This is a list of
aviation-related events from 1914.
The outbreak of
World War I accelerates all aspects of aviation which in turn changes war in a twofold way. The aeroplane turns the sky into a new battlefield and eliminates the distinction between frontline and hinterland, with the civilian population far behind the frontline also becoming a target. The war results in the deaths of approximately 20,000 flyers, most of them trained pilots.
The Naval Wing of the
Royal Flying Corps is given the responsibility for the operation of all British military
airships. The
Royal Navy retained control of all British airships until December 1919.[5]
The
Sikorsky Ilya Muromets sets a load-to-altitude record, lifting 16 people to 2,000 metres (6,600 feet).
1 February – The
Aero Club of America announces plans to sponsor an around-the-world airplane race.[7]
3 February – German aviator
Bruno Langer sets a new flight endurance record, flying nonstop for 14 hours 7 minutes.[8]
7 February –
Karl Ingold sets a new world flight endurance record, flying nonstop for 16 hours 20 minutes in an
Aviatikbiplane. The flight, from
Mulhouse to
Munich,
Germany, covers a distance of 1,700 km (1,100 mi).
8–10 February – Berliner, Haase and Nikolai fly 3,053 km (1,896
statute miles) in their free balloon from Bitterfeld to Perm. This record stands until 1950.[9]
11 February – Flying an
LFG Roland Pfeilflieger biplane, German aviator Bruno Langer attempts to break the flight endurance record Karl Ingold set on 7 February, but falls 20 minutes short, landing at
Kreuz after 16 continuous hours in the air.[8]
March
1 March – Pioneer of Argentine aviation
Jorge Newbery (b. 1875) is killed in a crash at
Estancia "Los Tamarindos" while performing aerobatics prior to an attempt to cross the Andes by air.
6 June – The third annual
Aerial Derby – postponed from 23 May due to poor weather – is held, sponsored by the Daily Mail. Eleven participants fly over a 94-mile (151-kilometer) circuit beginning and ending at
Hendon Aerodrome in
London with control points at
Kempton Park,
Esher,
Purley, and
Purfleet.
Walter Brock is the overall winner for the second consecutive year, completing the course in 1 hour 18 minutes 54 seconds in a
Morane-Saulnier G with a handicap of 20 minutes 24 seconds. The outbreak of
World War I during the summer will prevent the event from being held again until
1919.
20 June – While the
Austro-HungarianairshipMilitärluftschiff III (or M.III) hovers over
Fischamend testing new camera equipment, an
Austro-Hungarian Army pilot tries to loop M.III in a
Farmanbiplane. The airplane strikes the top of the airship, tearing a hole and igniting the escaping
hydrogen gas. Both aircraft are destroyed, and both men in the airplane and all seven men aboard M.III are killed. It is the end of the Austro-Hungarian airship program.[15]
23 June – The first flight of the flying boat
America, which businessman
Rodman Wanamaker has ordered with a goal of sponsoring the first
transatlantic flight, occurs at
Hammondsport, New York.[16] The outbreak of
World War I five weeks later will prevent the transatlantic attempt from taking place.
24 June – At
Johannistal,
Germany, German aviator
Gustav Basser sets a new flight endurance record, flying nonstop for 18 hours 10 minutes.[17]
July
1 July
The Naval Wing of the British
Royal Flying Corps is separated from the RFC and established as a separate service, the
Royal Naval Air Service, under the control of the Royal Navy.[5]
10–11 July – German Reinhold Böhm flies his Albatros-biplane 24 hours and 12 minutes without refueling and nonstop. This one-man-flight record lasts until 1927.[19][20]
11 July – London–Paris return air race won by the American Walter L. Brock.[21]
French military aviators "attempted to destroy buildings near Wesel; others have been seen in the district of the Eifel; one has thrown bombs on the railway near Carlsruhe and Nuremberg."[26]
Imperial German NavyRear AdmiralPaul Behncke, Chief of the Naval Staff, urges that the navy's
Zeppelins begin attacks on
London, arguing that Zeppelin attacks "may be expected, whether they involve London or the neighborhood of London, to cause panic in the population which may possibly render it doubtful that the war may be continued."[27]
As
World War I breaks out,
neutralItaly has 28 combat-ready aircraft and 18 military aircraft in reserve.[28] Italy will join the war on the side of the
Allies in
May 1915.
