing (re)vitalization of
Ukrainian science and reconstruction in the future.[252] On the same day, a researcher outlined a number of possible major
policy-based actions that could mitigate the energy and resource crises caused or exacerbated by the war.[253] Russian space agency
Roscosmos announces the intent to, unilaterally and hazardously, take over paused telescope
eROSITA, launched in collaboration with Germany (4 June).[254] A science journalist outlines some of the
food system-related
environmental impacts of the war (21 June).[255] A study reports a number of humanitarian,
economic, and financial impacts of the war (23 June).[256]
15 June
Astronomers identify
J1144 as the fastest-growing
black hole of the last nine billion years, consuming matter equivalent to one Earth every second, as well as being the most luminous quasi-stellar object of that period.[257][258][259]
Researchers report
Lac-Phe as the most significantly induced circulating
metabolite in two animal models of
exercise which – including via chronic administration – reduces food intake and suppresses obesity.[260][261]
20 June
A study suggests global
food miles CO2 emissions are 3.5–7.5 times
higher than previously estimated, with transport accounting for about 19% of total food-system emissions,[262][263] albeit shifting towards plant-based diets remains substantially more important.[264]
21 June – The inability to
stand on one leg for 10 seconds in mid to later life is linked to a near-doubling in the risk of death from any cause within the next 10 years.[267][268]
A review shows prevalence of
long COVID conditions – like mood symptoms,
fatigue and sleep disorders – in people age 0–18 years appears to be at ~25% overall.[277][278]
Two studies about aging-related characteristics of
long-lived animals like turtles are published, identifying potentially causal protective traits and suggesting many of the species have "slow or negligible
senescence" (or aging).[279][280][281]
Early
2022 monkeypox outbreak research: A study reports
phylogenomic characterization of the first monkeypox (MP) virus outbreak genome sequences, finding the "presumably slow-evolving"
DNA virus has evolved roughly 6–12-fold more mutations than one would expect and 15
SNPmutationssince the beginning of the outbreak.[286][287][288] The
WHO announces that MP is not yet a global public health emergency but
a cause for deep concern (25 June).[287][289] Early overviews and reviews, including about current knowledge about MP prevention and treatment, are published.[289][290][291][292] Scientists are investigating circulating lineages (and potential variants) of the MP virus and compare them to the African endemic lineages.[289][293][294][295] A
preprint suggests that cases "where a small fraction of individuals have disproportionately large numbers of partners, can explain the sustained growth of monkeypox cases among the
MSM population" (13 June).[296][297] The MP incubation period is estimated to be 8.5 days on average and up to 21 days (16 June).[289][298] The
3D-folded structures of the whole
proteome of the current DNA virus
are predicted, which may be useful for the development of (better or updated) vaccines and drugs (28 June).[299] A study indicates MP contaminated surfaces within hospitals and households could be infectious (30 June).[300]
Samsung announces the first mass production of computer chips using a
3 nm process. These feature a
gate-all-aroundtransistor architecture that reduces power consumption by up to 45%, improves performance by 23% and reduces area by 16% compared to 5 nm.[314]
Researchers, health organizations and regulators are discussing, investigating and partly recommending
COVID-19 vaccine boosters that mix the original vaccine formulation with
Omicron-adjusted parts – such as
spike proteins of a specific Omicron subvariant – to better prepare the immune system to recognize a wide variety of
variants amid substantial and ongoing immune evasion by Omicron.[315]
4 July – Scientists report that
heatwavesin western Europe are increasing "three-to-four times faster compared to the rest of the northern midlatitudes over the past 42 years" and that certain atmospheric dynamical changes can explain their increase.[320][321]
5 July – The
Large Hadron Collider commences its Run 3 physics season. The LHCb collaboration observes three never-before-seen particles: a new kind of "
pentaquark" and the first-ever pair of "
tetraquarks", which includes a new type of tetraquark.[322]
6 July – A study suggests that the marginal effectiveness of a fourth
COVID-19 vaccine dose (a second "booster") versus three doses can be 40% (24% to 52%) against severe disease outcomes.[323][324] There is no scientific consensus about the efficacy and overall recommendabilities of a fourth dose.[325] The
CDC recommended such in March only for "certain immunocompromised individuals and people over the age of 50".[326][327]
A study into the effects of a
global nuclear war on the world's oceans is published, revealing a rapid 10.5 °C (18.9 °F) drop in temperature, along with many longer-lasting impacts.[330][331]
Researchers report the development of a
deep learning system that learns intuitive physics from visual data (of virtual 3D environments)
to some degree "from scratch" based on an
unpublished approach inspired by studies of visual cognition in infants.[336][337] On 25 July, other researchers report the development of a
machine learning algorithm that could discover sets of basic variables
of various physical systems and predict the systems' future dynamics from video recordings of their behavior.[338][339]
12 July –
NASA releases the first suite of images from the now fully operational
James Webb Space Telescope,[344] a day after releasing the
Webb's First Deep Field, the image of
early universe with the highest resolution.[345] On 14 July, NASA presents images of
Jupiter and related areas captured, for the first time, and including
infrared views, by the telescope.[346] On 19 July, scientists report what could be the earliest and most distant galaxy ever discovered,
GLASS-z12.[347][348][349]
Researchers report the development of
semitransparent solar cells that are as large as windows,[357] after team members achieved record efficiency with high transparency in 2020.[358][359] On 4 July, researchers report the fabrication of solar cells with a record average visible transparency of 79%, being nearly invisible.[360]
18 July
A survey of more than 3,000 experts finds that the
extinction crisis could be worse than previously thought, and estimates that roughly 30% of species "have been globally threatened or driven extinct since the year 1500."[361][362]
The first "dormant" black hole (meaning it does not emit high levels of
X-ray radiation) is identified outside the Milky Way. The object, with nine solar masses, orbits a rare
O-type star in a system called VFTS 243 within the
Large Magellanic Cloud.[363][364]
A potential
gene therapy cure for
haemophilia B, which corrects the genetic defect associated with the condition is announced with trial results by doctors. It caused a sustained increase in factor IX activity in 9 of 10 patients in the small trial.[369][370]
Sunspot AR3060 explodes early in the morning. It releases a C-5 class
solar flare, and a "solar tsunami". The
NOAA predicts that a geomagnetic storm from this event will strike the Earth on 23 July, between 0000 UTC and 0400 UTC, as a G2 class storm, with a slight chance of a G3 storm.
