This is the user sandbox of Aivin. A user sandbox is a subpage of the user's user page. It serves as a testing spot and page development space for the user and is not an encyclopedia article. Create or edit your own sandbox here. Other sandboxes: Main sandbox | Template sandbox Finished writing a draft article? Are you ready to request review of it by an experienced editor for possible inclusion in Wikipedia? Submit your draft for review!

---

{{Infobox person | name = | image = | alt = | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = {birth date||||mf=y} | birth_place = [[]], United Kingdom | death_date = {death date and age|||||||mf=y} | death_place = | nationality = English | other_names = | occupation = | years_active = | known_for = | notable_works = | spouse = | mother = | father = | children = | relatives = | alma_mater = Somerville College, Oxford } ' née ' (–), was a British

References

[[Category:Alumni of Somerville College, Oxford] [[Category: births] [[Category: deaths] [[Category:English women ] [[Category:20th-century English women] [[Category:] [[Category:] [[Category:] ^[1]

Somerville College Novelists Information (Person)

[1] [Leonardi, Susan J.: Dangerous by degrees : women at Oxford and the Somerville College novelists] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [] [] [] []

[[:Category:Culture of the University of Oxford] [[:Category:History of the University of Oxford] [[:Category:Writing circles] [[:Category:English literary movements] [[:Category:19th-century British literature] [[:Category:20th-century British literature]

History of Somerville College, Oxford Information (Person)

Founding

In June 1878, the Association for the Higher Education of Women was formed, aiming for the eventual creation of a college for women in Oxford. Some of the more prominent members of the association were George Granville Bradley, Master of University College, T. H. Green, a prominent liberal philosopher and Fellow of Balliol College, and Edward Stuart Talbot, Warden of Keble College. Talbot insisted on a specifically Anglican institution, which was unacceptable to most of the other members. The two parties eventually split, and Talbot's group (the " Christ Church camp") founded Lady Margaret Hall, which opened its doors for students in 1879, the same year as Somerville did. ^[2]

Thus, in 1879, a second committee was formed to create a college "in which no distinction will be made between students on the ground of their belonging to different religious denominations." ^{[a] [3]} This committee was called the " Balliol camp" and had close ties to the Liberal Party. ^{[4] [5]} This second committee included John Percival, George William Kitchin, A. H. D. Acland, Thomas Hill Green, Mary Ward, ^[6] William Sidgwick, Henry Nettleship, Walter Pater and A. G. Vernon Harcourt. ^[5]

This new effort resulted in the founding of Somerville Hall, named for the then recently deceased Scottish mathematician and renowned scientific writer Mary Somerville. ^[2] It was felt that the name would reflect the virtues of liberalism and academic success which the college wished to embody. ^[7] She was admired by the founders of the college as a scholar, as well as for her religious and political views, including her conviction that women should have equality in terms of suffrage and access to education.

Madeleine Shaw Lefevre was chosen as the first Principal because, although not a well-known academic at the time, her background was felt to reflect the college's political stance. ^[8] Because of its status as both women's college and non-denominational institution, Somerville was widely regarded within Oxford as "an eccentric and somewhat alarming institution." ^[9]

Women's college

When opened, Somerville Hall had twelve students, ranging in age between 17 and 36. ^[10] The first 21 students from Somerville and Lady Margaret Hall attended lectures in rooms above an Oxford baker's shop on Little Clarendon Street. ^[11] Just two of the original 12 students admitted in 1879 remained in Oxford for three years, the period for which male students had to remain to complete a bachelor's degree. ^[12]

Increasingly, however, as the college admitted more students, it became more formalized. Somerville appointed its first in-house tutor in 1892 and, by the end of the 1890s, female students were permitted to attend lectures in almost all colleges. ^[13] In 1891 it became the first women's hall to introduce entrance exams and in 1894 the first of the five women's halls of residence to adopt the title of 'college' (changing its name to Somerville College), ^[14] the first of them to appoint its own teaching staff, and the first to build a library. ^[15] In Oxford legend it soon became known as the ' bluestocking college', its excellent examination results refuting the widespread belief that women were incapable of high academic achievement. ^[15]

In the 1910s, Somerville became known for its support for the women's suffrage campaign. ^[16] In 1920, Oxford University allowed women to matriculate and therefore gain degrees. ^{[17] [18]} All female students had to be chaperoned when in the presence of male students from the college's inception. The practice was abolished in 1925, although male visitors to the college were still subject to a curfew. ^[19] In 1925, during the principalship of Janet Vaughan, Somerville's college charter was granted.

World War One

During World War I the college was converted into a military hospital as Somerville Section of the 3rd Southern General Hospital, adjacent to the Radcliffe Infirmary. ^[20] For the duration of the war, Somerville students relocated to Oriel College. ^[16] Because many male students had left Oxford to enlist in the military, Somerville was able to rent St Mary Hall Quad which they bricked off from the rest of the college to segregate it from the Oriel's remaining male students. ^[21] Many students and tutors were involved in work in World War I and some of them went to the Western Front in France.

Notable patients who stayed in Somerville include Robert Graves and Siegfried Sassoon. Graves and Sassoon were both to reminisce of their time at Somerville Hospital. How unlike you to crib my idea of going to the Ladies' College at Oxford, Sassoon wrote to Graves in 1917, and called it very much like Paradise. At Somerville College, Graves met his first love, a nurse and professional pianist called Marjorie. About his time at Somerville, he wrote: I enjoyed my stay at Somerville. The sun shone, and the discipline was easy. Officer Llewelyn Davies died at the college. Photographs of the college in this period can be found hanging in Hall, outside the pantry.

Once the war ended, the return to normality between Oriel College and Somerville College was delayed, sparking both frustration and an incident in spring 1919 known as the 'Oriel raid', in which male students made a hole in the wall dividing the sexes. In July 1919 the Principal ( Emily Penrose) and Fellows returned to Somerville.

Alumna Vera Brittain wrote about the impact of the war in Oxford and paid tribute to the work of the Principal, Miss Penrose, in her memoir Testament of Youth.

Admission of men

Starting in the 1970s, the traditionally all-male colleges in Oxford began to admit female students. ^[22] Since it was assumed that recruiting from a wider demographic would guarantee better students, there was pressure on single-sex colleges to change their policy to avoid falling down the rankings. ^[23] All-female colleges, like Somerville, found it increasingly difficult to attract good applicants and fell to the bottom of the intercollegiate academic rankings during the period. ^[24]

During the 1980s, there was much debate as to whether women's colleges should become mixed. Somerville remained a women's college until 1992, when its statutes were amended to permit male students and fellows; the first male fellows were appointed in 1993, and the first male students admitted in 1994. ^{[25] [26]} Somerville became the second-last college (after St Hilda's) to become coeducational. ^[27] With an intake 50% male/female; a gender balance maintained to this day, though without formal quotas.

In the 1890s Somerville helped fashion the "New Woman"; a century later….the college has set itself the perhaps greater challenge of educating the "New Man."

— Pauline Adams, Somerville for Women ^{[28] [29]}

Buildings of Somerville College, Oxford Information (Person)

Walton House

The original building of Somerville Hall, Walton House (commonly called 'House') was built in 1826 and purchased from St John's College in 1880 amid fears that the men's colleges might, in the future, repossess the site for their own purposes. ^[10] The house could only accommodate 7 of the 12 students who came up to Oxford in the first year. ^[30] In 1881, Sir Thomas Graham Jackson was commissioned to build a new south wing which could accommodate eleven more students. In 1892, Walter Cave added a north wing and an extra storey. He also installed a gatehouse at the Woodstock Road entrance. In 1897/98, the 'Eleanor Smith cottages' were built, adjoining Walton House. ^[31]

Today House is home to some students. It also contains Green Hall, where guests to College are often greeted and in which prospective students are registered and wait for interviews. Until 2014, it housed the college bar. Most of the administration of college and academic pigeon-hole messageboxes are located in House. A staircase from Green Hall leads up to Hall. Somerville's dining hall has a curved ceiling and wooden panelling and is one of very few in Oxford to contain portraits only of women.

Park

Originally known as West, due to its location within the college, the project to build a second self-contained hall was an attempt to imitate Newnham College, Cambridge. The building was designed by Harry Wilkinson Moore and built in two stages. The 1885-7 phase saw the construction of rooms for 18 students with their own dining-room, sitting rooms and Vice-Principal. This was a deliberate policy aimed at replicating the family environment that the women students had left. ^[31] This arangement had the effect of turning House and West into rivals. ^[32] The second building stage (1888-1895) created two sets of tutors' rooms, a further 19 rooms and the West Lodge (now Park Lodge). ^[30] It was renamed Park in honour of Daphne Park, the Principal from 1980 to 1989.

There are over 60 student rooms and Fellows' rooms within the building. There is a music room and computer room. Park is a Grade II-listed building. ^[33]

Library*

Designed by Basil Champneys in 1903 and opened by John Morley the following year, Somerville College Library was the first purpose-built library amongst the women's colleges of the university. Specially for this opening, Demeter was written by Robert Bridges and performed for the first time. As such it was designed to serve readers beyond the membership of the college and to contain 60,000 volumes despite the college only possessing 6000 in 1903. The Grade II-listed building now contains around 120,000 items and is the second largest college library in the university.

Amelia Edwards, John Stuart Mill, John Ruskin and Vera Brittain are notable benefactors to the library. ^[34]

The John Stuart Mill room contains what was Mill's personal library in London at the time of his death, with significant annotations in many of the books. ^[35]

The library dominates the north wing of the main quadrangle and is open 24 hours, with wifi access which is college-wide, a group study room, and many computers. It has with 100% the highest library satisfaction according to the annual student surveys. ^[36]

Hall and Maitland

Until 1911, there was no hall large enough to seat the entire college. The buildings were designed by Edmund Fisher in Queen Anne style and Edwardian Baroque architecture. Maitland Hall and Maitland were opened by H. A. L. Fisher, the Vice-Chancellor of the University and Gilbert Murray. ^[37] Murray, whose translations of Greek drama were performed at Somerville in 1912 and 1946, supported Somerville in many ways, including endowing its first research fellowship. A fund was raised as a memorial to Miss Maitland, the principal of Somerville Hall (College from 1894) from 1889 to 1906. This money was used to pay for the oak panelling in Hall. The panelling of the south wall was specially designed to frame the portrait of Mary Somerville by John Jackson. ^[38] The buildings were constructed on the site of an adjoining building gifted to Somerville by E. J. Forester in 1897 and bought from University and Balliol Colleges for £4000 and £1,400. ^[30] There was difficulty in the construction of the buildings, which is now thought to have been the result of the outer limit of the Oxford city fortifications running under the site. In 1935, Morley Horder reconstructed the archway which connected Maitland Hall and the south wing of Walton House. In 1947, André Gide gave a lecture in the hall. ^[37]

Hall and Maitland form the East face of the main quad and are Grade II-listed buildings. ^[39] The Senior Common Room is situated on the ground floor. The first floor is occupied by the pantry and the hall, in which Formal Hall (called guest night) is held weekly during term time.