1 August – Russia enters World War I with Russian declaration of war on Austria.
3 August
France and Belgium enter World War I when Germany invades Belgium and declares war on France.
4 August – The United Kingdom enters World War I, declaring war on Germany. At the time, the
Royal Naval Air Service has 52
seaplanes, of which only 26 are serviceable, with 46 more on order.[30]
5 August – The
Netherlands decrees that all Dutch military aircraft display an orange disc on each side of the
fuselage and on the upper and lower surfaces of the
wings.[citation needed]
8 August – A French aerial observer is injured by small-arms fire, becoming that nation's first air casualty in a war.
9–10 August – Conducting a reconnaissance mission, the French dirigible
Fleurus becomes the first
Allied aircraft to fly over Germany during World War I.[32]
12 August – Lieutenant Robin R. Skene and mechanic R. Barlow crash their
Blériot monoplane on the way to Dover, becoming the first members of the
Royal Flying Corps to die on active duty.
21 August – Two Imperial Germany Army Zeppelins on their first combat missions become the second and third airships lost in combat after being damaged by French infantry and artillery fire during low-altitude missions in the
Vosges mountains.
Z VII limps back into Germany to crash near
St. Quirin in
Lothringen, while
Z VIII crash-lands in
Badonvillers Forest near
Badonvillers, France, where French
cavalry drives off her crew and loots her.[37][38] The loss of three airships on their first combat missions in August sours the German Army on the further combat use of airships.
An early attempt to get a
Lewis gun into action in air-to-air combat fails when a Royal Flying Corps
Farman armed with one scrambles to intercept a German
Albatros and takes 30 minutes to climb to 1,000 feet (300 meters) because of the gun's weight. On landing, the pilot is ordered to remove the Lewis gun and carry a rifle on future missions.[40]
23 August – Japan enters World War I, declaring war on Germany.
25 August – Flying a
Morane-Saulnier Type G
monoplane,
Imperial Russian Army pilot
Pyotr N. Nesterov becomes the first pilot to down an enemy aircraft in aerial combat. After firing unsuccessfully with a pistol at an
Austro-HungarianAlbatros B.II crewed by Franz Malina (pilot) and Baron Friederich von Rosenthal (observer), Nesterov rams the Albatros.[41][42] Both aircraft crash, killing all three men.
Early September – In a memorandum,
First Sea LordWinston Churchill establishes the policy for the air defense of the
United Kingdom. He calls for the use of
antiaircraft artillery and
searchlights around likely targets; the deployment of aircraft forward in
Europe to attack all
Zeppelin and other enemy air bases within reach; the interception of enemy aircraft between
Dover and
London by British aircraft, coordinated by
telephone and
telegraph; the basing of aircraft at
Hendon specifically for the defense of London, with their crews specifically trained and equipped for
night-fighting and their operations also coordinated by telephone; a
blackout in major cities; and warning the public of the dangers of air attack, precautions against it, and how to take shelter when under air attack.[44]
5 September – During the siege of Qingdao, the Imperial Japanese Navy carries out its first air combat mission. A three-seat
Farmanseaplane from the Wakamiya bombs German fortifications at
Qingdao,
China, and conducts a reconnaissance of
Kiaochow Bay.[47]
23 September – In France the British No. 2 Anti Aircraft Section Royal Garrison Artillery, in III Corps, commanded by Lieutenant O.F.J. Hogg became the first anti-aircraft unit to shoot down an aircraft, by firing 75 rounds from a QF 1 pdr Mark II ("pom-pom").[49]
27 September – The first French bomber group is formed.
28 September – The first report by British observers of German military aircraft using
the initial form of the wartime
Eisernes Kreuz national markings.