Aurorae could be visible as far south as 50° N latitude.[371][372][373][needs update]
23 July – The
World Health Organization (WHO) declares the recent
monkeypox outbreak a
Public Health Emergency of International Concern, as the number of reported cases worldwide exceeds 17,000.[376] In July, scientists reported that the window to be able to contain the outbreak is closing or has closed.[377][378] On 5 July, a
preprint indicates there can be asymptomatic infections.[379] On 27 July, an analysis of studies
by a journalist indicates that "about 10-to-15% of cases have been hospitalized, mostly for pain and bacterial infections that can occur as a result of monkeypox lesions".[380] Studies published in August indicated hospitalizations of small cohorts of early patients were 8%[381] and 13%.[382]
Researchers
review the scientific literature on
100% renewable energy, addressing various issues, outlining open
research questions, and concluding there to be growing consensus, research and empirical evidence concerning its feasibility worldwide.[385][386]
26 July – Scientists analyse 2.8 million of the sequenced
SARS-CoV-2 genomes and use the results to compile a 'mutations blacklist' of virus weak spots, and a 'whitelist' of mutations that would make it more transmissible.[387][388]
DeepMind announces that its
AlphaFold program has uncovered the structures of more than 200 million
foldedproteins, essentially all of those known to science.[391][392]
In a
preprint, scientists from
the Galileo Project describe a planned expedition to retrieve small fragments of interstellar meteor
CNEOS 2014-01-08, which "appears to be rare both in composition and in speed" and is not ruled out to be "extraterrestrial equipment",[402] using a magnetic sled on the seafloor of the impact region.[403][404]
A study, that reanalyzes data used in
a study by DeSilva et al. (2021), indicates that
human brain size did not decrease over the last three thousand years as suggested by this study nor within 300 ka as suggested by other studies. It concludes that "the samples need to be specific enough to test the hypothesis across different times and populations".[405][406]
Scientists conclude that the overall transgressed (see
18 January)
planetary boundary for "novel entities" (NEs) is a placeholder for multiple different boundaries for NEs that may emerge, reporting that
PFAS pollution is one such new boundary. They show that levels of these so-called "
forever chemicals" in
rainwater are ubiquitously, and often greatly, above guideline safe levels worldwide.[418][419] There are moves to restrict and replace their use.[418] On 18 August, a simple method of breaking down these chemicals once they have been pulled out of contaminated water or soil[420] is described.[421][422]
3 August – Scientists report an
organ perfusion system that can restore, i.e. on the cellular level, multiple vital (pig) organs one hour after death (during which the body had warm
ischaemia),[425][426] after reporting a similar method/system for reviving (pig) brains hours after death in 2019.[425][427] This could be used to preserve
donor organs or for revival in medical emergencies.[425]
4 August – Lab-made
cartilage gel based on a synthetic
hydrogel composite is found to have greater strength and wear resistance than natural cartilage, which could enable the durable resurfacing of damaged
articulating joints.[428][429]
11 August – A
bioengineeredcornea made from pig's skin is shown to restore vision to blind people. It can be mass-produced and stored for up to two years, unlike donated human corneas that are scarce and must be used within two weeks.[450][451]
12 August — The
National Centers for Environmental Information publish a report, where they state an all-time record cold temperature occurred in Australia during the month. On October 7, 2022, Zack Labe, a climate scientist for the NOAA
GFDL releases a statement and a climate report from
Berkeley Earth denying the all-time record cold temperature occurred saying, "There are still no areas of record cold so far in 2022."[452][453] Labe's statement also denies the record cold temperatures in
Brazil, reported by the
National Institute of Meteorology in May 2022, a month before the official start of winter, was also not record cold temperatures.[454]
15 August – A study on the food impacts of a
nuclear war is published. It finds that even a small-scale conflict between India and Pakistan would decrease global average
caloric production by 7%, while a full-scale U.S.-Russia nuclear conflict would result in a 90% loss, killing more than 5 billion people worldwide.[469][470]
The
Nadir crater, likely the result of a second, smaller asteroid that struck around the same time as the
Chicxulub impact, is identified and described by researchers.[476][477]
Researchers report the development of floating
artificial leaves for light-driven
hydrogen and
syngas fuel production. The lightweight, flexible devices are scalable and can float on water similar to
lotus leaves.[480][481]
A weak spot in the
spike protein of
SARS-CoV-2 is described by researchers, which an
antibody fragment called VH Ab6 can attach to, potentially neutralising all major
variants of the virus.[482][483] On 11 August, researchers report a single antibody, SP1-77, that could potentially neutralize all known variants of the virus via a novel mechanism, not by not preventing the virus from binding to
ACE2 receptors but by blocking it from fusing with host cells'
membranes.[484][485]
A researcher reports that the social media
appTikTok adds a
keylogger to its, on iOS essentially unavoidable, in-app
browser in
iOS, which allows its Chinese company to gather, for example, passwords, credit card details, and everything else that is typed into websites opened from taps on any external links within the app. Shortly after the report, the company claims such capabilities are only used for
debugging-types of purposes.[488][489] To date, it has
largely not been investigated which and to which extent (other) apps have capacities for such or similar data-collection.[488][489][additional citation(s) needed]
Scientists report a so far unique and unknown feature of material
VO2 – it can "remember" previous external stimuli (via structural rather than electronic states), with potential for e.g. data storage.[497][498]
26 August – Researchers report the development of
greenhouses (or
solar modules) by a startup that generate electricity from a portion of the spectrum of sunlight, allowing spectra
that interior plants use to pass through.[515]
29 August
A study reports that in model animals, treatment with
rapamycin – which typically has negative side-effects – for a limited timespan
extended lifespan as much as life-long administration started at the same age and that it was most effective during early adulthood.[516][517]
Scientists warn, in a
follow-up paper to their 2021 study, that a third of tree species are threatened with
extinction, showing how this will significantly
alter the world's
ecosystems, may negatively affect billions, and could get averted with "urgent actions".[523][524] On 1 August, a study reports that over 60 years (1960–2019), "the global forest area
has declined by 81.7 million ha", concluding higher income nations need to reduce
imports of tropical forest-related products and help with
theoretically forest-related socioeconomic development and international policies.[525][526]
News outlets report
artificial intelligence art has
won the first place in a
digital art competition.[527] Such artistic imagery is generated using input consisting of text and sometimes images, usually including parameters such as
artistic style (
text-to-image generation). Around the time, an expert concludes that "AI art is everywhere right now", with even experts not knowing what it will mean, a news outlet establishes that "AI-generated art booms" and reports about issues of copyright and automation of professional artists,[528] a news outlet investigates how
online communities (e.g. their rules) confronted with many such artworks react,[529] a news outlet raised concerns over
deepfakes,[530] a magazine highlights possibilities of enabling "new forms of
artistic expression",[531] an editorial notes that it may be seen as a welcome "augmentation of human capability".[532][additional citation(s) needed] Moreover, additional functionalities – such as enabling the use of user-provided
concepts (like an object or a style) learned from few images for novel personalized art generated from the associated word/s (2 Aug)[533] or expanding beyond the borders of artistic images in the same style (31 Aug)[534] – are reported. On 22 August,[535][536]Stable Diffusion is released as
free and open source software.[536][537]
September
1 September
The James Webb Space Telescope takes its first
direct images of a planet beyond our Solar System. The exoplanet,
HIP 65426 b, is revealed in different bands of infrared light.[538][539]
6 September – The U.S. Department of Agriculture approves a new
purple tomato, genetically modified to alter its colour and enhance its nutritional quality.[548][549]
7 September – A new
malaria vaccine developed by the University of Oxford is shown to be ~80% effective at preventing the disease.[550][551]
8 September – A study adds to the accumulating research indicating postexposure antiviral
TIPs could be an effective countermeasure that reduces
COVID-19 transmission.[552][553] In September, India and China approve the two first