Maitland houses few students, being mainly occupied by Fellows' offices and the college IT office. The building is named after Principal Agnes Maitland, and is to the south of Hall. ^[40]

Penrose

The Penrose block was designed by Harold Rogers in 1925 and its first students were installed in 1927. It is situated at the south western end of the main quadrangle on the site of 119 and 119A Walton Street. ^[30] A row of poplars had to be removed in 1926 for the construction of Penrose. ^[41]

The building was refurbished in 2014, with carpets replacing the formerly bare wooden floorboards, and new furniture. Penrose is named for Dame Emily Penrose, the third principal of the college. Penrose houses mainly first year accommodation, with around 30 rooms. ^[40] Some fellows' rooms are located in Penrose.

Darbishire*

Darbishire Quad was the culmination of a long-standing project to absorb Woodstock Road properties above the Oxford Oratory. In 1920, three houses (29, 31 and 33) were purchased by the college from the vicar of St Giles' Church, Oxford, for the sum of £1,300. The three properties were constructed in 1859 and had been rented by the college prior to their purchase. The adjoining 'Waggon and Horses' was purchased from St John's College, Oxford, in 1923. These buildings were demolished between 1932 and 1933 together with the old Gate House.

Morley Horder was commissioned to build a quadrangle which would fill the space left by the demolished structures with a loan of £12,000 from Christ Church. The porters' lodge and a council room, the New Council Room, were constructed at the entrance to the quad, which housed undergraduate and fellows' rooms. ^[30] The coat of arms of Somerville and that of co-founder John Percival, first principal Madeleine Shaw-Lefevre and Helen Darbishire were carved by Edmund Ware inside the quadrangle. The archway leading to Hall was reconstructed in 1938.

Originally it was called the East Quadrangle and it was opened in June 1934 by Lord Halifax, who called it 'a notable addition to buildings of varying styles' (varii generis aedificiia additamentum nobile) in the Creweian Oration during the Encaenia. Darbishire was renamed in 1962 in honour of the principal of the college during its construction, Helen Darbishire. ^[42]

Today Darbishire contains around 50 student rooms mixed with tutors' offices, the college archive and medical room. ^[43] The offices of the Global Ocean Commission, co-chaired by José María Figueres, Trevor Manuel and David Miliband, were situated in Darbishire as part of a partnership with Somerville, from 2012 to 2016, when the organisation completed its work. ^[44]

Darbishire Quad is described on the opening page of Gaudy Night by alumna Dorothy L. Sayers and is home to a clock donated by alumna Eleanor Rathbone. ^[45]

Chapel*

Built largely with funds provided by alumna Emily Georgiana Kemp in 1935, Somerville Chapel reflects the nondenominational principle on which the college was founded in 1879. No religious texts were used for admission and nondenominational Christian prayers were said in college. The chapel's history, architecture, and artworks give valuable insights into the religious, intellectual, and cultural roots of what would subsequently become a global norm. The chapel can be seen as both a manifestation of the aspirations of liberal Christianity in the interwar years, including the advancement of women and ecumenism, and of the contestation of the role of religion in higher education among elites in the same period. ^[46]

The chapel does not have a chaplain, but a 'Chapel Director' which is in keeping with its undenominational tradition. The chapel provides opportunities for Christian worship in addition to hosting speakers with a multi-faith range of religious perspectives. ^[47] The chapel also has an excellent mixed-voice choir, the Choir of Somerville College, which tours and produces occasional CDs. ^[48]

Hostel and Holtby

Hostel is a small block between House and Darbishire, completed in 1950 by Geddes Hyslop. ^[49] It houses 10 students over three floors. The Bursary is on the ground floor. ^[40]

Holtby, designed in 1951 and completed in 1956 by Hyslop, ^[49] is situated above the library extension, adjacent to Park. It has 10 rooms for undergraduates and is named for alumna Winifred Holtby. ^[43]

Vaughan and Margery Fry & Elizabeth Nuffield House

Designed by Sir Philip Dowson between 1958 and 1966, Vaughan and Margery Fry & Elizabeth Nuffield House (commonly shortened to Margery Fry) are both named for former principals of the college, whilst Elizabeth Nuffield was an important proponent of women's education and along with her husband Lord Nuffield, a financial benefactor of the college. Margery Fry was opened in 1964 by Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit and Vaughan was opened in 1966. Constructed in the same architectural style, with an exterior concrete frame standing away from the walls of the interior edifice, the two buildings sit atop a podium containing shops and an arcaded walkway on Little Clarendon Street.

Vaughan is the larger of the two, with 11 rows to its concrete frame compared to the 8 of Margery Fry. ^[50] It is a Grade II-listed building. ^[51] Vaughan contains around 60 undergraduate rooms, which are smaller than those of Margery Fry and house exclusively first year students, along with the junior deans. Vaughan was refurbished in 2013, with new bathroom facilities, including, for the first time, sinks. Beneath the two buildings, a tunnel provides access to Somerville from Little Clarendon Street. ^[43]

Margery Fry serves as the centre of the post graduate student community at Somerville and contains 24 graduate rooms. Other accommodation for graduate students is provided in buildings adjacent to the College.

Wolfson

Sir Philip Dowson was commissioned to design a building at the back of the college, to house undergraduates and offices for fellows. Wolfson is, in common with Dowson's other work in Somerville, constructed largely of glass and concrete. It is a Grade II-listed building. ^[50] A four-storey building, with five bays of each floor, Wolfson boasts impressive views of Walton Street from the rear and Somerville's main quadrangle from the front. ^[43] Wolfson is named for the building's principal benefactor Sir Isaac Wolfson and opened in 1967 by Principal Barbara Craig, with Harold Macmillan, Dorothy Hodgkin and Lord Wolfson giving speeches. ^[52]

The ground floor of the building contains the Flora Anderson Hall or FAH and the Brittain-Williams Room, named for the college's most famous mother-daughter alumnae. The room was designed in 2012 by Niall McLaughlin Architects and opened on 29 November 2013 by alumna Baroness Shirley Williams during an event which saw her unveil a portrait of herself, which now hangs in the room. ^[53] The FAH is used for lectures and events. Notably it hosts college parties known as bops.

Margaret Thatcher Centre and Dorothy Hodgkin Quadrangle*

Named for the alumna-Prime Minister, the MTC comprises a lobby, lecture room and ante room used for many meetings, with disabled access. The lecture room enjoys AV facilities and can accommodate 60 seated patrons. The venue is used for certain term time events and is popular with conferences. ^[54] A bust of Margaret Thatcher stands in the lobby, and the meeting room contains portraits of Somerville's two prime-minister alumnae, Margaret Thatcher by Michael Noakes and Indira Gandhi by Sanjay Bhattacharyya.

The Dorothy Hodgkin Quad (DHQ) was conceived in 1985 and completed in 1991. ^[55] It houses mainly finalists and some second year students. The Quadrangle is above the MTC and designed around self-contained flats of two and four bedrooms with communal kitchens. DHQ is named for Somerville's Nobel Prize winning laureate. ^[43]

Architect Geoffrey Beard's scheme was submitted to the Oxford City Council in 1986 and energies of Sir Geoffrey Leigh and alumna and former Principal Baroness Daphne Park brought support from around the world. The buildings were opened in 1991 by Margaret Thatcher, Dorothy Hodgkin, Principal Catherine Hughes and College Visitor Baron Roy Jenkins. ^[56]

St Paul’s Nursery

Somerville College was the first Oxford college to provide a nursery for the children of Fellows and staff and is still one of the few colleges to do so. Alumna Dorothy Hodgkin donated much of her Nobel Prize money to the project. ^[57] St Paul’s Nursery is also open to families who are not connected with the college and cares for 16 children between the ages of 3 months and 5 years. ^[58]

Radcliffe Observatory Quarter

ROQ East and West flank the north side of Somerville and overlook the site of the university's principal development, the Blavatnik School of Government. Completed in 2011, the ROQ buildings were the first buildings on the Radcliffe Observatory Quarter and have won 4 awards for their architect Niall McLaughlin. The project was also awarded Oxford City Council's David Steel Sustainable Building Award, being commended for its balancing of Somervillian collegiate heritage with the need for energy efficiency to be a consideration for the new building. Energy efficiency measures include renewable technologies such as solar thermal energy and ground source heat pumps. ^[59]

The buildings house 68 students and all rooms are en-suite. There are a number of rooms and facilities specifically designed to help those with disabilities, including lifts and adjoining carer rooms. The buildings were made possible by donations of over £2.7 million from over 1000 alumni and friends of the college, and by a significant loan. ^[43] There is now an unimpeded view of the Observatory.

The Terrace

The most recent construction in Somerville (2013), the college bar in Vaughan replaces the bar in House. The bar is housed in a mainly glass structure, with seating in the college colours of red and black. Following a campaign by the JCR Guinness is now available on tap, and the pool table costs 50p per frame. The college drink, the "Stone-cold Jane Austen", is made from blue VK, Southern Comfort, and Magners cider. ^[60] Other college drinks are the "Somerville Sunset" and the "College Triple". The college also has its own 'Somerville wine': red, white and sparkling. ^[61]

Catherine Hughes Building

Named after Somerville's late Principal from 1989 to 1996, the Catherine Hughes Building will be completed in October 2019 and will provide 68 additional bedrooms. The new building, designed by Niall McLaughlin Architects, boasts en suite bathrooms, kitchens and accessible rooms on every floor and a new communal study area for students. ^[62]

The red brick building will have a frontage on to Walton Street and additional access from the college gardens, aligning with key levels on the adjacent Penrose Building. The bedrooms will be arranged in clusters with kitchens and circulation spaces forming social focal points.

The building's construction has given Somerville sufficient accommodation to allow all students applying from 2017 to live in college for the entirety of their 3 to 4-year undergraduate degree and Somerville is one of only three Oxford colleges able to do so. ^{[63] [64]}

Darbishire Quadrangle Information (Person)

Darbishire Quad was the culmination of a long-standing project to absorb Woodstock Road properties above the Oxford Oratory. In 1920, three houses (29, 31 and 33) were purchased by the college from the vicar of St Giles' Church, Oxford, for the sum of £1,300. The three properties were constructed in 1859 and had been rented by the college prior to their purchase. The adjoining 'Waggon and Horses' was purchased from St John's College, Oxford, in 1923. These buildings were demolished between 1932 and 1933 together with the old Gate House.

Morley Horder was commissioned to build a quadrangle which would fill the space left by the demolished structures with a loan of £12,000 from Christ Church. The porters' lodge and a council room, the New Council Room, were constructed at the entrance to the quad, which housed undergraduate and fellows' rooms. ^[30] The coat of arms of Somerville and that of co-founder John Percival, first principal Madeleine Shaw-Lefevre and Helen Darbishire were carved by Edmund Ware inside the quadrangle. The archway leading to Hall was reconstructed in 1938.

