May 11 – Emperor
Frederick I (Barbarossa) sets out from
Regensburg, at the head of a German expeditionary force (some 15,000 men, including 4,000 knights). He has ensured that his lands are safe while he is away on crusade and leaves his son
Henry VI in charge of the country. After leaving
Germany, Frederick's army is increased by a contingent of 2,000 men led by Prince
Géza, younger brother of King
Béla III of Hungary. On
July 27, he arrives at
Niš and is welcomed by
Stefan Nemanja, Grand Prince of
Serbia. In order to ease his passage, Frederick makes diplomatic contacts with
Hungary, the
Byzantine Empire and the Seljuk
Sultanate of Rum.[1]
July 6 – King
Henry II of England ("Curtmantle") dies at the
Château de Chinon, near
Tours, after doing homage to
Philip II (Augustus), and surrendering the territories around
Issoudun in the
Centre-Val de Loire. He ends the hostilities against Philip, by agreeing to the peace terms and pays him 20,000 marks in
tribute. Henry is succeeded by his son,
Richard I ("the Lionheart"), as ruler of
England and his remaining territories in France.[2]
August – Byzantine Emperor
Isaac II Angelos denies any crusader access and begins to hinder the German forces who try to cross his frontier. Frederick I progresses with force, by capturing
Philippopolis and defeats a Byzantine army (some 3,000 men) that attempts to recapture the city. The Germans are delayed for six months in
Thrace.[3]
Reconquista: King
Sancho I of Portugal ("the Populator") turns his attention towards the Moorish small kingdoms (called
taifas) and begins a campaign in the south of
his kingdom. With the help of crusader forces he conquers the town of
Silves. He orders the fortification of the city, builds a castle and styles himself "King of Silves".[4]
September 3 – Richard I is crowned king of England in
Westminster Abbey. During the coronation, a number of notable Jews are expelled from the banquet and rumours spread that Richard has ordered a massacre of the Jews. This causes an actual
massacre of the Jews in London; among those killed is
Jacob of Orléans, a respected French Jewish scholar.[2]
December 5 – King
William I ("the Lion") of
Scotland gives Richard I 10,000 marks to buy his kingdom's independence. This overturns the
Treaty of Falaise which William had to sign when he was captured in
1174.
December – Richard I sets sail with a crusader army from
Dover Castle to
France. To ensure he has the allegiance of his brother
John, Richard approves of his marriage to their cousin
Isabella of Gloucester.[2]
Winter – John awards land to
Bertram de Verdun, a Norman nobleman, and grants
Dundalk its charter with town privileges; it becomes a strategic Anglo-Norman stronghold in Ireland.[7]
August 28 –
Siege of Acre: King
Guy of Lusignan moves from Tyre, where
Conrad of Montferrat refuses to hand over the city. Guy and his crusader army (some 7,000 men, including 400 knights) besiege
Acre. He makes camp outside, to wait for more reinforcements.[9]
September – Guy of Lusignan receives reinforcements of some 12,000 men from
Denmark, Germany, England, France, and
Flanders. He encircles Acre with a double line of fortified positions. On
September 15, Saladin launches a failed attack on Guy's camp.[10]
October 4 – Guy of Lusignan leads the crusader forces to launch a full-on assault on Saladin's camp. With heavy casualties on both sides, neither force gains the upperhand. On
October 26, Saladin moves his camp from Acre to
Mount Carmel (modern
Israel).[11]
October 30 – An Egyptian fleet (some 50 ships) breaks through the crusader blockade at Acre and reinforces the port-city with some 10,000 men, as well as food and weapons.
December – An Egyptian fleet reopens communications with Acre. The rest of the winter passes without major incidents, but the supply situation is poor in the besieged city.
^Steven Runciman (1990). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East 1100–1187, p. 403. Penguin Books.
^Verg, Erich; Verg, Martin (2007), Das Abenteuer das Hamburg heißt (in German) (4th ed.), Hamburg: Ellert&Richter, ISBN 978-3-8319-0137-1
^Gosling, Paul (1991). From Dún Delca to Dundalk: The Topography and Archaeology of a Medieval Frontier Town A.D. c. 1187–1700., p. 237. Journal of the County Louth Archaeological and Historical Society.