nasalCOVID-19 vaccines which may (as boosters)[554] also reduce transmission[555][556] (sterilizing immunity).[555]
A
geoengineering plan to refreeze the North and South Poles by spraying
sulphur dioxide into the atmosphere, using a fleet of 125 military air-to-air refuelling tankers, is proposed by scientists.[587][588]
Researchers describe a way by which the aging of select
immune system
T cells can be prevented or is slowed down, with relevance to
life extension and making vaccines more durable.[592][593]
20 September – Scientists who reported the earliest known
interstellar object,
CNEOS 2014-01-08, and members of
The Galileo Project, report the discovery of an additional candidate interstellar meteor,
CNEOS 2017-03-09, in a
preprint using the same fireball catalog. They find that the implied material strength of the two objects suggests that interstellar meteors "come from a population with material strength characteristically higher than meteors originating from within the solar system".[598][599]
23 September – Astronomers report that GJ 1252b, an Earth-sized planet orbiting an
M-class red dwarf, appears to have no atmosphere, which may reduce the chances of
life emerging in such systems.[618][619]
A study invalidates the common
argumentas is for high
medication costs that research and development investments are reflected in and necessitate the treatment costs, finding no correlation for
investments in drugs (for cases where transparency was sufficient) and their costs.[623][624]
News outlets report, based on
CDC reports and health officials, that the
2022 monkeypox outbreak appears to be receding and/or passed a peak while also reporting that its elimination within the U.S. and globally is unlikely (or the outbreak being "far from finished").[625][626]
27 September – A study finds that drinking two to three cups of ground, instant, or decaffeinated
coffee each day
is associated with a
longer lifespan and lower risk of cardiovascular disease compared with avoiding coffee.[627][628]
1 October – A new simulation by NASA finds that the
Moon likely
formed within a matter of hours, as opposed to earlier theories that proposed a much longer period of months or years.[645]
News outlets report about a study published on 28 September theorizing that the
supercontinent Amasia will form within 300 million years when the
Pacific Ocean closes.[659][660]
A study reports that in a
cohort of symptomatically infected, 46% had only partially recovered after 12 months, that
asymptomatic infection was not associated with adverse outcomes of
long COVID and that
vaccination was associated with reduced risk of seven long-term symptoms.[668][669] A
meta-analysis published on the same day reports substantial
exercise intolerance more than 3 months after infection in long COVID-19 patients. It notes that
post-exertional malaise has been reported in long COVID-19 similar to
CFS.[670][671]
Scientists report that in some cases, some apparently
senescent cells – which are targeted by anti-aging
senolytics – are required for regeneration.[674][675]
18 October – A study indicates there has been a substantial increase of
sentiment negativity and decrease of emotional neutrality in
headlines across written popular
news media since 2000.[679][680]
19 October – A novel type of effective
hydrogenstorage using readily available salts is reported.[681][682]
The first data transmission to exceed 1
petabit per second (Pbit/s) using only a single laser and a single optical chip is demonstrated by European researchers.[685][686]
The
NHS launches 'Our Future Health', one of the world's largest health and genetic data gathering projects, aimed at building a long-term repository of information for researchers. Five million UK adults are invited to participate.[690][691]
In two studies, scientists report findings about
the role of
epigenetics – which is shaped during lifetime – in
colorectalcancer, including that it is a major component of how an individual tumor varies and findings about its influences on the accumulation of DNA mutations and cancer
phenotypes.[696][697][698]
At the 30th anniversary of the
World Scientists' Warning to Humanity, scientists conclude that "We are now at '
code red' on planet Earth", facing a
climate emergency, warning citizens and world leaders to take necessary actions with information about
tracked "recent climate-related disasters, assess[ed] planetary vital signs, and [...]
policy recommendations".[699][700]
A study concludes that
cosmic radiation events in the
tree-ring radiocarbon record called "
Miyake events", don't appear to be caused by the
solar cycle (i.e.
solar flares) as thought previously and have extended durations. They occurred every ~1,000 years on average and may threaten global technologies this century.[701][702]
A new record for the longest-
frozen embryos to ever result in a live birth is reported in the United States, with twins born after storage for 30 years.[707]
2 November – Scientists show that cells move faster in thicker (higher
viscosity) fluids. Cancer cells can form memory of extracellular fluid, helping them to form distant cancerous colonies more efficiently when exposed to fluids of higher viscosities.[710][711]
3 November – Astronomers using the
IXPE space observatory report that
4U 0142+61, a
magnetar found 13,000 light-years from Earth, likely has a solid surface with no atmosphere.[712][713]
4 November – The discovery of
Gaia BH1, a binary system containing what is likely the
closest known black hole to Earth, is reported by astronomers in the U.S.[714][715]
Scientists
warn about summarized
effects of climate change on insects, among other novel stressors,[720] which may "drastically reduce our ability to build a sustainable future based on healthy, functional
ecosystems", providing several recommended mitigation options.[721][722]
IBM unveils its 433-
qubit 'Osprey' quantum processor, the successor to its
Eagle system.[724][725]
A study shows that 50+ aged users of the dietary program
SNAP "had about 2 fewer years of
cognitive aging over a 10-year period compared with non-users" despite it having nearly no conditions for the
sustainability and
healthiness of the food products purchased with the
coupons (or coupon-credits).[726][727]
10 November
A study describes how one may eventually be able to detect (distinguish)
wormholes, suggesting they may have never been observed because they appear very similar to
black holes.[728][729]
After domain seizures of
Z-Library by
copyright law enforcement and moves toward
dark web and
IPFS technologies by its content providers, the
open sourceshadow libraryUIAnna's Archive – which also provides access to a full copy of Z-Library content and scientific articles – is established by a team of
archivists,[730][731] essentially providing the largest human book and literature
library.
Around the
acquisition of Twitter by Elon Musk (27 Oct), interest in alternatives to the site – described as "one of the world's most high-profile information ecosystems", a contemporary suboptimal
public square, and as heavily used by many journalists and
news media – increases substantially. However, no alternative such as
Mastodon,
Reddit or the
Bluesky protocol was found to match its features such as ease of use to date, in terms of being able to substitute the site.[736][737][738]
Researchers develop
falsity scores for over 800 contemporary
elites on Twitter and associated exposure scores (21 Nov).[741][742]
News outlets report about the first fully self-supervised
anti-money launderingAI software using contemporary suboptimal datasets, LaundroGraph (24 Nov/26 Oct).[743]
After being linked to risks for obesity,[751] mental disorders,[752] and potentially other health issues,[753] a study finds a likely association between (contemporary types of) outdoor
artificial light at night and
diabetes.[754][755]
A satellite-free
GPS-alternative higher-resolution
positioning system using existing telecommunications networks is demonstrated, SuperGPS.[764][765]
18 November – Researchers theorize that in many disciplines, larger
scientific productivity or success by
elite universities can be explained by their larger pool of available funded laborers.[767][768] A commentary notes that academic rankings don't consider where (country and institute) the respective researchers were trained (1 Dec).[769]
Acoustic Nanoscale Separation via Wave-pillar Excitation Resonance (ANSWER) is demonstrated as a way of separating
nanoparticles, especially small
extracellular vesicles, from biofluids in under 10 minutes.[781][782]
A study reports
phages have a large variety of CRISPR-Cas systems. They possibly may[clarification needed] use them to edit hosts' genes and for competitive advantages, e.g. against rival phages.[how?] These systems could be useful for
CRISPR-Cas gene editing.[783][784][785]
A study reports estimated contemporary prevalence and associations with
belief in
witchcraft around the world, which (in their data) varied between 9% and 90% between
nations and is still a widespread element in
worldviews globally. It also shows associations such as with low "innovative activity", lower
life expectancy and high
religiosity.[786][766]
Scientists develop a quantum experiment allowing the observation of a kind of theoretical
wormhole in a
SYK "baby" physical model which some, but not all, consider potentially useful for the development of
quantum gravity theories.[811][812][813]
Genomic epidemiologists report results from a global survey of