30 September –
The Wakamiya is damaged by a
naval mine and forced to retire from the siege of Qingdao, ending the first combat deployment of an aviation ship in history.[45][46]
The two
America prototypes prepared for the Daily Mail sponsored transatlantic contest in August are shipped to the United Kingdom aboard
RMS Mauretania for the
Royal Naval Air Service, spawning a fleet of aircraft which saw extensive military service during World War I,[50] developed extensively in the process for anti-submarine patrol craft and air-sea rescue.
13 October – The Imperial Japanese Navy attempts air-to-air combat for the first time, as a naval airplane joins three
Imperial Japanese Army airplanes in an attempt to attack a German reconnaissance plane during the siege of Qingdao. The German aircraft escapes.[51]
The first Imperial German Navy shipboard air operations take place, when the
armored cruiserFriedrich Karl embarks two
seaplanes with which to scout
Russian ports in the
Baltic Sea. One is still aboard when Friedrich Karl strikes a
mine and sinks on 17 November.[52]
1 November – The
Ottoman Empire enters World War I when Russia declares war on it.
18 November – The Secretary of State for the German Navy,
AdmiralAlfred von Tirpitz, advocating massed
Zeppelin attacks on London, writes, "The English are now in terror of the Zeppelin, perhaps not without reason...[S]ingle bombs from flying machines are wrong; they are odious when they hit and kill old women, and one gets used to them. If [however] one could set fire to London in thirty places, then what in a small way is odious would retire before something fine and powerful."[54][55]
21 November – Three Royal Naval Air Service
Avro 504s based at
Belfort, France, conduct history's first long-range
strategic bombing raid, attacking German
airship sheds on the shore of
Lake Constance at
Friederichshafen. Carrying four 20-pound (9.1 kg) bombs each, they cause a
gas works to explode and badly damage a
dirigible, losing one aircraft shot down.[23][56]
27 November – The first air–sea battle in history occurs when Imperial Japanese Navy Farman seaplanes make an unsuccessful attempt to bomb German and Austro-Hungarian ships in
Jiaozhou Bay during the siege of Qingdao.[46]
December
Upon the conclusion of the siege of Qingdao, Wakamiya returns Japanese naval seaplanes deployed at Qingdao to Japan. The Japanese naval air arm sees no further combat during World War I.[57]
10 December –
HMS Ark Royal is completed. She is the first ship with an internal
hangar enclosed by her hull, and the first with specially designed internal spaces to accommodate aviation fuel, lubricants, ordnance, and spares and machinery required for aircraft maintenance.[11]
25 December –
HMS Empress,
HMS Engadine, and
HMS Riviera launch a
seaplane attack on the Zeppelin sheds at
Nordholz Airbase. It is the first attempt in history to exert sea power on land by means of the air.[23] Fog prevents the aircraft from reaching their target, and only three of the nine aircraft find their way back to their mother ships.
^Angelucci, Enzo, The American Fighter: The Definitive Guide to American Fighter Aircraft From 1917 to the Present, New York: Orion Books, 1987, p. 37.
^
abThetford, Owen, British Naval Aircraft Since 1912, Sixth Edition, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1991,
ISBN1-55750-076-2, p. 10.
^Daniel, Clifton, ed., Chronicle of the 20th Century, Mount Kisco, New York: Chronicle Publications, 1987,
ISBN0-942191-01-3, p. 179.
^Daniel, Clifton, ed., Chronicle of the 20th Century, Mount Kisco, New York: Chronicle Publications, 1987,
ISBN0-942191-01-3, p. 180.
^
abcdefSturtivant, Ray, British Naval Aviation: The Fleet Air Arm, 1917-1990, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1990,
ISBN0-87021-026-2, p. 215.
^Murray, Williamson, Strategy for Defeat: The Luftwaffe 1933-1945, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama: Air University Press, 1983, no ISBN, pp. 3-4.
^Gooch, John, Mussolini and His Generals: The Armed Forces and Fascist Foreign Policy, 1922-1940, Cambridge, U.K: Cambridge University Press, 2007,
ISBN978-0-521-85602-7, p. 52.
^Whitehouse Arch, The Zeppelin Fighters, New York: Ace Books, 1966, no ISBN, p. 50.