Originally it was called the East Quadrangle and it was opened in June 1934 by Lord Halifax, who called it 'a notable addition to buildings of varying styles' (varii generis aedificiia additamentum nobile) in the Creweian Oration during the Encaenia. Darbishire was renamed in 1962 in honour of the principal of the college during its construction, Helen Darbishire. ^[42]

Today Darbishire contains around 50 student rooms mixed with tutors' offices, the college archive and medical room. ^[43] The offices of the Global Ocean Commission, co-chaired by José María Figueres, Trevor Manuel and David Miliband, were situated in Darbishire as part of a partnership with Somerville, from 2012 to 2016, when the organisation completed its work. ^[65]

Darbishire Quad is described on the opening page of Gaudy Night by alumna Dorothy L. Sayers and is home to a clock donated by alumna Eleanor Rathbone. ^[45]

Dorothy Hodgkin Quadrangle Information (Person)

The Dorothy Hodgkin Quad (DHQ) was conceived in 1985 and completed in 1991. ^[55] It houses mainly finalists and some second year students. The Quadrangle is above the MTC and designed around self-contained flats of two and four bedrooms with communal kitchens. DHQ is named for Somerville's Nobel Prize winning laureate. ^[43]

Architect Geoffrey Beard's scheme was submitted to the Oxford City Council in 1986 and energies of Sir Geoffrey Leigh and alumna and former Principal Baroness Daphne Park brought support from around the world. The buildings were opened in 1991 by Margaret Thatcher, Dorothy Hodgkin, Principal Catherine Hughes and College Visitor Baron Roy Jenkins. ^[56]

Gardens of Somerville College, Oxford Information (Person)

Somerville is the only Oxford college where students may walk on the grass and it has a vast green space behind the unassuming front gate, looked after by two gardeners. ^[66]

The original site comprised a paddock, an orchard and a vegetable garden and was bounded by large trees. It was home to a donkey, two cows a pony and a pig. ^[31] The paddock was soon transformed into tennis courts, where huge tents where erected during WWI. During World War Two, large water tanks were dug in the Main Quad and Darbishire Quad, in case or firebombing and the lawns were dug up and planted with vegetables. ^[41]

In the Main Quad there's a cedar planted by Harold Macmillan in 1976, after an old cedar was victim of a winter storm. Another tree, a Picea likiangensis, was planted in 2007 on the chapel lawn, providing Somerville with an outdoor Christmas tree. ^[41] The library border of lavender and Agapanthus references the bluestocking reputation of Somerville and the tory blue Ceratostigma willmottianum is planted outside the Margaret Thatcher Centre. Beardtongues, Begonia and 1,200 red and black tulips reflect the college's colours. There are nods to Somerville's long-standing links with India, a strip of Alpine plants in front of Wolfson, a bog garden, herbaceous borders and the emblematic Somerville thistles ( Echinops). ^{[66] [67] [68]} The western wall of Penrose and the northern wall of Vaughan form two faces of the Fellows Garden, previously kitchen gardens, which is distinct from the main quad and separated from it by a hedge and a wall. The Fellows Garden is home to a sundial, commissioned in 1926, and a garden roller which was a gift from the parents of tutor Rose Sidgwick. ^[69]

In 1962, Henry Moore lend his item Falling Warrior to the college and Barbara Hepworth lent Core shortly afterwards. Permanent sculptures in Somerville's garden are made by Wendy Taylor, Friedrich Werthmann and Somervillian Polly Ionides.

Dla Wiktora Information (Person)

A

Root	Meaning in English	Origin language	Etymology (root origin)	English examples
ab-, a-, abs-, au- [70]	away from, down, off	Latin	ab	abdication, abduction, aberrant, abnormal, abrasion, absent, absorb, abstain, abstemious, abstraction, aversion, avulsion
acer-, acri-	bitter, sharp, sour	Latin	ācer, ācris, acerbus, acere	acerbic, acrid, acrimonious, acrimony, exacerbate
acid-	acidic, sour	Latin	acidus	acidiferous, acidity, acidosis, acidulation, acidulous
acr-	height, summit, tip, top	Greek	ἀκή (akḗ), ἄκρος (ákros) "high", "extreme", ἄκρον (ákron)	acrobat, acrobatics, acrochordon, acromegalia, acromegaly, acromion, acronym, acrophobia, acropolis, acrostic, acroterion, acrotomophilia
acu-, acut-	sharp, pointed	Latin	acutus, past participle of acuere "to sharpen", from acus "needle"	acerose, acupuncture, acumen, acute, acutifoliate
ad-, a-, ac-, af-, ag-, al-, am-, an-, ap-, ar-, as-, at- [71]	movement to or toward; in addition to	Latin	ad "to", "toward"	accept, accurate, adapt, addition, address, adept, adherent, adhesive, adjust, admit, admonish, advertisement, affect, agglomerate, aggregate, aggression, allege, allude, ammunition, annectent, approximate, arreption, arride, arrogant, ascend, assault, assimilate, attend, attract
aer-, aero- [72]	air, atmosphere	Greek	ἀήρ, ἀέρος (aḗr, aéros) "air"	aerobic, aerodynamic, aeronautics, aeroplane, aerorrhachia, aerosol, aerotitis
aesth-	feeling, sensation	Greek	αἰσθητός (aisthētós), αἰσθητικός (aisthētikós) "of sense perception" from αἰσθάνεσθαι (aisthánesthai) "to perceive"	aesthesia, aesthesis, aesthete, aesthetics, anaesthetic, synesthesia
aev-, ev-	age	Latin	aevum	age, coeval, eon, eternal, longevity, medieval, primeval
ag-, -ig-, act-	do, go, move	Latin	agere, actus	act, action, activation, activity, actor, agenda, agent, agile, agitate, ambiguous, castigate, cogent, cogitate, cogitation, deactivate, excogitate, mitigate, navigate, proactive, react, transaction
ag- [73]	lead	Greek	ἄγειν (ágein) (cognate with Latin agere), ἀγωγός (agōgós)	agony, antagonist, antagonize, demagogue, pedagogue, pedagogy, strategy, synagogue
agr- [74]	field	Greek	ἀγρός, ἀγροῦ (agrós, agroû)	agronomist, agronomy
agri-, -egri-	field	Latin	ager, agris "field, country"	agriculture, peregrine
alg- [75]	pain	Greek	ἄλγος (álgos), ἀλγεινός, ἀλγεῖν (algeîn), ἄλγησις (álgēsis)	analgesic, arthralgia, neuralgia, nostalgia
ali-, alter-	other	Latin	alius "another", alter "other"	alias, alibi, alien, alter, alternate, altruism
all- [76]	other	Greek	ἄλλος (állos)	allegory, allogenic, allograph, allophone, parallactic, parallax
allel- [77]	one another	Greek	ἀλλήλων (allḗlōn)	allele, allelomorph, allelotaxis, parallel, parallelism, parallelogon, parallelogram
alt-	high, deep	Latin	altus, altitudo	altimeter, altitude, alto, altocumulus, contralto, exalt
am-, amat-	love, liking	Latin	amāre, amatus, amor	amateur, amatory, amenity, amorous, enamoured
am-, amic-, -imic-	friend	Latin	amicus	amiable, amicable, amity, enemy, enmity, inimical
ambi-, am-, amb-, ambo-, an-	both, on both sides	Latin	ambi	ambidexterity, ambient, ambiguous, ambit, ambition, ambivalent, amboceptor, amputation, ancipital, andante
ambul-	walk	Latin	ambulare	ambulance, ambulatory, amble, perambulate, preamble, somnambulist
amph-, amphi- [78]	both, on both sides of, both kinds	Greek	ἀμφί (amphí) "on both sides"	amphibian, amphibious, amphibole, amphibolic, amphimacer, Amphipoda, amphistyly, amphitheatre, amphoterism
amygdal- [79]	almond	Greek	ἀμυγδάλη (amugdálē), ἀμύγδαλον (amúgdalon)	almond, amygdala, amygdale, amygdalin, amygdaloid, amygdule
an-, a-, am-, ar-	not, without	Greek	Greek ἀν-/ἀ- "not"	ambrosia, anaerobic, anarchy, anemia, anesthesia, anhydrous, anonymous, apathy, aphasia, arrhythmia, atheism, atypical
ana-, am-, an- [80]	again, against, back, up	Greek	ἀνά (aná)	anagram, anabaptist, anaphylaxis, anarrhexis, anion, anode
andr- [81] (ΑΝΕΡ)	male, masculine	Greek	ἀνήρ, ἀνδρός (anḗr, andrós), ἀνδρότης	Andrew, Alexander, androcentric, androcentrism, androgen, androgenous, androgyne, androgynous, androgyny, android, andrology, androphobia, androspore, diandry, misandry, monandry, philander, polyandrous, polyandry, protandry, pseudandry, synandrous
anem- [82] (ΑΝ)	wind	Greek	ἄνεμος (ánemos)	anemograph, anemometer, anemometric, anemone, anemophilous, anemophily, anemophobia, anemoscope, anemotropism
anim-	breath, life, soul, spirit	Latin	anima "breath", "soul"	animal, animation, anime, animism, animus, inanimate, equanimity
ann-, -enn-	year, yearly	Latin	annus "year"	anniversary, annual, centennial, millennium, perennial
ant-, anti- [83]	against, opposed to, preventive	Greek	ἀντί (antí) "against"	antagonist, antagonize, antibiotic, antibody, antichrist, antidepressant antidote, antifreeze, antifungal, antigen, antinomies, antipathy, antipodes, antirrhinum, antiseptic, antisocial, antithesis
ante-, anti- [84]	before, in front of, prior to; old	Latin	ante "before", "against"; see also antiquus "old"	antebellum, antecedent, antedate, antediluvian, anteroom, anticipate, antiquarian, antiquate, antique, antiquity
anth- [85]	flower	Greek	ἀνθεῖν (antheîn), ἄνθος (ánthos), ἄνθησις (ánthēsis), ἄνθημα (ánthēma), ἀνθηρός (anthērós)	anther, anthesis, Anthocoridae, anthodite, anthology, anthophobia, anthophore, Anthozoa, chrysanthemum, dianthus, enanthem, enanthema, exanthem, exanthematic, hydranth, hypanthium, perianth, zoanthid
anthrop-	human	Greek	ἄνθρωπος (ánthrōpos) "man"	anthropology, anthroposophy, anthropomorphic, misanthrope, philanthropy
ap-, apo- [86]	off, away from, separate, at the farthest point	Greek	ἀπό (apó) "from, away, un-, quite", sometimes "changed, switched"	aphelion, apocrine, apocryphal, apogee, aporrhinosis, apostasy, apostate
aper-	open	Latin	aperire	aperient, apéritif, aperitive, aperture, overt, overture, pert
api-	bee	Latin	apis	apian, apiary, apicula, apium; Petrus Apianus
aqu-	water	Latin	aqua	acquacotta, akvavit, aqua vitae, aquaculture, aquamarine, aquarelle, aquarium, Aquarius, aquatic, aquatile, aqueduct, aqueous, aquifer, aquiferous, aquiform, gouache, semiaquatic
arachn-	spider	Greek	ἀράχνης, ἀράχνη (arákhnē)	Arachne, arachnid, arachnodactyly, arachnoid, arachnology, arachnophobia
arch-arche-archi-	ruler	Greek	ἄρχειν (árkhein), ἄρχων (árkhōn), ἀρχή (arkhḗ) "rule" (in compounds: ἀρχε-, ἀρχι-)	anarchism, anarchist, anarchy, andrarchy, antarchy, archangel, archetype, architect, archon, autarch, autarchism, autarchy, eparch, eparchy, exarch, gynarchy, monarch, monarchism, monarchist, monarchy, navarch, octarchy, oligarchy, patriarchy, plutarchy, polyarchy, synarchism, synarchy, tetrarchy, triarchy, trierarch
archae-, arche-	ancient	Greek	ἀρχαῖος (arkhaîos) "ancient" from ἀρχή (arkhḗ) "rule"	Archaea, archaeoastronomy, archaeology, archaic, archaism, archegonium, archeology
arithm-	count, number	Greek	ἀριθμός (arithmós), ἀριθμέω, ἀριθμητικός (arithmētikós)	antilogarithm, arithmetic, arithmomania, logarithm, logarithmic
arthr-	joint	Greek	ἄρθρον (árthron)	anarthria, arthritic, arthritis, arthrogryposis, arthropathy, arthroplasty, arthropod, arthroscope, arthroscopic, arthroscopy, arthrosis, dysarthria, osteoarthritis, spondyloarthropathy
aster-, astr-	star, star-shaped	Greek	ἀστήρ, ἀστέρος (astḗr, astéros), ἄστρον (ástron) "star"	aster, asterisk, asteroid, astrology, astronomy, astronaut, diasterism geaster, monaster
aud-	hearing, listening, sound	Latin	audire "to hear"	audible, audience, audio, audiobook, audiology, audiovisual, audit, audition, auditorium, auditory
aug-, auct-	grow, increase	Latin	augēre, auctus "to increase"	auction, augend, augment, augmentation, augur, augury, august, author, auxiliary, inauguration
auri-, aus-	relating to the ear	Latin	auris "ear"	aural, auricle, aurinasal, auscultate, auscultation
aut-, auto- [87]	self; directed from within	Greek	αὐτός (autós) "self", "same"	autarchism, autarchy, autarky, authentic, autism, autistic, autobiography, autocracy, autograph, autoimmune, automatic, automaton, automobile, autonomy, autopilot
aux- [88]	increase	Greek	αὔξειν (aúxein), αὐξάνειν auxánein, αὔξησις (aúxēsis), αὐξητικός (auxētikós)	auxanogram, auxanography, auxanology, auxanometer, auxesis, auxetic, auxin, auxochrome, auxology, auxotroph, auxotrophy
avi-, au-	bird	Latin	avis	auspice, auspicious, avian, aviary, aviation, aviator