antimicrobial resistance (AMR) via genomic
wastewater-based epidemiology, finding large regional variations, providing maps, and suggesting resistance genes are also
passed on between microbial species that are not closely related.[816][817] On 9 December, the
WHO's fifth GLASS report summarizes 2020 data on inter-national AMR, including various new features and an interactive dashboard.[818][819]
4 December – Chemical engineers report a method to substantially increase conversion efficiency and reduce material costs of
green hydrogen production by using sound waves during
electrolysis.[822][823]
A study indicates that
aging shifts activity toward short genes or shorter transcript length and that this can be countered by interventions.[851][852]
12 December – Scientists describe a new method to break up so-called "
forever chemicals" by infusing contaminated water with hydrogen, then blasting it with high-energy, short-wavelength ultraviolet light.[861][862]
13 December
The Newborn Genomes Programme is announced by the UK government. It will conduct
whole genome sequencing of 100,000 newborns, the largest study of its kind in the world, to aid research into the diagnosis and treatment of rare genetic conditions.[863][864]
COVID-19 pandemic: A study finds that the
BQ and
XBB subvariants of
SARS-CoV-2 are "barely susceptible to neutralization" by
vaccines, including the new
Omicron boosters. Key antibody drugs,
Evusheld and
bebtelovimab, are "completely inactive" against the new subvariants. This could result in a surge of
breakthrough infections and reinfections, according to the study team, although the vaccines hold up against severe disease.[867][868]
A study systematically assesses
advice given by professional
general practitioners, typically in the form of verbal-only
consultation, for
weight-loss to
obese patients. They found it rarely included effective methods, was mostly generic, and was rarely tailored to patients' existing knowledge and behaviours.[869][870]
14 December
A
WHO study comprehensively estimates
excess deaths from the
COVID-19 pandemic during 2020 and 2021, concluding ~14.8 million excess early deaths occurred, reaffirming their prior calculations from May as well as updating them, addressing criticisms. These numbers do not include measures like
years of potential life lost, far exceed the 5.42 million officially reported deaths, may make COVID-19 2021's
leading cause of death, and are similar to the ~18 million estimated by another study (see
10 Mar).[871][872][831]
Scientists report that and how – including
transfer of
mobile genetic elements and infant diet – the maternal microbiome shapes offspring gut microbiomes as
fetus and infant (22 Dec).[877][878]
A first global
review summarizes scarce data on a likely largely declining "
experience of nature" and
nature-disconnection which prior studies suggest have impacts on health and proenvironmental behavior.[879][880]
A university reports on the first study (25 Oct) of the new
privacy-intrusion
Web tracking technique of "
UID smuggling" by the
ad industry, which finds it to be prevalent and largely not mitigated by latest protection tools – such as
Firefox's tracking protection and
uBlock Origin – and contributes to countermeasures.[881]
News reports about the development (22 Oct) in China of an edible, plant-based ink derived from food waste, which could be used in
3D printing of scaffolds to reduce the cost of
cultured meat.[884][885]
19 December – A new world record
solar cell efficiency for a silicon-perovskite
tandem solar cell is achieved, with scientists in Germany converting 32.5% of sunlight into electrical energy.[896]
20 December –
OpenAI releases Point-E, a machine learning system that can
generate 3D models from text prompts (
text-to-3D),[897][898] similar to previously released GET3D[899][900] and Magic3D[901] by Nvidia and DreamFusion by Google.[899]
22 December
A network model analysis suggests that temporary overshoots of climate change – increasing global temperature beyond
Paris Agreement goals temporarily as often projected – can increase risks of
climate tipping cascades "by up to 72%".[902][903]
27 December – Scientists report that a species of Halteria, a single-celled
protozoan, is the first known organism for which "
a virus-only diet ... is enough to fuel the physiological growth and even population growth".[907][908]
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talk page.(March 2023)
Researchers announce a new technique for accelerating the development of vaccines and other pharmaceutical products by up to a million times, using much smaller quantities based on
DNA nanotechnology.[9][10]
Alzheimer's disease (AD) research progress: A study reports 42 new genes linked to an increased risk of AD.[11][12] Researchers report a potential primary mechanism of sleep disturbance as an early-stage effect of neurodegenerative diseases.[13][14] Researchers identify several genes associated with
changes in brain structure over lifetime and potential AD therapy-targets (5 Apr).[15][16]
One science journalist reflects on the global management of the
COVID-19 pandemic in relation to science, investigating
the question "Why the
WHO took two years to say
COVID is airborne"[28] – a finding hundreds of scientists reaffirmed in an
open letter in July 2020[29] – with one indication that this may be one valid major concern to many expert scientists being several writings published by news outlets.[30][31]
A trial of estimated financial energy cost of
refrigerators alongside
EU energy-efficiency class (EEEC) labels online finds that the approach of
labels involves a trade-off between
financial considerations and higher cost requirements in effort or time for the product-selection from the
many available options which are often unlabelled and don't have any EEEC-requirement for being bought, used or sold within the EU.[42][43]
Researchers show
air pollution in fast-growing tropical cities caused
~0.5 million earlier deaths in 2018 with a substantial recent and
projected rise, proposing "regulatory action targeting emerging anthropogenic sources".[46][47]
A study describes the impact of climate change on the survival of
cacti. It finds that 60% of species will experience a reduction in favourable climate by 2050–2070, with
epiphytes having the greatest exposure to increased warming.[55][56]
A
preprint demonstrates how
backdoors can be placed undetectably into classifying (e.g. posts as "spam" or well-visible "not spam")
machine learning models which are often developed and/or trained by third parties. Parties can change the classification of any input, including in cases with types of
data/software transparency, possibly including
white-box access.[57][58][59]
16 April – A
review suggests that global prevalence of
long COVID conditions after infection could be as high as 43%, with the most common symptoms being
fatigue and memory problems.[61][62]
21 April – Researchers discover that humans are interrupting a 66-million-years-old feature of
ecosystems, the relationship between diet and body mass, by driving the
largest vertebrate animals towards
extinction, which they suggest could have unpredictable consequences.[69][70][71]
22 April
The
Large Hadron Collider recommences full operations, three years after being shut down for upgrades.[72]
Cancer research progress: The largest study of whole cancer genomes reports 58 new
mutational signatures and shows that for each organ "cancers have a limited number of common signatures and a long tail of rare signatures".[75][76] A study reports presence of certain bacteria in the prostate and urine for aggressive forms of
prostate cancer, with
biomarker- and therapeutic potentials being unclear (18 Apr).[77][78]
A
review about meat and
sustainability of food systems, animal welfare, and healthy nutrition concludes that its consumption has to be reduced substantially for
sustainable consumption and names broad potential measures such as "restrictions or fiscal mechanisms".[82][83]
A new type of
cell death 'erebosis' is reported[84][85] after copper-dependent cell death was first reported the previous month.[86][87]
The Global Carbon Budget 2021 concludes that fossil CO2 emissions rebounded by around +4.8% relative to 2020 emissions – returning to 2019 levels, identifies three major issues for improving reliable accuracy of monitoring, shows that China and India surpassed 2019 levels (by 5.7% and 3.2%) while the EU and the US stayed beneath 2019 levels (by 5.3% and 4.5%), quantifies various changes and trends, for the first time provides models' estimates that are linked to the official country
GHG inventories reporting, and shows that the remaining
carbon budget at 1. Jan 2022 for a 50% likelihood to
limit global warming to 1.5 °C is 120 GtC (420 GtCO2) – or 11 years of 2021 emissions levels.[60]
A lineage of
H3N8bird flu is found to infect humans for the first time, with a case reported in the
Henan province of China.[92][93][94] Months earlier,
H5 strain bird flu viruses (HPAIv) have been detected in Canada and the US.[95][96]
Researchers report routes for
recycling 200 industrial
waste chemicals into important drugs and agrochemicals using a software for
computer-aided chemical synthesis design, helping enable "circular chemistry" as a potential area of a
circular economy.[101][102]
A single
master gene that programs
ear hair cells into either outer or inner ones is discovered, overcoming a major hurdle that had prevented the development of these cells to reverse