^[https://web.archive.org/web/20120213172227/http://www.hydrogencommerce.com/zepplins/zepplins.htm Archived 2012-02-13 at the
Wayback Machine Lehman, Ernst A., Captain, and Howard Mingos, The Zeppelins: The Development of the Airship, with the Story of the Zeppelins Air Raids in the World War, Kingsport, Tennessee: Kingsport Press, 1927, Chapter I (online). Whitehouse, Arch, The Zeppelin Fighters, New York: Ace Books, 1966, no ISBN, p. 48, states that Z VI, which he identifies as L 6, had attacked the French "garrison town" of "
Lutetia outside Paris" when she suffered her fatal damage.
^Gardiner, Robert, ed., Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906-1921, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1985,
ISBN0-87021-907-3, p. 240.
^[1]Archived 2012-02-13 at the
Wayback Machine Lehman, Ernst A., Captain, and Howard Mingos, The Zeppelins: The Development of the Airship, with the Story of the Zeppelins Air Raids in the World War, Kingsport, Tennessee: Kingsport Press, 1927, Chapter I (online).
^Whitehouse, Arch, The Zeppelin Fighters, New York: Ace Books, 1966, no ISBN, p. 48.
^Donald, David, ed., The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft, New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1997,
ISBN978-0-7607-0592-6, p. 76.
Chant, Chris, The World's Great Bombers, New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 2000,
ISBN0-7607-2012-6
Crosby, Francis, The Complete Guide to Fighters & Bombers of the World: An Illustrated History of the World's Greatest Military Aircraft, From the Pioneering Days of Air Fighting in World War I Through the Jet Fighters and Stealth Bombers of the Present Day, London: Hermes House, 2006,
ISBN9781846810008
Peattie, Mark R., Sunburst: The Rise of Japanese Naval Air Power 1909–1941, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 2001,
ISBN1-55750-432-6
Layman, R.D., Before the Aircraft Carrier: The Development of Aviation Vessels 1849–1922, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1989,
ISBN0-87021-210-9
Brigadier N.W. Routledge, History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: Anti-Aircraft Artillery, 1914–55. London: Brassey's, 1994.
ISBN1-85753-099-3
This is a list of
aviation-related events from 1914.
The outbreak of
World War I accelerates all aspects of aviation which in turn changes war in a twofold way. The aeroplane turns the sky into a new battlefield and eliminates the distinction between frontline and hinterland, with the civilian population far behind the frontline also becoming a target. The war results in the deaths of approximately 20,000 flyers, most of them trained pilots.
The Naval Wing of the
Royal Flying Corps is given the responsibility for the operation of all British military
airships. The
Royal Navy retained control of all British airships until December 1919.[5]
The
Sikorsky Ilya Muromets sets a load-to-altitude record, lifting 16 people to 2,000 metres (6,600 feet).
1 February – The
Aero Club of America announces plans to sponsor an around-the-world airplane race.[7]
3 February – German aviator
Bruno Langer sets a new flight endurance record, flying nonstop for 14 hours 7 minutes.[8]
7 February –
Karl Ingold sets a new world flight endurance record, flying nonstop for 16 hours 20 minutes in an
Aviatikbiplane. The flight, from
Mulhouse to
Munich,
Germany, covers a distance of 1,700 km (1,100 mi).
8–10 February – Berliner, Haase and Nikolai fly 3,053 km (1,896
statute miles) in their free balloon from Bitterfeld to Perm. This record stands until 1950.[9]
11 February – Flying an
LFG Roland Pfeilflieger biplane, German aviator Bruno Langer attempts to break the flight endurance record Karl Ingold set on 7 February, but falls 20 minutes short, landing at
Kreuz after 16 continuous hours in the air.[8]
March
1 March – Pioneer of Argentine aviation
Jorge Newbery (b. 1875) is killed in a crash at
Estancia "Los Tamarindos" while performing aerobatics prior to an attempt to cross the Andes by air.
6 June – The third annual
Aerial Derby – postponed from 23 May due to poor weather – is held, sponsored by the Daily Mail. Eleven participants fly over a 94-mile (151-kilometer) circuit beginning and ending at
Hendon Aerodrome in
London with control points at
Kempton Park,
Esher,
Purley, and
Purfleet.