B

Root	Meaning in English	Origin language	Etymology (root origin)	English examples
ba- [89] (ΒΑ [90])	to step	Greek	βαίνειν (baínein), βατός (batós), βάσις (básis), βῆμα, βήματος (bêma, bḗmatos), βάτης (bátēs), βάθρον (báthron), βατεῖν	acrobat, acrobatic, adiabatic, aerobatic, anabasis, anabatic, antiparabema, base, basic, basidiocarp, basidioma, basidiomycete, basidiospore, basidium, basion, basionym, basis, basophilic, bema, catabasis, catabatic, diabase, diabatic, diabetes, diabetic, dibasic, hyperbaton, hypobasis, katabasis, katabatic, monobasic, polybasic, stereobate, stylobate, tribasic
bal-, bel-, bol- (ΒΑΛ [91])	throw	Greek	βάλλειν (bállein), βολή (bolḗ), βλῆμα (blêma)	ametabolic, ametabolism, amphibole, amphibolic, amphibolite, amphibolous, amphiboly, anabolic, anabolism, astrobleme, ball, ballism, ballista, ballistic, ballistospore, belomancy, belonephobia, bolide, bolometer, catabolic, catabolism, devil, diabolic, emblem, emblematic, embolic, embolism, embolismic, embolize, embolon, embolus, emboly, hemiballismus, holometabolism, hyperbola, hyperbole, hyperbolic, hyperboloid, metabolic, metabolism, metabolite, metabolize, palaver, parable, parabola, parabolic, paraboloid, parle, parley, parol, parole, problem, problematic, symbol, symbolic, symbolism, symbolist, symbolize, symbology, taurobolium, thromboembolism
bar- [92]	weight, pressure	Greek	βαρύς (barús), βάρος (báros)	abarognosis, antibaryon, baresthesia, bariatric, baritone, barognosis, barogram, barograph, barometer, barometric, barophobia, barostat, barycentre, barycentric, baryogenesis, baryon, barysphere, baryton, barytone, hyperbaric, hypobaric, isobar, isobaric
bath-	deep, depth	Greek	βαθύς (bathús), βάθος (báthos)	batholith, bathophobia, bathos, bathymetry, bathyscaphe, bathysphere, isobathic
bell-, belli-	war	Latin	bellum, belli	antebellum, bellicose, belligerent, rebellion
ben-	good, well	Latin	bene (adverb)	beneficence, benefit, benevolent, benign, benignant, benignity
bi-, bin-, bis-	two	Latin	bis, "twice"; bini, "in twos"	bicycle, biennial, bifocal, bisexual, bigamy, binary, binoculars, biscotti
bibl- [93]	book	Greek	βίβλος (bíblos), βιβλίον (biblíon) "book"	bible, biblioclasm, biblioclast, bibliogony, bibliographic, bibliography, biblioklept, bibliomancy, bibliomania, bibliophile, bibliophilia, bibliophobe, bibliophobia, bibliotaph
bio-, bi- [94]	life	Greek	βιοῦν (bioûn), βίος (bíos) "life", βιωτός (biōtós), βιωτικός (biōtikós), βίωσις (bíōsis)	abiogenesis, abiotic, aerobiology, anhydrobiosis, anoxybiosis, antibiotic, astrobiology, autobiography, biocentrism, biochron, biocoenosis, biogenesis, biographic, biography, biologism, biologist, biology, biome, biometric, biomorph, biomorphism, biophilia, biophysicist, biophysics, biopoiesis, biopolymer, biopsy, biorhythm, biosemiotic, biosphere, biostasis, biosynthesis, biota, biotic, biotin, biotope, biotype, biozone, chemobiosis, cryobiosis, cryptobiosis, ectosymbiosis, endosymbiont, endosymbiosis, enterobiasis, exobiology, macrobiotic, microbiology, osmobiosis, probiotic, symbiogenesis, symbiology, symbiont, symbiosis, symbiotic
blast- [95]	germ, embryo, bud, cell with nucleus	Greek	βλαστάνειν (blastánein), "to sprout, bud", βλαστός (blastós), βλάστημα (blástēma)	blastema, blastochyle, blastocoel, blastocoele, blastocyst, blastoderm, blastoma, blastula, cytotrophoblast, diploblasty, ectoblast, endoblast, entoblast, fibroblast, osteoblast, sideroblast
bov-, bu-	cow, ox	Latin	bos (genitive bovis) "ox, cow"	beef, boor, bovine, bucinator muscle
brachi-, brachio-	arm	Latin from Greek	bracchium	brachiferous, brachial artery, brachiocubital
brachi-, brachio-, brachion-, brachioni-	arm	Greek	βραχίων (brakhíōn)	brachialgia, brachionerysipelas, brachionigraph, brachiorrhachidian, brachiosaurus
brachy- [96]	short	Greek	βραχύς (brakhús)	amphibrach, brachistochrone, brachycephaly, brachydactyly, brachyury, dibrach, tribrach
brady-, bradys- [97]	slow	Greek	βραδύς (bradús), βράδος (brádos)	bradycardia, bradysuria, bradytelic
brev-	brief, short (time)	Latin	brevis, breviare	abbreviate, brevextensor, brevicaudate, brevity, brief
bronch- [98]	windpipe	Greek	βρόγχος (brónkhos), βρόγχια (brónkhia)	bronchia, bronchiole, bronchion, bronchitis, bronchomalacia, bronchopneumonia, bronchus, tracheobronchomalacia
bucc-	cheek, mouth, cavity	Latin	bucca	buccal, buccilingual, buccolingual