hearing loss.[118][119]
Scientists report the discovery of 830‑million-year-old
microorganisms in fluid inclusions within
halite that may,
potentially, still be alive. According to the researchers, "This study has implications for the search for life in both terrestrial and extraterrestrial chemical sedimentary rocks."[130][131]
8 May – The UK's
Met Office warns, with
WMO affirmation,[134] that the probability of
global average temperatures reaching
1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels over the next five years is now almost 50:50 (48%). It also predicts a more than 90% chance that a new record high will occur in at least one year from 2022 to 2026.[135][136]
9 May
A study reports that declining numbers of the largest fish on Earth, the endangered
whale shark, may be linked to collisions
with large vessels in the global transport fleet.[137][138]
Researchers identify the 425 biggest fossil fuel extraction projects globally, of which 40% as of 2020 are new projects that haven't yet started extraction. They conclude that "defusing" these "carbon bombs" – worked on by only "few actors" to date – would be necessary for
climate change mitigation of global climate goals.[157] On 17 May, a separate study finds that "staying within a 1.5 °C
carbon budget (50% probability) implies leaving almost 40% of 'developed reserves' of
fossil fuels unextracted".[158] On 26 May, a study calculates climate policies-induced future lost financial profits from global
strandedfossil-fuelassets.[159]
17 May
Isotopically pure
silicon-28nanowires are shown to conduct heat 150% better than regular silicon, with potential for improved cooling of computer chips.[160][161]
A review concludes that, like in 2015,
pollution (3⁄4 from
air pollution) was responsible for
9 million premature deaths in 2019 (one in six deaths). It concludes that little real
progress against pollution can be identified and outlines needs for attention and action such as a "formal
science–
policy interface".[162][163]
NASA reports that the
Voyager 1 spacecraft, the farthest human-made object, is sending data that does not reflect what is happening on board with the antenna apparently remaining in its prescribed orientation to Earth.[166][167] On 17 June, it was reported that NASA is preparing to power down the two Voyager spacecraft in the hope of using the remaining power to extend their operation to about 2030.[168]
A study shows how a
Twin-world models cosmological model – already extensively studied to find out why gravity appears much weaker than other known forces – could explain the
Hubble constant (H0) tension via interactions between the two worlds. The "mirror world" would contain copies of all existing fundamental particles.[169][170] On 2 May, another twin/pair-world or "bi-worlds"
cosmology is shown to theoretically be able to solve the
cosmological constant (Λ) problem, closely related to
dark energy: two interacting worlds with a large Λ each resulting in a small shared effective Λ.[171][172][173] Previous similar models e.g. attempt to explain the baryon asymmetry – why there was more matter than antimatter at the beginning –
with a mirror anti-universe.[174][175][176]
19 May
Scientists report that
RNA was found to be formed spontaneously on prebiotic
basalt lava glass which is presumed to have been abundantly available on the
early Earth.[177][178]
A study estimates losses of 61 metals to help the development of
circular economy strategies, showing that usespans of, often scarce,
tech-critical metals are short.[183]
20 May – Global warming is projected to substantially
erode sleep worldwide.[184][185]
The
WHO informs about the international
2022 monkeypox outbreak in non-endemic countries[188] – an unprecedented number of cases detected outside of Africa[189] after the first of these cases was detected on 6 May.[190] On 24 May, the WHO states that the outbreak can be contained.[191] The main method used for the
early containment is '
ring vaccination' – vaccinating close contacts of positive cases via existing vaccines.[189][192]
Scientists report the first
3D-printedlab-grown wood. It is unclear if it could ever be used on a commercial scale (e.g. with sufficient production efficiency and quality).[198][199]
A
CDC study based on
electronic health records shows that "one in five COVID-19 survivors aged 18–64 years and one in four survivors aged ≥65 years experienced at least one incident condition that might be attributable to previous COVID-19" or long COVID.[200][201] On 18 May, an analysis of private healthcare claims shows that of 78,252 patients diagnosed with '
long COVID', 75.8% had not been hospitalized for COVID-19.[202][203]
31 May – Success of record-long (3 days rather than usually <12 hours) of human
transplant organ
preservation with
machine perfusion of a
liver is reported. It could possibly be extended to 10 days and prevent substantial cell damage by low temperature preservation methods.[220][221] On the same day, a separate study reports new
cryoprotectant solvents, tested with cells, that could preserve organs by the latter methods for much longer with substantially reduced damage.[222][223]
5 June – Progress in the
treatment of cancer: A very small trial shows complete remission of a type of
colorectal cancer without surgery and radiation in all 12 patients.[229][230] On the same day, results of a trial show that
trastuzumab deruxtecan therapy for
HER2-low metastatic
breast cancer exceeded results from
chemotherapy.[231][232] The synthesis of ERX-41, a novel compound that has shown promise in eliminating
cancer cells, is reported (2 June).[233] Researchers describe a new light-activated '
photoimmunotherapy' for
brain cancerin vitro. They believe it could join surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and immunotherapy as a fifth major form of cancer treatment (16 June).[234][235]
Scientists provide an overview of the capabilities of missions and observatories for detecting various alien
technosignatures.[241][242]
9 June
A study estimates the
air pollution impacts on climate change and the ozone layer from rocket launches and re-entry of reusable components and
debris in 2019 and from a theoretical future
space industry extrapolated from the "
billionaire space race". It concludes that substantial effects from routine
space tourism should "motivate
regulation".[243][244]
10 June – The core of the
globular clusterNGC 3201 is shown to harbor a sub-cluster of nearly a hundred
black holes. The same study also confirms that the globular cluster
NGC 6397 has ejected most of its original black hole population, and its inner mass excess is composed by hundreds of massive
white dwarfs.[250][251]
13 June –
Science and the
2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine: Groups of academics report how global
science community could help Ukraine via an action plan, including for helping organizing (re)vitalization of
Ukrainian science and reconstruction in the future.[252] On the same day, a researcher outlined a number of possible major
policy-based actions that could mitigate the energy and resource crises caused or exacerbated by the war.[253] Russian space agency
Roscosmos announces the intent to, unilaterally and hazardously, take over paused telescope
eROSITA, launched in collaboration with Germany (4 June).[254] A science journalist outlines some of the
food system-related
environmental impacts of the war (21 June).[255] A study reports a number of humanitarian,
economic, and financial impacts of the war (23 June).[256]
15 June
Astronomers identify
J1144 as the fastest-growing
black hole of the last nine billion years, consuming matter equivalent to one Earth every second, as well as being the most luminous quasi-stellar object of that period.[257][258][259]
Researchers report
Lac-Phe as the most significantly induced circulating
metabolite in two animal models of
exercise which – including via chronic administration – reduces food intake and suppresses obesity.[260][261]
20 June
A study suggests global
food miles CO2 emissions are 3.5–7.5 times
higher than previously estimated, with transport accounting for about 19% of total food-system emissions,[262][263] albeit shifting towards plant-based diets remains substantially more important.[264]
21 June – The inability to
stand on one leg for 10 seconds in mid to later life is linked to a near-doubling in the risk of death from any cause within the next 10 years.[267][268]
A review shows prevalence of
long COVID conditions – like mood symptoms,
fatigue and sleep disorders – in people age 0–18 years appears to be at ~25% overall.[277][278]
Two studies about aging-related characteristics of
long-lived animals like turtles are published, identifying potentially causal protective traits and suggesting many of the species have "slow or negligible
senescence" (or aging).[279][280][281]
Early
2022 monkeypox outbreak research: A study reports
phylogenomic characterization of the first monkeypox (MP) virus outbreak genome sequences, finding the "presumably slow-evolving"
DNA virus has evolved roughly 6–12-fold more mutations than one would expect and 15
SNPmutationssince the beginning of the outbreak.[286][287][288] The
WHO announces that MP is not yet a global public health emergency but
a cause for deep concern (25 June).[287][289] Early overviews and reviews, including about current knowledge about MP prevention and treatment, are published.[289][290][291][292] Scientists are investigating circulating lineages (and potential variants) of the MP virus and compare them to the African endemic lineages.[289][293][294][295] A