Walter Brock is the overall winner for the second consecutive year, completing the course in 1 hour 18 minutes 54 seconds in a
Morane-Saulnier G with a handicap of 20 minutes 24 seconds. The outbreak of
World War I during the summer will prevent the event from being held again until
1919.
20 June – While the
Austro-HungarianairshipMilitärluftschiff III (or M.III) hovers over
Fischamend testing new camera equipment, an
Austro-Hungarian Army pilot tries to loop M.III in a
Farmanbiplane. The airplane strikes the top of the airship, tearing a hole and igniting the escaping
hydrogen gas. Both aircraft are destroyed, and both men in the airplane and all seven men aboard M.III are killed. It is the end of the Austro-Hungarian airship program.[15]
23 June – The first flight of the flying boat
America, which businessman
Rodman Wanamaker has ordered with a goal of sponsoring the first
transatlantic flight, occurs at
Hammondsport, New York.[16] The outbreak of
World War I five weeks later will prevent the transatlantic attempt from taking place.
24 June – At
Johannistal,
Germany, German aviator
Gustav Basser sets a new flight endurance record, flying nonstop for 18 hours 10 minutes.[17]
July
1 July
The Naval Wing of the British
Royal Flying Corps is separated from the RFC and established as a separate service, the
Royal Naval Air Service, under the control of the Royal Navy.[5]
10–11 July – German Reinhold Böhm flies his Albatros-biplane 24 hours and 12 minutes without refueling and nonstop. This one-man-flight record lasts until 1927.[19][20]
11 July – London–Paris return air race won by the American Walter L. Brock.[21]
French military aviators "attempted to destroy buildings near Wesel; others have been seen in the district of the Eifel; one has thrown bombs on the railway near Carlsruhe and Nuremberg."[26]
Imperial German NavyRear AdmiralPaul Behncke, Chief of the Naval Staff, urges that the navy's
Zeppelins begin attacks on
London, arguing that Zeppelin attacks "may be expected, whether they involve London or the neighborhood of London, to cause panic in the population which may possibly render it doubtful that the war may be continued."[27]
As
World War I breaks out,
neutralItaly has 28 combat-ready aircraft and 18 military aircraft in reserve.[28] Italy will join the war on the side of the
Allies in
May 1915.
1 August – Russia enters World War I with Russian declaration of war on Austria.
3 August
France and Belgium enter World War I when Germany invades Belgium and declares war on France.
4 August – The United Kingdom enters World War I, declaring war on Germany. At the time, the
Royal Naval Air Service has 52
seaplanes, of which only 26 are serviceable, with 46 more on order.[30]
5 August – The
Netherlands decrees that all Dutch military aircraft display an orange disc on each side of the
fuselage and on the upper and lower surfaces of the
wings.[citation needed]
8 August – A French aerial observer is injured by small-arms fire, becoming that nation's first air casualty in a war.
9–10 August – Conducting a reconnaissance mission, the French dirigible
Fleurus becomes the first
Allied aircraft to fly over Germany during World War I.[32]
12 August – Lieutenant Robin R. Skene and mechanic R. Barlow crash their
Blériot monoplane on the way to Dover, becoming the first members of the
Royal Flying Corps to die on active duty.
21 August – Two Imperial Germany Army Zeppelins on their first combat missions become the second and third airships lost in combat after being damaged by French infantry and artillery fire during low-altitude missions in the
Vosges mountains.
Z VII limps back into Germany to crash near
St. Quirin in
Lothringen, while
Z VIII crash-lands in
Badonvillers Forest near
Badonvillers, France, where French
cavalry drives off her crew and loots her.[37][38] The loss of three airships on their first combat missions in August sours the German Army on the further combat use of airships.