C

Root	Meaning in English	Origin language	Etymology (root origin)	English examples
cac-, kak- [99]	bad	Greek	κακός (kakós), κάκιστος (kákistos)	cachexia, cacistocracy, cacodemon, cacoepy, cacography, cacophobia, cacophobe, cacophobic, cacophonous, cacophony, cacorrhacitis, kakistocracy, kakistocrat
cad-, -cid-, cas-	fall	Latin	cadere, casus	accidence, accident, accidental, cadaver, cadaverine, cadaverous, cadence, cadency, cadent, cadential, cadenza, caducity, caducous, cascade, case, casual, casualty, casuistry, chance, cheat, chute, coincide, coincidence, coincident, coincidental, decadence, decadent, decay, decidua, decidual, deciduate, deciduation, deciduous, demicadence, escheat, escheatable, escheatage, escheatment, escheator, incidence, incident, incidental, nonaccidental, nondeciduous, nonincidental, parachute, postaccident, procidentia, recidivous, semelincident
caed-, -cid-, caes-, -cis-	cut, kill	Latin	caedere, caesus	caespitose, caesura, cement, cementation, cementitious, cementum, cespitose, chisel, circumcise, circumcision, concise, concision, decidability, decidable, decide, decision, decisive, deciso, excide, excise, excision, excisional, germicide, genocide, homicide, imprecise, imprecision, incise, incision, incisive, incisor, incisory, incisure, indecision, indecisive, occision, pesticide, précis, precise, precision, scissors, semidecidable, succise, succision, suicide
cal-, call-	beautiful	Greek	καλός (kalós) "beautiful"; κάλλος (kállos) "beauty", κάλλιστος (kállistos)	calisthenics, calligraphy, Callista, Callisto, calophyllous, kaleidoscope
cal-	call	Latin	calare	calendar, claim, class, conciliate, conciliatory, council, intercalate, nomenclature
cal-	heat	Latin	calere, calor "heat"	caldarium, caldera, calefacient, calefaction, calefactive, calefactory, calenture, calescent, calid, calor, calore, caloric, calorie, calorifacient, calorific, calorigenic, calorimeter, caudle, cauldron, chafe, chafery, chalder, chaldron, chaud-froid, chauffer, chauffeur, chauffeuse, decalescence, decalescent, nonchalance, nonchalant, recalescence, scald
calc-	calcium , stone	Latin and Greek	from Latin calx (genitive calcis) "lime", from Greek χάλιξ (khálix) "pebble", "limestone"	calcite, calcitrant, calcium, calculate, calculus, chalicothere, chalk, recalcitrant
calyp- [100]	cover	Greek	καλύπτειν (kalúptein), καλυπτός (kaluptós), κάλυξ, κάλυκος (kálux, kálukos)	apocalypse, apocalyptic, apocalypticism, calyce, calyptra, Calyptrogyne, calyx, epicalyx, eucalypt, eucalyptus
cameria-	vault	Latin	camera	antechamber, bicameral, camaraderie, camber, camera, chamber, chamberlain, comrade, concamerate, concameration, multicamera, tricameral, unicameral
camp-	field	Latin	campus "field", "level ground"	camp, campaign, campesino, campestral, campicolous, campimetry, campo, campsite, campus, champertous, champerty, champignon, champion, decamp, decampment, encamp, encampment
can-	dog	Latin	canis	canaille, canary, canicular, canicule, canid, canine, Canis, Canis Major, postcanine
can-, -cin-, cant-, -cent-	sing	Latin	canere, cantus	accent, accentual, accentuate, accentuation, canción, canorous, cant, cantabile, cantata, cantation, cantatory, cantatrice, canticle, canticum, cantiga, cantilena, cantillate, cantillation, cantion, canto, cantor, cantus, canzona, canzone, Carmen, chanson, chansonnier, chant, chanteur, chanteuse, chanticleer, charm, concent, descant, discant, discantus, disenchant, disenchantment, disencharm, disincentive, enchant, enchantment, enchantress, incantation, incantational, incentive, plainchant, precentor, recant, recantation, succentor, vaticinate, vaticination, vaticinator
cand-, cend-	glowing, iridescent	Latin	candere "to be white or glisten"	candela, candid, candidate, candle, candor, incandescent, incendiary, incense
cap-, -cip-, capt-, -cept-	hold, take	Latin	capere, captus "take or hold" (vowel changes from a to i in compounds)	capable, capacious, captive, caption, captivate, capture, conception, except, forceps, incipient, intercept, recipient
capit-, -cipit-	head	Latin	caput, capitis	achievable, achieve, achievement, ancipital, ancipitous, biceps, bicipital, cabotage, cad, caddie, cadet, cape, capital, capitular, capitulate, capitulation, captain, chapter, chaptrel, chattel, chef, chief, chieftain, co-captain, co-captaincy, decapitate, decapitation, occipital, occiput, precipitation, precipitous, quadriceps, recap, recapitulate, sincipital, sinciput, sous-chef, subcaptain, triceps, tricipital, unicipital, vice-captain, vice-captaincy
capr-	goat	Latin	caper (genitive capri) "goat", also capreolus "wild goat"	cab, caper, caprice, Capricorn, caprine
carbon-	coal	Latin	carbo, carbonis	bicarbonate, carbon, carbonara, carbonate, carbonation, Carboniferous, carbuncle, radiocarbon
carcer-	jail	Latin	carcer, carcerare, cancelli	chancel, chancellery, chancellor, chancery, incarcerate, incarceration, subchancel
carcin-	cancer (disease)	Latin from Greek	Latin from Greek καρκίνος (karkínos) "crab"	carcinogenic, carcinoma
cardi- [101]	heart	Greek	καρδιά (kardiá)	cardiac, cardialgia, cardiograph, cardioid, cardiologist, cardiology, cardiomegaly, cardiomyopathy, cardioplegia, cardioplegic, cardiospasm, electrocardiogram, electrocardiography, endocardium, epicardium, hemicardia, myocardium, neurocardiology, pericardium
carn-	flesh	Latin	caro, carnis	carnage, carnal, carnality, carnary, carnate, carnation, carneous, carnival, carnivore, carnose, carnosity, carrion, caruncle, carunculate, charcuterie, charnel, discarnate, incarnadine, incarnate, incarnation, reincarnate, reincarnation
carp- [102]	fruit	Greek	καρπός (karpós)	acarpous, acrocarpous, amphicarpous, angiocarpous, anisocarpic, Carpo, carpogonium, carpology, carpophagous, carpophore, carpospore, cystocarp, dipterocarp, endocarp, epicarp, exocarp, Karpos, mericarp, mesocarp, monocarpic, pericarp, polycarpic, procarp, pseudocarp
cata-, cat-	down, against, back	Greek	κατά (katá) "down, against, back"	catabolic, catacomb, catalyst, catarrhine, catastrophe, catatonia, cathode, cation
caten-	chain	Latin	catena	catenary, concatenation
cathar- [103]	pure	Greek	καθαρός (katharós)	catharsis, cathartic
caus-, -cus-	cause or motive	Latin	causa	accuse, because, causal, causative, cause, excuse
caust-, caut-	burn	Greek	καίειν (kaíein), καυστός, καυτός (kaustós, kautós), καυστικός (kaustikós), καῦσις (kaûsis), καῦμα (kaûma)	calm, catacaustic, causalgia, causalgic, caustic, cauter, cauterize, cautery, diacaustic, encaustic, holocaust, hypocaust
cav-	hollow	Latin	cavus	cave, cavity, excavation, cavern, cavernous, concave
ced-, cess-	move, yield, go, surrender	Latin	cedere, cessus	accede, cede, concede, precede, procedure, proceed, procession, recede, secede, succeed, success
cel-	hide	Latin	celare "to hide"	ceiling, clandestine, conceal, occult
celer-	quick	Latin	celer, celerare	acceleration, celerity
cent-	hundred	Latin	centum	cent, centennial, centurion, percent, century
centr-	center	Greek	κεντεῖν, κέντησις, κέντρον (kéntron) "needle", "spur", κεντρικός, κεντρισμός	acentric, acrocentric, amniocentesis, anthropocentric, anthropocentrism, barycenter, biocentric, biocentrism, centaur, centauromachy, centesis, centre, centric, centrism, centrist, centroid, centromere, centromeric, centrosphere, centrosymmetric, centrosymmetry, centrum, eccentric, eccentrism, eccentrist, ecocentric, ecocentrism, ecocentrist, egocentric, egocentrism, enterocentesis, epicentre, holocentric, metacentric, monocentric, neocentromere, orthocenter, orthocentric, paracentesis, pericardiocentesis, technocentric, technocentrism, telocentric, thoracentesis, thoracocentesis
centri-	center	Latin	centrum	central, center, concentrate, concentric, centrifugal, centripetal
cephal-	head	Greek	κεφαλή (kephalḗ)	acephalic, acephaly, anencephaly, autocephaly, brachiocephalic, brachycephalic, cephalic, cephalomancy, cephalometry, cephalon, cephalopagus, cephalopod, diencephalon, dolichocephalic, encephalitis, encephalogram, encephalopathy, holoprosencephaly, hydrocephalus, macrocephaly, mesaticephalic, mesencephalic, mesocephalic, metencephalon, microcephaly, myelencephalon, neencephalon, paleencephalon, prosencephalon, rhombencephalon, rhombencephalosynapsis, syncephalus, telencephalon
cern-, cer-	sift	Latin	cernere "to sift, separate"	ascertain, certain, concern, concert, decree, discern, excrement, secern, secret
cervic-	relating to the neck, relating to the cervix	Latin	cervix, cervicis "neck"	cervix, cervical
chir- [104]	of the hand or hands	Greek	χείρ (kheír) "hand"	chiral, chiropractic, chiroptera, chirurgy, enchiridion, Haplocheirus
chlor- [105]	green	Greek	χλωρός (khlōrós)	chloranthy, chlorine, chlorophobia, chlorophyll, chloroplast, pyrochlore
chore-	relating to dance	Greek	χορεία (khoreía) "dancing in unison" from χορός (khorós) "chorus"	chorea, choree, choreia, choreography, chorus, hemichorea
chro-, chrom-	color	Greek	χρῶμα (khrôma)	achromat, achromatic, achromatism, achromatopsia, achromatopsic, amphichroic, apochromat, auxochrome, chroma, chromatic, chromatid, chromatophore, chrome, chromium, chromogen, chromolithography, chromophobia, chromophore, chromosome, dichroic, dichroism, dichromatic, heliochrome, heterochromatic, heterochromatin, microchromosome, monochromatic, monochrome, photochromism, pleochroism, polychromatic, polychrome, trichroism, trichromatic, trichromic
chron- [106]	time	Greek	χρόνος (khrónos)	anachronism, asynchronous, biochronology, chronaxie, chronic, chronicle, chronogram, chronograph, chronology, chronometer, chronometry, chronophobia, chronophotography, chronostasis, geochronology, heterochrony, hydrochronometer, isochron, protochronism, synchronic, synchronism, synchronize, synchronous, tautochrone
chrys- [107]	gold	Greek	χρυσός (khrusós), χρύσεος "golden"	chrysalis, chryselephantine, chrysolite, chrysophobia, chrysoprase
cing-, cinct-	gird	Latin	cingere, cinctus	succinct
circum-	around	Latin	circum	circumcise, circumference, circumlocution, circumnavigate, circumscribe
cis-	on this side of, on the side nearer to the speaker (as opposed to trans-)	Latin	cis	cisalpine, cisandine, cisatlantic, cisgangetic, cisgender, cisjurane, cisleithan, cislunar, cismontane, cispadane, cispontine, cisrhenane
clam-	cry out	Latin	clamare	acclaim, claim, clamor, exclamation, proclamation, reclamation
clar-	clear	Latin	clarus, clarare	clarity, clear, declaration
clast-	broken	Greek	κλᾶν, κλαστός (klastós), κλάσις, κλάσμα	anorthoclase, antanaclasis, clastic, iconoclast, orthoclase, osteoclast, plagioclase, pyroclastic, synclastic
claud-, -clud-, claus-, -clus-	close, shut	Latin	claudere, clausus	clause, claustrophobia, conclude, exclude, exclusive, include, occlusion, occult, recluse, seclude
clav-	key	Greek	κλείς (kleís) "key" from κλείειν, (kleíein) "to close"	clavichord, clavicle, conclave
col-, cult-	cultivate, till, inhabit	Latin	colere, cultus	acculturate, acculturation, agriculture, apiculture, bicultural, colonial, colony, countercultural, counterculture, cult, cultivable, cultivate, cultivation, cultivator, cultural, culturati, culture, deculturate, deculturation, incult, inculturation, inquiline, inquilinity, inquilinous, intercultural, multicultural, postcolonial, precolonial, subcultural, subculture
coll-	neck	Latin	collum	accolade, col, collar, decollate, decollation, décolletage, encollar
con-, co-, col-, com-, cor- [108]	with, together	Latin	cum	coagulate, collide, compress, connect, connote, contain, contribute, consult, constitution, corrode, quondam
con- [109]	cone	Greek	κῶνος (kônos), κωνικός (kōnikós)	conic, conical, conicoid, conodont, conoid, conoscope, orthocone, orthoconic, polyconic
contra-	against	Latin	contra	contraband, contraception, contradict, contraindicate, contrast, contravene
copr- [110]	dung	Greek	κόπρος (kópros)	copremia, coprographia, coprolagnia, coprolalia, coprolite, coprolith, coprology, coprophagia, coprophagy, coprophilia, copropraxia, encopresis, encopretic
cor-, cord-	heart	Latin	cor, cordis	accord, accordance, accordant, accordatura, concord, concordance, concordant, concordat, corcle, cordate, cordial, cordiality, cordiform, core, courage, courageous, discord, discordance, discordant, discourage, discouragement, encourage, encouragement, misericord, nonaccordant, obcordate, record, scordatura
corn-	horn	Latin	cornū	bicorn, bicorne, Capricorn, cornea, corneal, corneous, corner, cornicle, corniculate, corniferous, cornification, corniform, cornucopia, quadricorn, quadricornous, tricorn, tricorne, tricornigerous, tricornute, unicorn, unicornous
coron-	crown	Latin	corona, coronare	corona, coronation, coronavirus, coroner, coronet, coroniform, Coronilla, crown, incoronate
corpor-	body	Latin	corpus, corporis	accorporate, bicorporal, concorporate, concorporation, corporal, corporality, corporate, corporation, corporative, corporature, corporeal, corporeality, corporeity, corps, corpse, corpulence, corpulent, corpus, corpuscle, corpuscular, disincorporate, disincorporation, extracorporeal, incorporal, incorporality, incorporate, incorporation, incorporeal, incorporeality, incorporeity, tricorporal
cortic-	bark	Latin	cortex, corticis	cortex, cortical, corticate, corticiform, corticifugal, corticipetal, decorticate, decortication, decorticator
cosm- [111]	universe	Greek	κόσμος (kósmos)	cosmic, cosmogeny, cosmogony, cosmology, cosmonaut, cosmopolitan, cosmopolite, cosmos, microcosm
cosmet-	the art of dress and ornament	Greek	κοσμεῖν (kosmeîn), κοσμητική (kosmētikḗ) from κόσμος (kósmos)	cosmesis, cosmetics, cosmetologist, cosmetology
cost-	rib	Latin	costa	accost, bicostate, coast, coastal, costa, costal, costate, curvicostate, entrecôte, infracostal, intercostal, intracoastal, multicostate, quadricostate, supracostal, tricostate, unicostate
-cracy, -crat	government, rule, authority	Greek	κράτος (krátos), κρατία (kratía)	acrasia, akrasia, akratic, anocracy, aristocracy, autocracy, autocrat, autocratic, bureaucracy, democracy, democratic, pancratium, plutocracy, technocracy, technocrat, theocracy
crani- [112]	skull	Greek	κρανίον (kraníon)	craniologist, craniometry, craniosynostosis, cranium, hemicrania, megrim, migraine
crea-	make	Latin	creare, creatus	creation, creative, creator, creature, creole, procreation, recreation
cred-	believe, trust	Latin	credere, creditus	accreditation, credence, credentials, credibility, credible, credit, creditor, credo, credulity, credulous, creed, discredit, incredible, incredulous, miscreant, recreant
cresc-	grow, rise	Latin	crescere	accresce, accrescence, accrescent, accrete, accretion, accrue, concrete, crescendo, crescent, crew, decrease, increase, recruit, recruitment, surcrew
crit-, crisi- [113]	judge, separate	Greek	κρίνειν (krínein), κρίσις (krísis), κρίμα (kríma)	apocrine, crisis, criterion, critic, critical, criticaster, criticise, criticism, critique, diacritic, eccrine, eccrinology, eccrisis, eccritic, endocrine, endocrinology, exocrine, heterocrine, holocrine, hypercriticism, hypocrisy, hypocrite, kritarchy, Kritosaurus, merocrine, syncrisis
cruc-	cross	Latin	crux, crucis	cross, crucial, cruciate, crucifer, cruciferous, crucifix, crucifixion, cruciform, crucify, crucigerous, cruise, crusade, cruzeiro, discruciate, excruciate, intercross, recross
crypt- [114]	hide, hidden	Greek	κρύπτειν (krúptein) "to hide", κρυπτός (kruptós)	apocrypha, apocryphal, archaeocryptography, crypt, cryptanalysis, crypteia, cryptic, cryptobiosis, cryptobiotic, cryptochrome, cryptogam, cryptogenic, cryptography, cryptology, cryptomonad, cryptophyte, cryptosystem, grot, grotesque, grotto
culp-	blame, fault	Latin	culpa	culpability, culpable, culprit, exculpate, exculpatory, inculpable, inculpate, inculpatory, mea culpa
cur-	care for	Latin	cūra, curare	accuracy, accurate, assecure, assurance, assure, curability, curable, curacy, curate, curative, curator, cure, curettage, curette, curio, curiosity, curious, ensure, inaccuracy, inaccurate, incurable, insecure, insecurity, insurability, insurable, insurance, insure, manicure, pedicure, pococurante, proctor, proctour, proctorage, proctorial, procurable, procuracy, procuration, procurator, procure, procurement, proxy, reassurance, reassure, reinsurance, reinsure, scour, scourage, secure, security, sinecural, sinecure, sure, surety
curr-, curs-	run, course	Latin	currere, cursus	concur, concurrent, corridor, courier, course, currency, current, cursive, cursor, cursory, discourse, excursion, incur, occur, recur, recursion, recursive, succor
curv-	bent	Latin	curvus "crooked, curved", from curvare "to bend"	cavort, curb, curvaceous, curvate, curvation, curvature, curve, curviform, curvilinear, curvity, incurvate, incurvature, incurve, recurvate, recurve, recurvous
cut-	hide, skin	Latin	cutis	cutaneous, cuticle, cuticolor, cuticular, cutin, cutis, cutisector, intracutaneous, subcutaneous
cyan- [115]	blue	Greek	κυανός (kuanós)	anthocyanin, cyanic, cyanide, cyanogen, cyanophobia, cyanophore, cyanosis, cyanotic, isocyanic
cycl- [116]	circle	Greek	κύκλος (kúklos), κυκλικός (kuklikós)	acyclic, anticyclone, anticyclonic, bicycle, cycle, cyclic, cyclide, cycloid, cyclone, cyclops, cyclosis, cyclotomic, dicyclic, eccyclema, epicycle, epicycloid, hemicycle, hemicyclium, heterocyclic, homocyclic, hypercycle, hypocycloid, isocyclic, mesocyclone, monocyclic, polycyclic, pseudocyclosis, tetracyclic, tricycle, tricyclic, unicycle
cyst- [117]	capsule	Greek	κύστις (kústis)	cysteine, cystic, cysticercus, cystine, cystolith, cystoma, oocyst, polycystic
cyt- [118]	cell	Greek	κύτος (kútos)	astrocyte, cnidocyte, cytapheresis, cytaster, cytokine, cytokinesis, cytokinin, cytology, cytoplasm, cytostasis, cytostatic, exocytosis, gonocyte, hypercytosis, leukocyte, leukocytosis, monocyte, monocytopoiesis, pancytopenia, phagocytosis, polycythaemia, polycythemia, syncytium