preprint suggests that cases "where a small fraction of individuals have disproportionately large numbers of partners, can explain the sustained growth of monkeypox cases among the
MSM population" (13 June).[296][297] The MP incubation period is estimated to be 8.5 days on average and up to 21 days (16 June).[289][298] The
3D-folded structures of the whole
proteome of the current DNA virus
are predicted, which may be useful for the development of (better or updated) vaccines and drugs (28 June).[299] A study indicates MP contaminated surfaces within hospitals and households could be infectious (30 June).[300]
Samsung announces the first mass production of computer chips using a
3 nm process. These feature a
gate-all-aroundtransistor architecture that reduces power consumption by up to 45%, improves performance by 23% and reduces area by 16% compared to 5 nm.[314]
Researchers, health organizations and regulators are discussing, investigating and partly recommending
COVID-19 vaccine boosters that mix the original vaccine formulation with
Omicron-adjusted parts – such as
spike proteins of a specific Omicron subvariant – to better prepare the immune system to recognize a wide variety of
variants amid substantial and ongoing immune evasion by Omicron.[315]
4 July – Scientists report that
heatwavesin western Europe are increasing "three-to-four times faster compared to the rest of the northern midlatitudes over the past 42 years" and that certain atmospheric dynamical changes can explain their increase.[320][321]
5 July – The
Large Hadron Collider commences its Run 3 physics season. The LHCb collaboration observes three never-before-seen particles: a new kind of "
pentaquark" and the first-ever pair of "
tetraquarks", which includes a new type of tetraquark.[322]
6 July – A study suggests that the marginal effectiveness of a fourth
COVID-19 vaccine dose (a second "booster") versus three doses can be 40% (24% to 52%) against severe disease outcomes.[323][324] There is no scientific consensus about the efficacy and overall recommendabilities of a fourth dose.[325] The
CDC recommended such in March only for "certain immunocompromised individuals and people over the age of 50".[326][327]
A study into the effects of a
global nuclear war on the world's oceans is published, revealing a rapid 10.5 °C (18.9 °F) drop in temperature, along with many longer-lasting impacts.[330][331]
Researchers report the development of a
deep learning system that learns intuitive physics from visual data (of virtual 3D environments)
to some degree "from scratch" based on an
unpublished approach inspired by studies of visual cognition in infants.[336][337] On 25 July, other researchers report the development of a
machine learning algorithm that could discover sets of basic variables
of various physical systems and predict the systems' future dynamics from video recordings of their behavior.[338][339]
12 July –
NASA releases the first suite of images from the now fully operational
James Webb Space Telescope,[344] a day after releasing the
Webb's First Deep Field, the image of
early universe with the highest resolution.[345] On 14 July, NASA presents images of
Jupiter and related areas captured, for the first time, and including
infrared views, by the telescope.[346] On 19 July, scientists report what could be the earliest and most distant galaxy ever discovered,
GLASS-z12.[347][348][349]
Researchers report the development of
semitransparent solar cells that are as large as windows,[357] after team members achieved record efficiency with high transparency in 2020.[358][359] On 4 July, researchers report the fabrication of solar cells with a record average visible transparency of 79%, being nearly invisible.[360]
18 July
A survey of more than 3,000 experts finds that the
extinction crisis could be worse than previously thought, and estimates that roughly 30% of species "have been globally threatened or driven extinct since the year 1500."[361][362]
The first "dormant" black hole (meaning it does not emit high levels of
X-ray radiation) is identified outside the Milky Way. The object, with nine solar masses, orbits a rare
O-type star in a system called VFTS 243 within the
Large Magellanic Cloud.[363][364]
A potential
gene therapy cure for
haemophilia B, which corrects the genetic defect associated with the condition is announced with trial results by doctors. It caused a sustained increase in factor IX activity in 9 of 10 patients in the small trial.[369][370]
Sunspot AR3060 explodes early in the morning. It releases a C-5 class
solar flare, and a "solar tsunami". The
NOAA predicts that a geomagnetic storm from this event will strike the Earth on 23 July, between 0000 UTC and 0400 UTC, as a G2 class storm, with a slight chance of a G3 storm.
Aurorae could be visible as far south as 50° N latitude.[371][372][373][needs update]
23 July – The
World Health Organization (WHO) declares the recent
monkeypox outbreak a
Public Health Emergency of International Concern, as the number of reported cases worldwide exceeds 17,000.[376] In July, scientists reported that the window to be able to contain the outbreak is closing or has closed.[377][378] On 5 July, a
preprint indicates there can be asymptomatic infections.[379] On 27 July, an analysis of studies
by a journalist indicates that "about 10-to-15% of cases have been hospitalized, mostly for pain and bacterial infections that can occur as a result of monkeypox lesions".[380] Studies published in August indicated hospitalizations of small cohorts of early patients were 8%[381] and 13%.[382]
Researchers
review the scientific literature on
100% renewable energy, addressing various issues, outlining open
research questions, and concluding there to be growing consensus, research and empirical evidence concerning its feasibility worldwide.[385][386]
26 July – Scientists analyse 2.8 million of the sequenced
SARS-CoV-2 genomes and use the results to compile a 'mutations blacklist' of virus weak spots, and a 'whitelist' of mutations that would make it more transmissible.[387][388]
DeepMind announces that its
AlphaFold program has uncovered the structures of more than 200 million
foldedproteins, essentially all of those known to science.[391][392]
In a
preprint, scientists from
the Galileo Project describe a planned expedition to retrieve small fragments of interstellar meteor
CNEOS 2014-01-08, which "appears to be rare both in composition and in speed" and is not ruled out to be "extraterrestrial equipment",[402] using a magnetic sled on the seafloor of the impact region.[403][404]
A study, that reanalyzes data used in
a study by DeSilva et al. (2021), indicates that
human brain size did not decrease over the last three thousand years as suggested by this study nor within 300 ka as suggested by other studies. It concludes that "the samples need to be specific enough to test the hypothesis across different times and populations".[405][406]
Scientists conclude that the overall transgressed (see
18 January)
planetary boundary for "novel entities" (NEs) is a placeholder for multiple different boundaries for NEs that may emerge, reporting that
PFAS pollution is one such new boundary. They show that levels of these so-called "
forever chemicals" in
rainwater are ubiquitously, and often greatly, above guideline safe levels worldwide.[418][419] There are moves to restrict and replace their use.[418] On 18 August, a simple method of breaking down these chemicals once they have been pulled out of contaminated water or soil[420] is described.[421][422]
3 August – Scientists report an
organ perfusion system that can restore, i.e. on the cellular level, multiple vital (pig) organs one hour after death (during which the body had warm
ischaemia),[425][426] after reporting a similar method/system for reviving (pig) brains hours after death in 2019.[425][427] This could be used to preserve
donor organs or for revival in medical emergencies.[425]
4 August – Lab-made
cartilage gel based on a synthetic
hydrogel composite is found to have greater strength and wear resistance than natural cartilage, which could enable the durable resurfacing of damaged
articulating joints.[428][429]
11 August – A
bioengineeredcornea made from pig's skin is shown to restore vision to blind people. It can be mass-produced and stored for up to two years, unlike donated human corneas that are scarce and must be used within two weeks.[450][451]
12 August — The
National Centers for Environmental Information publish a report, where they state an all-time record cold temperature occurred in Australia during the month. On October 7, 2022, Zack Labe, a climate scientist for the NOAA
GFDL releases a statement and a climate report from
Berkeley Earth denying the all-time record cold temperature occurred saying, "There are still no areas of record cold so far in 2022."[452][453] Labe's statement also denies the record cold temperatures in
Brazil, reported by the
National Institute of Meteorology in May 2022, a month before the official start of winter, was also not record cold temperatures.[454]
15 August – A study on the food impacts of a
nuclear war is published. It finds that even a small-scale conflict between India and Pakistan would decrease global average
caloric production by 7%, while a full-scale U.S.-Russia nuclear conflict would result in a 90% loss, killing more than 5 billion people worldwide.[469][470]
