In 1868, the
physicistJames Clerk Maxwell had an improved
zoetrope constructed.[1] Instead of slits, his version used concave
lenses with a focal length equaling the
diameter of the
cylinder. The
virtual image was thus seen in the centre and appeared much more sharp and steady than in the original zoetrope. Maxwell drew several strips that mostly demonstrated subjects relating to
physics, like the
vibrations of a
harp string or
Helmholtz's vortex rings threading through each other. An article about the "Zootrope perfectionné" was published in the French
science magazineLe Cosmos in 1869, but Maxwell never marketed his animation device.[2]
In 1868, the
Birmingham-based
printerJohn Barnes Linnett received the first
patent for the
flip book. He gave the name kineograph to his device.[3][4] A flip book is a small
book with relatively springy pages, each having one in a series of animation images located near its unbound edge. The user bends all of the pages back, normally with the thumb. Then by a gradual motion of the hand, the user allows them to spring free one at a time. As with the
phenakistoscope, the
zoetrope, and the
praxinoscope, the illusion of motion is created by the apparent sudden replacement of each image by the next in the series. Unlike those other inventions, no view-interrupting shutter or assembly of mirrors is required and no viewing device other than the user's hand is absolutely necessary. Early film animators cited flip books as their inspiration more often than the earlier devices, which did not reach as wide an audience.[5]
Births
July
July 18:
Henry Mayer, German-American animator, children's book
illustrator,
comics artist, and
editorial cartoonist, (created and directed the original
film seriesTravelaughs and Such Is Life, which both combined animation with
live action film taken in
exotic locations; credited with directing over 100 short films from 1913 to 1926.) (d.
1954)[6][7][8]
August
August 26:
Edwin George Lutz, German-American
cartoonist,
illustrator, and non-fiction writer of
training manuals about art and drawing techniques, (wrote the training manual Animated Cartoons - How they are made, their origin and development, which offered practical ideas for streamlining the production of animated drawings and influenced the techniques used by early
animation studios; aspiring animator
Walt Disney first read Lutz's book at the age of 19. The book was one of the primary animation guides used by Disney's
Laugh-O-Grams studio team in
Kansas City, Missouri, throughout the 1920s.) (d.
1951)[9][10][11][12]
^Barrier, Michael (2008). The animated man : a life of Walt Disney (1st pbk. print. ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 52.
ISBN978-0520256194.
In 1868, the
physicistJames Clerk Maxwell had an improved
zoetrope constructed.[1] Instead of slits, his version used concave
lenses with a focal length equaling the
diameter of the
cylinder. The
virtual image was thus seen in the centre and appeared much more sharp and steady than in the original zoetrope. Maxwell drew several strips that mostly demonstrated subjects relating to
physics, like the
vibrations of a
harp string or
Helmholtz's vortex rings threading through each other. An article about the "Zootrope perfectionné" was published in the French
science magazineLe Cosmos in 1869, but Maxwell never marketed his animation device.[2]
In 1868, the
Birmingham-based
printerJohn Barnes Linnett received the first
patent for the
flip book. He gave the name kineograph to his device.[3][4] A flip book is a small
book with relatively springy pages, each having one in a series of animation images located near its unbound edge. The user bends all of the pages back, normally with the thumb. Then by a gradual motion of the hand, the user allows them to spring free one at a time. As with the
phenakistoscope, the
zoetrope, and the
praxinoscope, the illusion of motion is created by the apparent sudden replacement of each image by the next in the series. Unlike those other inventions, no view-interrupting shutter or assembly of mirrors is required and no viewing device other than the user's hand is absolutely necessary. Early film animators cited flip books as their inspiration more often than the earlier devices, which did not reach as wide an audience.[5]
Births
July
July 18:
Henry Mayer, German-American animator, children's book
illustrator,
comics artist, and
editorial cartoonist, (created and directed the original
film seriesTravelaughs and Such Is Life, which both combined animation with
live action film taken in
exotic locations; credited with directing over 100 short films from 1913 to 1926.) (d.
1954)[6][7][8]
August
August 26:
Edwin George Lutz, German-American
cartoonist,
illustrator, and non-fiction writer of
training manuals about art and drawing techniques, (wrote the training manual Animated Cartoons - How they are made, their origin and development, which offered practical ideas for streamlining the production of animated drawings and influenced the techniques used by early
animation studios; aspiring animator
Walt Disney first read Lutz's book at the age of 19. The book was one of the primary animation guides used by Disney's
Laugh-O-Grams studio team in
Kansas City, Missouri, throughout the 1920s.) (d.
1951)[9][10][11][12]
^Barrier, Michael (2008). The animated man : a life of Walt Disney (1st pbk. print. ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 52.
ISBN978-0520256194.