D

Root	Meaning in English	Origin language	Etymology (root origin)	English examples
dactyl- [119]	digit, finger, toe	Greek	δάκτυλος (dáktulos)	anisodactyly, antidactylus, arachnodactyly, artiodactyl, brachydactyly, clinodactyly, dactyl, dactylic, dactylology, dactylomancy, dactylomegaly, dactylus, dactyly, date, didactyly, ectrodactyly, heterodactylous, heterodactyly, leptodactylous, monodactyly, oligodactyly, pamprodactyly, pentadactyl, pentadactylous, pentadactyly, perissodactyl, polydactyly, pterodactyl, schizodactyly, syndactylous, syndactyly, tetradactylous, tetradactyly, tridactyly, zygodactyly
damn-, -demn-	to inflict loss upon	Latin	damnum, damnāre	condemn, condemnation, damage, damnation, indemnify, indemnity
de-	down, away from, removing	Latin	dē	decay, decide, declare, decline, decompose, dedicate, deduce, defend, deletion, delineate, delude, demarcate, dementia, depress, derogatory, desecrate, descend, destroy, detract
dec- [120]	ten	Latin from Greek	δέκα (déka) "ten", δεκάς, δεκάδος (dekás, dekádos), δεκάκις (dekákis) "ten times", δεκαπλάσιος (dekaplásios) "ten-fold" decem, "ten" decies, "ten times" decumo, "tenfold"	decad, decade, decagon, decagram, decahedron, Decalogue, decamer, decamerous, decameter, decapod, decathlon
decor-	ornament	Latin	decorus "fit, proper" and decorare "to decorate", from decor "beauty, ornament" and decus "ornament"	decor, décor, decorament, decorate, decoration, decorative, decorator, decorous, decorum, redecorate
dem- [121]	people	Greek	δῆμος (dêmos)	Damocles, demagogue, deme, democracy, demographic, demography, demonym, demophobia, demotic, ecdemic, endemic, epidemic, epidemiology, pandemic
dendr- [122]	tree	Greek	δένδρον (déndron); akin to δρύς (drús) "tree"	dendric, dendrite, dendrochronology, dendrogram, dendromancy, Epidendrum, rhododendron
dent-	tooth	Latin	dens, dentis	bident, bidental, dandelion, dental, dentary, dentate, dentation, dentelle, denticity, denticle, denticulate, dentiferous, dentiform, dentifrice, dentigerous, dentil, dentin, dentinal, dentine, dentition, denture, indent, indentation, indenture, interdental, interdentil, intradental, multidentate, quadridentate, trident, tridentate
der- [123]	skin	Greek	δέρειν (dérein), δέρμα, δέρματος (dérma, dérmatos)	Dermaptera, dermatology, dermis, ectoderm, endoderm, epidermis, hypodermic, mesoderm, scleroderma, taxidermy, xeroderma
dexter-	right	Latin	dexter	ambidexterity, ambidextrous, dexter, dexterity, dexterous, dextral, dextrality, dextrin, dextrorse, dextrose
di-	two	Greek	δι- (di-)	diatomic, dicot, digamy, diode, dipole
dia- [124]	apart, through	Greek	διά (diá)	deacon, diagram, dialysis, diameter
div-, diff-	different	Latin	diversum	different, divergence, diversity, divide, diffeomorphism
dic-, dict-	say, speak, proclaim	Latin	dīcere, dictus, dictare	benediction, condition, contradict, dictate, dictation, dictator, diction, dictionary, dictum, edict, indictment, interdiction, malediction, predict, prediction, valediction, verdict
digit-	finger	Latin	digitus	bidigitate, digit, digital, digitate, digitiform, digitigrade, multidigit, multidigitate
dipl- [125]	twofold	Greek	διπλόος (diplóos), δίπλωσις (díplōsis), δίπλωμα (díplōma)	diploblasty, diploid, diploidy, diploma, diplomacy, diplomat, diplomatic, diplomatics, diplonema, diplophase, diplopia, diplosis, diplotene, haplodiploid, haplodiploidy
do- [126] (ΔΟ [127])	give	Greek	διδόναι (didónai), δοτός, (dotós,), δόσις (dósis), δόμα, δόματος (dóma, dómatos) δῶρον, διδόμενον	anecdote, antidoron, antidote, apodosis, dose
doc-, doct-	teach	Latin	docere, doctus	docile, doctor, doctrine, document, indoctrinate, indoctrination
dog-, dox-	opinion, tenet	Greek	δοκεῖν (dokeîn) "to appear, seem, think", δόξα (dóxa) "opinion", δόγμα (dógma)	dogma, dogmatic, dogmatism, doxology, heterodox, orthodox, paradox
dol-	pain	Latin	dolere "to grieve", also dolus "grief" and dolor "pain"	condolence, dol, doleful, dolorous, indolence
dom-	house	Latin	domus	dame, domal, dome, domestic, domesticate, domestication, domesticity, domestique, domicile, domiciliary, major-domo, semidome
domin-	master	Latin	dominus "master"; (from domus "house")	beldam, beldame, belladonna, codomain, codominance, codominant, condominium, dam, dame, damsel, danger, demesne, demoiselle, domain, dominance, dominant, dominate, domination, dominative, dominator, dominatrix, domine, domineer, dominicide, dominion, dominium, domino, duenna, dungeon, madam, madame, mademoiselle, madonna, predominance, predominant, predominate, quasidominance, semidominance, subdominant, superdominant
don-	give	Latin	dōnum, donare	condonation, condone, donate, donation, donative, donator, donatory, donor, pardon, pardonable
dorm-	sleep	Latin	dormire	dormant, dormitory
dors-	back	Latin	dorsum	disendorse, dorsal, dorsiferous, dorsiflexion, dorsiflexor, dorsigrade, dorsiventral, dorsum, dossier, endorse, endorsee, endorsement, indorse, indorsement, reredos
dram-, drom- (ΔΡΑΜ)	run	Greek	δραμεῖν (drameîn), δρόμος (drómos)	aerodrome, anadromous, antidromic, catadromous, diadromous, dromaeosaurid, heterodromous, hippodrome, loxodrome, monodromy, palindrome, syndrome
du-	two	Latin	duo	deuce, doubt, dual, duality, duet, duo, duplex, duplicity, duumvirate, duumviri, nonduality
duc-, duct-	lead	Latin	ducere, ductus	abduce, abduct, adduce, adduct, conduce, deduce, induce, introduce, produce, reduce, seduce, traduce
dur-	hard	Latin	durus, durare	dour, dura, durability, durable, durain, dural, duramen, durance, durancy, duration, durative, dure, duress, durity, durous, durum, endurable, endurance, endurant, endure, indurate, induration, nondurable, obduracy, obdurate, obduration, perdurable, perdurance, perdure, subdural
dyna- [128]	power	Greek	δύνασθαι (dúnasthai), δυνατός, δύναμις (dúnamis), δυνάστης (dunástēs)	aerodynamic, aerodynamics, antidynastic, autodyne, didynamous, dynamic, dynamism, dynamite, dynamo, dynast, dynastic, dynasty, heterodyne, metadynamics
dys-	badly, ill	Greek	δυσ- (dus-)	dysentery, dysphagia, dysphasia, dysplasia, dystrophy