The
Nadir crater, likely the result of a second, smaller asteroid that struck around the same time as the
Chicxulub impact, is identified and described by researchers.[476][477]
Researchers report the development of floating
artificial leaves for light-driven
hydrogen and
syngas fuel production. The lightweight, flexible devices are scalable and can float on water similar to
lotus leaves.[480][481]
A weak spot in the
spike protein of
SARS-CoV-2 is described by researchers, which an
antibody fragment called VH Ab6 can attach to, potentially neutralising all major
variants of the virus.[482][483] On 11 August, researchers report a single antibody, SP1-77, that could potentially neutralize all known variants of the virus via a novel mechanism, not by not preventing the virus from binding to
ACE2 receptors but by blocking it from fusing with host cells'
membranes.[484][485]
A researcher reports that the social media
appTikTok adds a
keylogger to its, on iOS essentially unavoidable, in-app
browser in
iOS, which allows its Chinese company to gather, for example, passwords, credit card details, and everything else that is typed into websites opened from taps on any external links within the app. Shortly after the report, the company claims such capabilities are only used for
debugging-types of purposes.[488][489] To date, it has
largely not been investigated which and to which extent (other) apps have capacities for such or similar data-collection.[488][489][additional citation(s) needed]
Scientists report a so far unique and unknown feature of material
VO2 – it can "remember" previous external stimuli (via structural rather than electronic states), with potential for e.g. data storage.[497][498]
26 August – Researchers report the development of
greenhouses (or
solar modules) by a startup that generate electricity from a portion of the spectrum of sunlight, allowing spectra
that interior plants use to pass through.[515]
29 August
A study reports that in model animals, treatment with
rapamycin – which typically has negative side-effects – for a limited timespan
extended lifespan as much as life-long administration started at the same age and that it was most effective during early adulthood.[516][517]
Scientists warn, in a
follow-up paper to their 2021 study, that a third of tree species are threatened with
extinction, showing how this will significantly
alter the world's
ecosystems, may negatively affect billions, and could get averted with "urgent actions".[523][524] On 1 August, a study reports that over 60 years (1960–2019), "the global forest area
has declined by 81.7 million ha", concluding higher income nations need to reduce
imports of tropical forest-related products and help with
theoretically forest-related socioeconomic development and international policies.[525][526]
News outlets report
artificial intelligence art has
won the first place in a
digital art competition.[527] Such artistic imagery is generated using input consisting of text and sometimes images, usually including parameters such as
artistic style (
text-to-image generation). Around the time, an expert concludes that "AI art is everywhere right now", with even experts not knowing what it will mean, a news outlet establishes that "AI-generated art booms" and reports about issues of copyright and automation of professional artists,[528] a news outlet investigates how
online communities (e.g. their rules) confronted with many such artworks react,[529] a news outlet raised concerns over
deepfakes,[530] a magazine highlights possibilities of enabling "new forms of
artistic expression",[531] an editorial notes that it may be seen as a welcome "augmentation of human capability".[532][additional citation(s) needed] Moreover, additional functionalities – such as enabling the use of user-provided
concepts (like an object or a style) learned from few images for novel personalized art generated from the associated word/s (2 Aug)[533] or expanding beyond the borders of artistic images in the same style (31 Aug)[534] – are reported. On 22 August,[535][536]Stable Diffusion is released as
free and open source software.[536][537]
September
1 September
The James Webb Space Telescope takes its first
direct images of a planet beyond our Solar System. The exoplanet,
HIP 65426 b, is revealed in different bands of infrared light.[538][539]
6 September – The U.S. Department of Agriculture approves a new
purple tomato, genetically modified to alter its colour and enhance its nutritional quality.[548][549]
7 September – A new
malaria vaccine developed by the University of Oxford is shown to be ~80% effective at preventing the disease.[550][551]
8 September – A study adds to the accumulating research indicating postexposure antiviral
TIPs could be an effective countermeasure that reduces
COVID-19 transmission.[552][553] In September, India and China approve the two first
nasalCOVID-19 vaccines which may (as boosters)[554] also reduce transmission[555][556] (sterilizing immunity).[555]
A
geoengineering plan to refreeze the North and South Poles by spraying
sulphur dioxide into the atmosphere, using a fleet of 125 military air-to-air refuelling tankers, is proposed by scientists.[587][588]
Researchers describe a way by which the aging of select
immune system
T cells can be prevented or is slowed down, with relevance to
life extension and making vaccines more durable.[592][593]
20 September – Scientists who reported the earliest known
interstellar object,
CNEOS 2014-01-08, and members of
The Galileo Project, report the discovery of an additional candidate interstellar meteor,
CNEOS 2017-03-09, in a
preprint using the same fireball catalog. They find that the implied material strength of the two objects suggests that interstellar meteors "come from a population with material strength characteristically higher than meteors originating from within the solar system".[598][599]
23 September – Astronomers report that GJ 1252b, an Earth-sized planet orbiting an
M-class red dwarf, appears to have no atmosphere, which may reduce the chances of
life emerging in such systems.[618][619]
A study invalidates the common
argumentas is for high
medication costs that research and development investments are reflected in and necessitate the treatment costs, finding no correlation for
investments in drugs (for cases where transparency was sufficient) and their costs.[623][624]
News outlets report, based on
CDC reports and health officials, that the
2022 monkeypox outbreak appears to be receding and/or passed a peak while also reporting that its elimination within the U.S. and globally is unlikely (or the outbreak being "far from finished").[625][626]
27 September – A study finds that drinking two to three cups of ground, instant, or decaffeinated
coffee each day
is associated with a
longer lifespan and lower risk of cardiovascular disease compared with avoiding coffee.[627][628]
1 October – A new simulation by NASA finds that the
Moon likely
formed within a matter of hours, as opposed to earlier theories that proposed a much longer period of months or years.[645]
News outlets report about a study published on 28 September theorizing that the
supercontinent Amasia will form within 300 million years when the
Pacific Ocean closes.[659][660]
A study reports that in a
cohort of symptomatically infected, 46% had only partially recovered after 12 months, that
asymptomatic infection was not associated with adverse outcomes of
long COVID and that
vaccination was associated with reduced risk of seven long-term symptoms.[668][669] A
meta-analysis published on the same day reports substantial
exercise intolerance more than 3 months after infection in long COVID-19 patients. It notes that
post-exertional malaise has been reported in long COVID-19 similar to
CFS.[670][671]
Scientists report that in some cases, some apparently
senescent cells – which are targeted by anti-aging
senolytics – are required for regeneration.[674][675]
18 October – A study indicates there has been a substantial increase of
sentiment negativity and decrease of emotional neutrality in
headlines across written popular
news media since 2000.[679][680]
19 October – A novel type of effective
hydrogenstorage using readily available salts is reported.[681][682]
The first data transmission to exceed 1
petabit per second (Pbit/s) using only a single laser and a single optical chip is demonstrated by European researchers.[685][686]
The
NHS launches 'Our Future Health', one of the world's largest health and genetic data gathering projects, aimed at building a long-term repository of information for researchers. Five million UK adults are invited to participate.[690][691]
In two studies, scientists report findings about
the role of
epigenetics – which is shaped during lifetime – in
colorectalcancer, including that it is a major component of how an individual tumor varies and findings about its influences on the accumulation of DNA mutations and cancer
phenotypes.[696][697][698]
At the 30th anniversary of the
World Scientists' Warning to Humanity, scientists conclude that "We are now at '
code red' on planet Earth", facing a
climate emergency, warning citizens and world leaders to take necessary actions with information about
tracked "recent climate-related disasters, assess[ed] planetary vital signs, and [...]
policy recommendations".[699][700]
A study concludes that
cosmic radiation events in the
tree-ring radiocarbon record called "
Miyake events", don't appear to be caused by the
solar cycle (i.e.