An early attempt to get a
Lewis gun into action in air-to-air combat fails when a Royal Flying Corps
Farman armed with one scrambles to intercept a German
Albatros and takes 30 minutes to climb to 1,000 feet (300 meters) because of the gun's weight. On landing, the pilot is ordered to remove the Lewis gun and carry a rifle on future missions.[40]
23 August – Japan enters World War I, declaring war on Germany.
25 August – Flying a
Morane-Saulnier Type G
monoplane,
Imperial Russian Army pilot
Pyotr N. Nesterov becomes the first pilot to down an enemy aircraft in aerial combat. After firing unsuccessfully with a pistol at an
Austro-HungarianAlbatros B.II crewed by Franz Malina (pilot) and Baron Friederich von Rosenthal (observer), Nesterov rams the Albatros.[41][42] Both aircraft crash, killing all three men.
Early September – In a memorandum,
First Sea LordWinston Churchill establishes the policy for the air defense of the
United Kingdom. He calls for the use of
antiaircraft artillery and
searchlights around likely targets; the deployment of aircraft forward in
Europe to attack all
Zeppelin and other enemy air bases within reach; the interception of enemy aircraft between
Dover and
London by British aircraft, coordinated by
telephone and
telegraph; the basing of aircraft at
Hendon specifically for the defense of London, with their crews specifically trained and equipped for
night-fighting and their operations also coordinated by telephone; a
blackout in major cities; and warning the public of the dangers of air attack, precautions against it, and how to take shelter when under air attack.[44]
5 September – During the siege of Qingdao, the Imperial Japanese Navy carries out its first air combat mission. A three-seat
Farmanseaplane from the Wakamiya bombs German fortifications at
Qingdao,
China, and conducts a reconnaissance of
Kiaochow Bay.[47]
23 September – In France the British No. 2 Anti Aircraft Section Royal Garrison Artillery, in III Corps, commanded by Lieutenant O.F.J. Hogg became the first anti-aircraft unit to shoot down an aircraft, by firing 75 rounds from a QF 1 pdr Mark II ("pom-pom").[49]
27 September – The first French bomber group is formed.
28 September – The first report by British observers of German military aircraft using
the initial form of the wartime
Eisernes Kreuz national markings.
30 September –
The Wakamiya is damaged by a
naval mine and forced to retire from the siege of Qingdao, ending the first combat deployment of an aviation ship in history.[45][46]
The two
America prototypes prepared for the Daily Mail sponsored transatlantic contest in August are shipped to the United Kingdom aboard
RMS Mauretania for the
Royal Naval Air Service, spawning a fleet of aircraft which saw extensive military service during World War I,[50] developed extensively in the process for anti-submarine patrol craft and air-sea rescue.
13 October – The Imperial Japanese Navy attempts air-to-air combat for the first time, as a naval airplane joins three
Imperial Japanese Army airplanes in an attempt to attack a German reconnaissance plane during the siege of Qingdao. The German aircraft escapes.[51]
The first Imperial German Navy shipboard air operations take place, when the
armored cruiserFriedrich Karl embarks two
seaplanes with which to scout
Russian ports in the
Baltic Sea. One is still aboard when Friedrich Karl strikes a
mine and sinks on 17 November.[52]
1 November – The
Ottoman Empire enters World War I when Russia declares war on it.
18 November – The Secretary of State for the German Navy,
AdmiralAlfred von Tirpitz, advocating massed
Zeppelin attacks on London, writes, "The English are now in terror of the Zeppelin, perhaps not without reason...[S]ingle bombs from flying machines are wrong; they are odious when they hit and kill old women, and one gets used to them. If [however] one could set fire to London in thirty places, then what in a small way is odious would retire before something fine and powerful."[54][55]
21 November – Three Royal Naval Air Service
Avro 504s based at
Belfort, France, conduct history's first long-range
strategic bombing raid, attacking German
airship sheds on the shore of
Lake Constance at
Friederichshafen. Carrying four 20-pound (9.1 kg) bombs each, they cause a
gas works to explode and badly damage a
dirigible, losing one aircraft shot down.[23][56]
27 November – The first air–sea battle in history occurs when Imperial Japanese Navy Farman seaplanes make an unsuccessful attempt to bomb German and Austro-Hungarian ships in
Jiaozhou Bay during the siege of Qingdao.[46]
December
Upon the conclusion of the siege of Qingdao, Wakamiya returns Japanese naval seaplanes deployed at Qingdao to Japan. The Japanese naval air arm sees no further combat during World War I.[57]
10 December –
HMS Ark Royal is completed. She is the first ship with an internal
hangar enclosed by her hull, and the first with specially designed internal spaces to accommodate aviation fuel, lubricants, ordnance, and spares and machinery required for aircraft maintenance.[11]
25 December –
HMS Empress,
HMS Engadine, and
HMS Riviera launch a
seaplane attack on the Zeppelin sheds at
Nordholz Airbase. It is the first attempt in history to exert sea power on land by means of the air.[23] Fog prevents the aircraft from reaching their target, and only three of the nine aircraft find their way back to their mother ships.