E

Root	Meaning in English	Origin language	Etymology (root origin)	English examples
ec- [129]	out	Greek	ἐκ (ek)	eccentric, ecstasy, ecstatic
ech-	sound	Greek	ἠχή, ἠχώ, ἠχοῦς, ἠχεῖν (ēkheîn), ἤχημα	anechoic, catechesis, catechism, catechist, catechize, catechumen, echo, echoic
eco-	house	Greek	οἶκος (oîkos)	ecology, economics, economy, ecumenism
ecto- [130]	outside	Greek	ἐκτός (ektós)	ectoderm, ectoparasite, ectotherm
ed-, es-	eat	Latin	edere, esus	comedo, comestible, edacity, edibility, edible, escarole, esculent, esurience, esurient, inedia, inedible, inescation, inescate, obese, obesity
ego- [131]	self, I (first person)	Latin, Greek	ego, ἐγώ (egṓ)	egocentric, egocentrism, egoism, egoistic, egomania, egomaniac
electr- [132]	amber	Greek	ἤλεκτρον (ḗlektron)	electric, electricity, electrolysis, electrolyte, electromagnetic, electron, electronic, polyelectrolyte
em-, empt-	buy	Latin	emere, emptus	adeem, adempt, ademption, exemption, preempt, redeem
en-, el-, em- [133]	in	Greek	ἐν (en)	emphasis, enclitic, enthusiasm, ellipsis, elliptic
encephal-	brain	Greek	ἐγκέφαλος (enképhalos)	encephalopathy
endo- [134]	inside, within	Greek	ἔνδον (éndon)	endocardial, endocerid, endocrine, endocytosis, endogamy, endogenous, endorheic, endoscopy, endoskeleton, endosperm, endospore
ep-, epi- [135]	upon	Greek	ἐπί (epí)	ephedra, ephemeral, ephemeris, epicenter, epidemic, epilog, epiphany, episteme, epistemic, epistemology, epitaph, epitaphios, epithet, epitome, epoch, eponymous
equ-, -iqu-	even, equal, level	Latin	aequus	equal, equanimity, equate, Equator, equilibrium, equinox, equipoise, equity, equivalence, equivocal, equivocate, iniquity
erg-, org-, urg- [136]	work	Greek	ϝέργον (wérgon), έργον (érgon), ἐργάτης (ergátēs), ὄργανον (órganon), ὀργανικός (organikós), ὄργια (órgia)	allergic, allergy, argon, demiurge, dramaturgy, endoergic, energetic, energy, erg, ergate, ergatocracy, ergodic, ergometer, ergonomics, ergophobia, exoergic, gamergate, georgic, heterorganic, homorganic, liturgy, metallurgy, microorganism, organ, organic, organism, organist, organize, organogenesis, organoid, organoleptic, orgiastic, orgy, parergon, surgeon, synergism, synergy, theurgic, theurgist, theurgy, zymurgy
erot- [137]	(sexual) love	Greek	ἔρως, ἔρωτος (érōs, érōtos)	erogenous, erotic, erotomania, erotophilia, erotophobia
err-	stray	Latin	errare	aberrance, aberrancy, aberrant, aberration, err, errant, erratic, erratum, erroneous, error, inerrant
erythr- [138]	red	Greek	ἐρυθρός (eruthrós), ἐρύθημα (erúthēma)	erythema, Erythraean, erythraemia, erythroblastopenia, erythrocyte, erythrocytosis, erythromelalgia, erythrophobia, erythrophore, erythroprosopalgia
eso- [139]	within	Greek	ἔσω (ésō)	esophoria, esoteric, esotericism, esotropia
ethn- [140]	people, race, tribe, nation	Greek	ἔθνος (éthnos), ἐθνικός (ethnikós)	ethnarch, ethnarchy, ethnic, ethnoarchaeology, ethnography, ethnomusicology, polyethnic
eu- [141]	well, good	Greek	εὖ (eû)	aneuploidy, eudaemon (eudemon), eukaryote, euphony, euphoria, euphoric, euploid, euthanasia
ex-, e-, ef-	outside, out of, from, out	Latin	ex	exclude, exist, exit, extend, extrude
exo- [142]	outside	Greek	ἔξω (éxō)	exogamy, exoplanet, exoskeleton, exosome, exosphere, exoteric, exothermic, exotic, exoticism, exotropia
extra-	outer	Latin	extra, extraneus and exterus	estrange, estrangement, exterior, extra, extraneous, extraordinary, strange
extrem-	outermost, utmost	Latin	extremus	extreme, extremity, extremophile

F

Root	Meaning in English	Origin language	Etymology (root origin)	English examples
fa-, fa (FA) [143]	say, speak	Latin	fārī, see also fatērī	affable, bifarious, confess, defamation, fable, fame, fascinate, fate, ineffability, infamy, infancy, infant, infantry, nefarious, preface, profess
fac-, fact-, -fect-, -fic- (FAC) [144]	do, make	Latin	facere, factus	affair, affect, affectation, amplify, artifact, artifice, benefactor, benefice, benefit, confection, counterfeit, defeat, defect, disaffect, edifice, effect, effectible, effection, effective, effectivity, effector, effectual, effectuality, effectuate, effectuation, efficacious, efficacity, efficacy, efficiency, efficient, enface, enfacement, facade/façade, face, facet, facette, facial, faciend, facient, facile, facilitate, facilitation, facilitative, facilitator, facilitatory, facility, facinorous, facsimile, fact, faction, factional, factionary, factious, factitious, factor, factorable, factorial, factory, factotum, factual, fake, fashion, feasible, feat, feature, feckless, fiat, forfeit, infect, inofficious, interoffice, laissez-faire, malefaction, manufacture, modify, nonofficial, office, official, officiant, officiary, officiate, officious, olfaction, omnificence, omnificent, parfait, perfect, perfecta, perfectibility, perfectible, perfection, perfective, perfector, pluperfect, prefect, prefectural, prefecture, prequalification, proficiency, proficient, profit, profitability, profitable, profiteer, profiterole, prolific, qualification, quasiperfect, rarefy, refactorable, refashion, refect, refection, refectory, reinfect, remanufacture, resurface, reunification, sacrifice, scientific, semelfactive, suboffice, subprefect, suffice, sufficiency, sufficient, superficial, superficiality, surface, surfeit, surficial, transfection, trifacial, trifecta, uniface, unifacial, unifactorial, unification
fall-, fallac-, fals-	false, deceive	Latin	fallere, falsus, fallāx, fallācis	default, fail, fallacious, fallacy, fallible, false, falsetto, falsify, falsity, fault
fasc-	bundle	Latin	fascis	fajita, fasciculation, fascism
fer-	to bear, carry	Latin	ferre	aquifer, circumference, confer, conifer, defer, differ, ferry, fertile, infer, Lucifer, offer, prefer, refer, suffer, transfer, vociferous
ferr-	iron	Latin	ferrum	ferrous
fid-, fis-	faith, trust	Latin	fidēs "faith, trust", from fidere "to trust"	confidante, confidence, confident, diffident, faith, fealty, fidelity, fiduciary, infidel, perfidious, perfidy
fig-, fing-, fict- (FIG) [145]	to form, shape	Latin	fingere "to touch, handle; devise; fabricate, alter, change"	configure, disfigure, effigy, feign, fiction, fictitious, figment, figurine, nonfiction, transfigure
fin-	end	Latin	fīnis	affinity, confine, define, final, finale, finance, fine, finish, finite, infinite, refine
firm-	firm, strong	Latin	firmus, firmāre	affirm, confirm, confirmation, firm, firmament, infirm
fix-	attach	Latin	fīxāre, frequentative of fīgere	affix, fix, fixation, fixture, prefix, suffix, transfix
fl-, fla- (FLA) [146]	blow	Latin	flāre, flātus	afflatus, conflate, deflate, flatulence, flatus, flavor, flute, inflate, insufflation, soufflé, sufflate
flect-, flex-	bend	Latin	flectere, flexus	circumflex, deflect, flex, flexible, flexile, flexion, flexor, genuflection, inflect, inflection, reflect, reflection, reflex
flig-, flict-	strike	Latin	flīgere, -flīctus	afflict, conflict, inflict, profligacy, profligate
flu-, fluv-, flux-	flow	Latin	fluere, fluxus	affluent, confluence, effluent, fluctuate, fluctuation, fluency, fluent, fluid, fluidity, flush, fluvial, flux, influence, influx, superfluous
form-	shape	Latin	fōrma	conform, deform, form, formal, formation, formula, formulate, inform, perform, reform, uniform
fort-	strong	Latin	fortis	force, fort, forte, fortify, fortitude, fortress
frag-, frang-, -fring-, fract-	break	Latin	frangere, frāctus	defray, diffract, fractal, fraction, fractious, fracture, fragile, fragment, frangible, fray, infraction, infringe, refract, refractory, refrain
frater-, fratr-	brother	Latin	frāter	fraternal, fraternity
frig-	cold	Latin	frīgere	frigid, frigorific
front-	forehead	Latin	frōns, frontis	confront, frontage, frontal
fruct-, frug-	fruit	Latin	frūx, frūgis; frū̆ctus	fructose, frugivorous
fund-	bottom	Latin	fundāre "to found", from fundus "bottom, foundation"	found, founder, foundation, fund, fundament, fundamental, fundamentalism, profound, profundity
fund-, fus-	pour	Latin	fundere, fūsus	confound, diffusion, effusion, effusive, found, fusion, infusion, perfusion, profuse, profusion, refund, suffusion, transfusion