May 11 – Emperor
Frederick I (Barbarossa) sets out from
Regensburg, at the head of a German expeditionary force (some 15,000 men, including 4,000 knights). He has ensured that his lands are safe while he is away on crusade and leaves his son
Henry VI in charge of the country. After leaving
Germany, Frederick's army is increased by a contingent of 2,000 men led by Prince
Géza, younger brother of King
Béla III of Hungary. On
July 27, he arrives at
Niš and is welcomed by
Stefan Nemanja, Grand Prince of
Serbia. In order to ease his passage, Frederick makes diplomatic contacts with
Hungary, the
Byzantine Empire and the Seljuk
Sultanate of Rum.[1]
July 6 – King
Henry II of England ("Curtmantle") dies at the
Château de Chinon, near
Tours, after doing homage to
Philip II (Augustus), and surrendering the territories around
Issoudun in the
Centre-Val de Loire. He ends the hostilities against Philip, by agreeing to the peace terms and pays him 20,000 marks in
tribute. Henry is succeeded by his son,
Richard I ("the Lionheart"), as ruler of
England and his remaining territories in France.[2]
August – Byzantine Emperor
Isaac II Angelos denies any crusader access and begins to hinder the German forces who try to cross his frontier. Frederick I progresses with force, by capturing
Philippopolis and defeats a Byzantine army (some 3,000 men) that attempts to recapture the city. The Germans are delayed for six months in
Thrace.[3]
Reconquista: King
Sancho I of Portugal ("the Populator") turns his attention towards the Moorish small kingdoms (called
taifas) and begins a campaign in the south of
his kingdom. With the help of crusader forces he conquers the town of
Silves. He orders the fortification of the city, builds a castle and styles himself "King of Silves".[4]
September 3 – Richard I is crowned king of England in
Westminster Abbey. During the coronation, a number of notable Jews are expelled from the banquet and rumours spread that Richard has ordered a massacre of the Jews. This causes an actual
massacre of the Jews in London; among those killed is
Jacob of Orléans, a respected French Jewish scholar.[2]
December 5 – King
William I ("the Lion") of
Scotland gives Richard I 10,000 marks to buy his kingdom's independence. This overturns the
Treaty of Falaise which William had to sign when he was captured in
1174.
December – Richard I sets sail with a crusader army from
Dover Castle to
France. To ensure he has the allegiance of his brother
John, Richard approves of his marriage to their cousin
Isabella of Gloucester.[2]
Winter – John awards land to
Bertram de Verdun, a Norman nobleman, and grants
Dundalk its charter with town privileges; it becomes a strategic Anglo-Norman stronghold in Ireland.[7]
August 28 –
Siege of Acre: King
Guy of Lusignan moves from Tyre, where
Conrad of Montferrat refuses to hand over the city. Guy and his crusader army (some 7,000 men, including 400 knights) besiege
Acre. He makes camp outside, to wait for more reinforcements.[9]
September – Guy of Lusignan receives reinforcements of some 12,000 men from
Denmark, Germany, England, France, and
Flanders. He encircles Acre with a double line of fortified positions. On
September 15, Saladin launches a failed attack on Guy's camp.[10]
October 4 – Guy of Lusignan leads the crusader forces to launch a full-on assault on Saladin's camp. With heavy casualties on both sides, neither force gains the upperhand. On
October 26, Saladin moves his camp from Acre to
Mount Carmel (modern
Israel).[11]
October 30 – An Egyptian fleet (some 50 ships) breaks through the crusader blockade at Acre and reinforces the port-city with some 10,000 men, as well as food and weapons.
December – An Egyptian fleet reopens communications with Acre. The rest of the winter passes without major incidents, but the supply situation is poor in the besieged city.
^Steven Runciman (1990). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East 1100–1187, p. 403. Penguin Books.
^Verg, Erich; Verg, Martin (2007), Das Abenteuer das Hamburg heißt (in German) (4th ed.), Hamburg: Ellert&Richter, ISBN 978-3-8319-0137-1
^Gosling, Paul (1991). From Dún Delca to Dundalk: The Topography and Archaeology of a Medieval Frontier Town A.D. c. 1187–1700., p. 237. Journal of the County Louth Archaeological and Historical Society.