^Angelucci, Enzo, The American Fighter: The Definitive Guide to American Fighter Aircraft From 1917 to the Present, New York: Orion Books, 1987, p. 37.
^
abThetford, Owen, British Naval Aircraft Since 1912, Sixth Edition, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1991,
ISBN1-55750-076-2, p. 10.
^Daniel, Clifton, ed., Chronicle of the 20th Century, Mount Kisco, New York: Chronicle Publications, 1987,
ISBN0-942191-01-3, p. 179.
^Daniel, Clifton, ed., Chronicle of the 20th Century, Mount Kisco, New York: Chronicle Publications, 1987,
ISBN0-942191-01-3, p. 180.
^
abcdefSturtivant, Ray, British Naval Aviation: The Fleet Air Arm, 1917-1990, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1990,
ISBN0-87021-026-2, p. 215.
^Murray, Williamson, Strategy for Defeat: The Luftwaffe 1933-1945, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama: Air University Press, 1983, no ISBN, pp. 3-4.
^Gooch, John, Mussolini and His Generals: The Armed Forces and Fascist Foreign Policy, 1922-1940, Cambridge, U.K: Cambridge University Press, 2007,
ISBN978-0-521-85602-7, p. 52.
^Whitehouse Arch, The Zeppelin Fighters, New York: Ace Books, 1966, no ISBN, p. 50.
^[https://web.archive.org/web/20120213172227/http://www.hydrogencommerce.com/zepplins/zepplins.htm Archived 2012-02-13 at the
Wayback Machine Lehman, Ernst A., Captain, and Howard Mingos, The Zeppelins: The Development of the Airship, with the Story of the Zeppelins Air Raids in the World War, Kingsport, Tennessee: Kingsport Press, 1927, Chapter I (online). Whitehouse, Arch, The Zeppelin Fighters, New York: Ace Books, 1966, no ISBN, p. 48, states that Z VI, which he identifies as L 6, had attacked the French "garrison town" of "
Lutetia outside Paris" when she suffered her fatal damage.
^Gardiner, Robert, ed., Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906-1921, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1985,
ISBN0-87021-907-3, p. 240.
^[1]Archived 2012-02-13 at the
Wayback Machine Lehman, Ernst A., Captain, and Howard Mingos, The Zeppelins: The Development of the Airship, with the Story of the Zeppelins Air Raids in the World War, Kingsport, Tennessee: Kingsport Press, 1927, Chapter I (online).
^Whitehouse, Arch, The Zeppelin Fighters, New York: Ace Books, 1966, no ISBN, p. 48.
^Donald, David, ed., The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft, New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1997,
ISBN978-0-7607-0592-6, p. 76.
Chant, Chris, The World's Great Bombers, New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 2000,
ISBN0-7607-2012-6
Crosby, Francis, The Complete Guide to Fighters & Bombers of the World: An Illustrated History of the World's Greatest Military Aircraft, From the Pioneering Days of Air Fighting in World War I Through the Jet Fighters and Stealth Bombers of the Present Day, London: Hermes House, 2006,
ISBN9781846810008
Peattie, Mark R., Sunburst: The Rise of Japanese Naval Air Power 1909–1941, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 2001,
ISBN1-55750-432-6
Layman, R.D., Before the Aircraft Carrier: The Development of Aviation Vessels 1849–1922, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1989,
ISBN0-87021-210-9
Brigadier N.W. Routledge, History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: Anti-Aircraft Artillery, 1914–55. London: Brassey's, 1994.
ISBN1-85753-099-3