solar flares) as thought previously and have extended durations. They occurred every ~1,000 years on average and may threaten global technologies this century.[701][702]
A new record for the longest-
frozen embryos to ever result in a live birth is reported in the United States, with twins born after storage for 30 years.[707]
2 November – Scientists show that cells move faster in thicker (higher
viscosity) fluids. Cancer cells can form memory of extracellular fluid, helping them to form distant cancerous colonies more efficiently when exposed to fluids of higher viscosities.[710][711]
3 November – Astronomers using the
IXPE space observatory report that
4U 0142+61, a
magnetar found 13,000 light-years from Earth, likely has a solid surface with no atmosphere.[712][713]
4 November – The discovery of
Gaia BH1, a binary system containing what is likely the
closest known black hole to Earth, is reported by astronomers in the U.S.[714][715]
Scientists
warn about summarized
effects of climate change on insects, among other novel stressors,[720] which may "drastically reduce our ability to build a sustainable future based on healthy, functional
ecosystems", providing several recommended mitigation options.[721][722]
IBM unveils its 433-
qubit 'Osprey' quantum processor, the successor to its
Eagle system.[724][725]
A study shows that 50+ aged users of the dietary program
SNAP "had about 2 fewer years of
cognitive aging over a 10-year period compared with non-users" despite it having nearly no conditions for the
sustainability and
healthiness of the food products purchased with the
coupons (or coupon-credits).[726][727]
10 November
A study describes how one may eventually be able to detect (distinguish)
wormholes, suggesting they may have never been observed because they appear very similar to
black holes.[728][729]
After domain seizures of
Z-Library by
copyright law enforcement and moves toward
dark web and
IPFS technologies by its content providers, the
open sourceshadow libraryUIAnna's Archive – which also provides access to a full copy of Z-Library content and scientific articles – is established by a team of
archivists,[730][731] essentially providing the largest human book and literature
library.
Around the
acquisition of Twitter by Elon Musk (27 Oct), interest in alternatives to the site – described as "one of the world's most high-profile information ecosystems", a contemporary suboptimal
public square, and as heavily used by many journalists and
news media – increases substantially. However, no alternative such as
Mastodon,
Reddit or the
Bluesky protocol was found to match its features such as ease of use to date, in terms of being able to substitute the site.[736][737][738]
Researchers develop
falsity scores for over 800 contemporary
elites on Twitter and associated exposure scores (21 Nov).[741][742]
News outlets report about the first fully self-supervised
anti-money launderingAI software using contemporary suboptimal datasets, LaundroGraph (24 Nov/26 Oct).[743]
After being linked to risks for obesity,[751] mental disorders,[752] and potentially other health issues,[753] a study finds a likely association between (contemporary types of) outdoor
artificial light at night and
diabetes.[754][755]
A satellite-free
GPS-alternative higher-resolution
positioning system using existing telecommunications networks is demonstrated, SuperGPS.[764][765]
18 November – Researchers theorize that in many disciplines, larger
scientific productivity or success by
elite universities can be explained by their larger pool of available funded laborers.[767][768] A commentary notes that academic rankings don't consider where (country and institute) the respective researchers were trained (1 Dec).[769]
Acoustic Nanoscale Separation via Wave-pillar Excitation Resonance (ANSWER) is demonstrated as a way of separating
nanoparticles, especially small
extracellular vesicles, from biofluids in under 10 minutes.[781][782]
A study reports
phages have a large variety of CRISPR-Cas systems. They possibly may[clarification needed] use them to edit hosts' genes and for competitive advantages, e.g. against rival phages.[how?] These systems could be useful for
CRISPR-Cas gene editing.[783][784][785]
A study reports estimated contemporary prevalence and associations with
belief in
witchcraft around the world, which (in their data) varied between 9% and 90% between
nations and is still a widespread element in
worldviews globally. It also shows associations such as with low "innovative activity", lower
life expectancy and high
religiosity.[786][766]
Scientists develop a quantum experiment allowing the observation of a kind of theoretical
wormhole in a
SYK "baby" physical model which some, but not all, consider potentially useful for the development of
quantum gravity theories.[811][812][813]
Genomic epidemiologists report results from a global survey of
antimicrobial resistance (AMR) via genomic
wastewater-based epidemiology, finding large regional variations, providing maps, and suggesting resistance genes are also
passed on between microbial species that are not closely related.[816][817] On 9 December, the
WHO's fifth GLASS report summarizes 2020 data on inter-national AMR, including various new features and an interactive dashboard.[818][819]
4 December – Chemical engineers report a method to substantially increase conversion efficiency and reduce material costs of
green hydrogen production by using sound waves during
electrolysis.[822][823]
A study indicates that
aging shifts activity toward short genes or shorter transcript length and that this can be countered by interventions.[851][852]
12 December – Scientists describe a new method to break up so-called "
forever chemicals" by infusing contaminated water with hydrogen, then blasting it with high-energy, short-wavelength ultraviolet light.[861][862]
13 December
The Newborn Genomes Programme is announced by the UK government. It will conduct
whole genome sequencing of 100,000 newborns, the largest study of its kind in the world, to aid research into the diagnosis and treatment of rare genetic conditions.[863][864]
COVID-19 pandemic: A study finds that the
BQ and
XBB subvariants of
SARS-CoV-2 are "barely susceptible to neutralization" by
vaccines, including the new
Omicron boosters. Key antibody drugs,
Evusheld and
bebtelovimab, are "completely inactive" against the new subvariants. This could result in a surge of
breakthrough infections and reinfections, according to the study team, although the vaccines hold up against severe disease.[867][868]
A study systematically assesses
advice given by professional
general practitioners, typically in the form of verbal-only
consultation, for
weight-loss to
obese patients. They found it rarely included effective methods, was mostly generic, and was rarely tailored to patients' existing knowledge and behaviours.[869][870]
14 December
A
WHO study comprehensively estimates
excess deaths from the
COVID-19 pandemic during 2020 and 2021, concluding ~14.8 million excess early deaths occurred, reaffirming their prior calculations from May as well as updating them, addressing criticisms. These numbers do not include measures like
years of potential life lost, far exceed the 5.42 million officially reported deaths, may make COVID-19 2021's
leading cause of death, and are similar to the ~18 million estimated by another study (see
10 Mar).[871][872][831]
Scientists report that and how – including
transfer of
mobile genetic elements and infant diet – the maternal microbiome shapes offspring gut microbiomes as
fetus and infant (22 Dec).[877][878]
A first global
review summarizes scarce data on a likely largely declining "
experience of nature" and
nature-disconnection which prior studies suggest have impacts on health and proenvironmental behavior.[879][880]
A university reports on the first study (25 Oct) of the new
privacy-intrusion
Web tracking technique of "
UID smuggling" by the
ad industry, which finds it to be prevalent and largely not mitigated by latest protection tools – such as
Firefox's tracking protection and
uBlock Origin – and contributes to countermeasures.[881]
News reports about the development (22 Oct) in China of an edible, plant-based ink derived from food waste, which could be used in
3D printing of scaffolds to reduce the cost of
cultured meat.[884][885]
19 December – A new world record
solar cell efficiency for a silicon-perovskite
tandem solar cell is achieved, with scientists in Germany converting 32.5% of sunlight into electrical energy.[896]
20 December –
OpenAI releases Point-E, a machine learning system that can
generate 3D models from text prompts (
text-to-3D),[897][898] similar to previously released GET3D[899][900] and Magic3D[901] by Nvidia and DreamFusion by Google.[899]
22 December
A network model analysis suggests that temporary overshoots of climate change – increasing global temperature beyond
Paris Agreement goals temporarily as often projected – can increase risks of
climate tipping cascades "by up to 72%".[902][903]
27 December – Scientists report that a species of Halteria, a single-celled
protozoan, is the first known organism for which "
a virus-only diet ... is enough to fuel the physiological growth and even population growth".[907][908]
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