G

Root	Meaning in English	Origin language	Etymology (root origin)	English examples
galact- [147] (ΓΛΑΚ) [148]	milk	Greek	γάλα, γάλακτος (gála, gálaktos)	galactagogue, galactic, galactorrhea, lactose, polygala, polygalactia, galaxy
gam- [149]	marriage, wedding	Greek	γάμος (gámos), γαμεῖν (gameîn), γαμέτης (gamétēs), γαμετή (gametḗ)	agamic, agamogenesis, agamospermy, agamy, allogamy, anisogamete, anisogamy, apogamy, autogamy, cleistogamous, cleistogamy, cryptogam, deuterogamist, deuterogamy, digamous, digamy, endogamous, endogamy, exogamous, exogamy, gamete, gametic, gametocyte, gametogenesis, gametophyte, geitonogamy, heterogametic, heterogamous, heterogamy, homogametic, karyogamy, misogamy, monogamous, monogamy, oogamy, planogamete, plasmogamy, polygamist, polygamy
gastr- [150]	stomach	Greek	γαστήρ, γαστρός (gastḗr, gastrós)	epigastric, epigastrium, gasteroid, gastric, gastrin, gastritis, gastroenterologist, gastroenterology, gastrolith, gastronomic, gastronomy, gastroparesis, gastropod, gastroptosis, gastroschisis, gastrotrich, mesogastric, Myxogastria
ge-, geo- [151]	earth	Greek	γῆ (gê), γαῖα, γαίας (gaîa, gaías), γεω- (geō-)	apogee, biogeography, epigeous, Gaia, geocentric, geocentrism, geode, geodesy, geodetic, geography, geoid, geology, geomancy, geometry, geomorphology, geophysicist, geophysics, georgic, Georgics, geosphere, geostatic, geostrophic, geosynchronous, geosyncline, hypogeous, hypogeum, Pangea, perigee
gel-	icy cold	Latin	gelum	congeal, congelation, gel, gelati, gelatin, gelatinous, gelation, gelato, gelée, gelid, gelifluction, gelignite, jellification, jelly
gen-, gon- [152] (ΓΕΝ) [153]	birth, beget, race, kind	Greek	γίγνεσθαι (gígnesthai), and related γένος (génos), γενετικός (genetikós), γένεσις (génesis); see also γενεά (geneá)	allergen, anagenesis, antigen, autogenesis, autogenous, biogenesis, dysgenic, endogen, endogenous, epigene, epigenesis, epigenetics, epigone, erogenous, Eugene, eugenic, eugenics, exogenous, gametogenesis, gene, genealogy, genesis, genetic, genocide, genotype, genophobia, gonad, heterogeneous, homogenesis, homogenetic, homogeneous, hydrogen, hypogene, hypogenesis, hypogenic, hypogenous, monogenic, oogenesis, paragenesis, pathogen, polygenous, progenesis, pseudogene, spermatogenesis
gen- (GEN) [154]	beget	Latin	gignere, genitus, genus (genitive generis), see also generare	congenial, engender, gender, generate, generation, genial, genius, genital, genitive, genteel, gentle, genuine, genus, indigenous, ingenious, ingenuous, primogenitor, progeny
ger-, gest- (GES) [155]	bear, carry	Latin	gerere, gestus	agger, congest, digest, gerundive, gestation, register, suggest, vicegerent
germ-	sprout	Latin	germen, germinis	germ, German, germane, germicide, germinal, germinate, germination, nongermane, regerminate
glaci-	ice	Latin	glacies	glacé, glacial, glaciation, glacier, glacious, glacis, glance
glob-	sphere	Latin	globus	global, globate, globe, globose, globosity, globular, globule, globulin, inglobate
gloss-, glot- [156]	tongue	Greek	γλῶσσα (glôssa), γλωττίς (glōttís)	aglossia, anthropoglot, aryepiglottic, diglossia, epiglottis, gloss, glossary, glossophobia, glottis, heterogloss, heteroglossia, idioglossia, isogloss, monoglot, monoglottism, polyglot, polyglottism
glutin-	glue	Latin	gluten, glutinis	agglutinant, agglutinate, agglutination, agglutinative, glue, glutelin, gluten, glutinosity, glutinous, nonagglutinative
glyc- [157]	sweet	Greek	γλυκύς (glukús)	glycogen, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, glycolipid, glycophyte, glycoprotein, glycoside, glycosidic, hypoglycaemia
glyph- [158]	carve	Greek	γλύφειν (glúphein), γλυφή (gluphḗ), γλυπτός (gluptós), γλυπτικός (gluptikós)	aglyphous, anaglyph, ditriglyph, ditriglyphic, glyph, glyptic, Glyptodon, glyptograph, hieroglyph, hieroglyphic, monotriglyph, opisthoglyphous, petroglyph, proteroglyphous, solenoglyphous
gnath- [159]	jaw	Greek	γνάθος (gnáthos), γναθμός	Agnatha, agnathous, chilognath, compsognathus, endognathion, epignathous, exognathion, gnathic, gnathophyma, hypognathous, hystricognath, mesognathion, mesognathous, prognathism
gno- [160] (ΓΝΩ) [161]	know	Greek	γιγνώσκειν (gignṓskein), γνῶναι, γνωτός (gnônai, gnōtós), γνωστός (gnōstós), γνωστικός (gnōstikós), γνῶσις (gnôsis), γνῶσμα, γνώμη (gnôsma, gnṓmē), γνώμων (gnṓmōn)	agnosia, agnostic, agnosticism, anagnorisis, diagnosis, dysanagnosia, gnomic, gnomon, gnomonic, gnosia, gnosis, Gnostic, gnosticism, pathognomonic, physiognomy, prognosis, telegnosis
gnosc-, -gnit-	know	Latin	gnoscere	acquaint, acquaintance, agnition, agnize, cognition, cognitional, cognitive, cognitivity, cognizable, cognizance, cognizant, cognize, cognoscence, cognoscenti, cognoscible, cognovit, connoisseur, ennoble, ennoblement, ignoble, ignorant, ignoscible, incognito, nobiliary, nobilitate, nobilitation, nobility, noble, note, notice, noticeable, notion, notional, notionality, notoriety, notorious, precognition, quaint, reacquaint, recognition, recognize, reconnaissance, reconnoiter, reconnoitre
gon- [162]	corner, angle, knee	Greek	γωνία (gōnía), γόνυ (gónu)	goniometer, gonion, gonioscope, gonitis, gonyaulax, gonycampsis, hexagon, pentagon, polygon, trigon, trigonometry
grad-, gred-, gress- (GRAD) [163]	walk, step, go	Latin	gradi, gressus "to step", from gradus "step"	aggradation, aggression, antegrade, anterograde, centigrade, degrade, degree, egress, gradation, grade, gradient, gradine, gradual, graduality, graduate, graduation, gree, ingress, multigrade, nongraduate, postgraduate, progradation, prograde, progress, regress, retrogradation, retrograde, saltigrade, tardigrade, transgress
gramm-	letter, writing	Greek	γράφειν (gráphein), γράμμα, γράμματος (grámma, grámmatos), γραμματικός (grammatikós)	anagram, anagrammatic, diagram, diagrammatic, engram, epigram, epigrammatic, grammar, grammatic, grammaticist, hologram, lipogram, monogram, pangrammatic, pentagram, program, programmatic, telegram, telegramme, tetragram, tetragrammaton, trigram
gran-	grain	Latin	grānum	degranulation, engrain, filigree, garner, garnet, grain, granary, grange, granger, granite, granivore, granivorous, granivory, granola, granular, granularity, granulate, granulation, granule, grenade, grogram, grosgrain, ingrain, multigrain, pomegranate
grand-	grand	Latin	grandis	aggrandisement, grandee, grandeur, grandific, grandiloquent, grandiloquous, grandiose, grandiosity, grandioso, grandity
graph- [164]	draw, write	Greek	γράφειν (gráphein), γραφικός (graphikós), γραφή (graphḗ), γραφία (graphía), γραφεῖον (grapheîon)	allograft, anepigraphic, autograft, autograph, digraph, epigraphic, epigraphy, graft, graph, grapheme, graphemics, graphene, graphic, graphite, graphology, graphomania, graphospasm, heterograph, hexagraph, holography, homograph, isograft, logographic, micrograph, monograph, orthography, paragraph, photograph, photographic, photomicrograph, polygraph, pseudepigraphy, syngraft, telegraph, telegraphy, tetragraph, trigraph
grat-	thank, please	Latin	grātus, see also gratia	aggrace, agree, agreeable, agreeance, agreement, congratulant, congratulate, congratulatory, congree, disagree, disagreeable, disagreement, disgrace, grace, graciosity, gracioso, gracious, gratification, gratify, gratis, gratitude, gratuitous, gratuity, gratulant, gratulate, gratulation, gratulatory, grazioso, gree, ingrate, ingratiate, ingratiation, ingratitude, maugre, noncongratulatory, nongratuitous
grav-	heavy	Latin	gravis	aggravate, aggravation, aggravative, aggravator, aggrieve, aggrievement, degravation, gravamen, grave, gravid, gravida, gravidity, gravitas, gravitate, gravitation, gravitational, gravity, grief, grieve, grievance, grievant, grievous, ingravescence, ingravescent, multigravida, multigravidity, nongravitational, nulligravida, primigravida, reaggravate, supergravity
greg-	flock, herd	Latin	grex, gregis	aggregate, aggregation, aggregator, congregant, congregate, congregation, congregational, desegregate, desegregation, disaggregate, disgregate, disgregation, egregious, gregarian, gregarine, gregarious, intercongregational, segregate, segregation
gust-	taste	Latin	gustus	disgust, gustatory, gusto, gustoso
gutt-	drop	Latin	gutta	gout, gutta, guttate, guttifer, guttiform
gymn- [165]	nude	Greek	γυμνός (gumnós)	gymnasium, gymnast, gymnastics, gymnophobia, gymnoplast, gymnosophist, gymnosperm, gymnospore
gyn-, gynaec- [166]	woman	Greek	γυνή, γυναικός, (gunḗ, gunaikós)	acrogynous, androgyne, androgynous, androgyny, epigyne, epigynous, epigynum, gymnogynous, gynaeceum, gynaecocracy, gynarchy, gyne, gynecocracy, gynecology, gynecomastia, gynodioecious, gynoecium, gynoid, gynophobia, heterogynous, hypogynous, misogynist, monogyny, oligogyny, philogyny, polygynist, polygyny
gyr- [167]	ring	Greek	γῦρος (gûros), γυρός (gurós)	agyria, autogyro, gyre, gyrectomy, gyrencephalic, gyrodyne, gyroid, gyromagnetic, gyromancy, gyroscope, gyrosphere, gyrostat, gyrostatic gyrotropic, gyrus, microgyrus, micropolygyria, pachygyria, polygyria, polymicrogyria, ulegyria

H

Root	Meaning in English	Origin language	Etymology (root origin)	English examples
hab-, -hib-, habit-, -hibit-	have	Latin	habere "to have", habitus "habit", habitare "to live (reside)"	ability, able, debenture, debile, debilitate, debility, debit, debitor, debt, debtor, devoir, disability, disable, disenable, disinhibit, disinhibition, due, duty, enable, enablement, endeavor, exhibit, exhibition, exhibitor, habeas corpus, habendum, habenula, habile, habilitate, hability, habit, habitable, habitance, habitant, habitat, habitation, habitator, habitual, habituate, habituation, habitude, habitudinal, inability, indubitable, inhabile, inhabit, inhabitable, inhabitant, inhabitation, inhibit, inhibition, inhibitory, nonhabitual, prebend, prebendary, prohibit, prohibition, prohibitive, prohibitory, provender, rehabilitant, rehabilitate, rehabilitation, rehabilitative, rehabilitator
haem-, hem- [168]	blood	Greek	αἷμα, αἵματος (haîma, haímatos)	anaemia, anemia, haematemesis, haematopoiesis, haematuria, haemochromatosis, haemophilia, haemophobia, haemoptysis, haemorrhage, haemorrhoid, haemosiderosis, haemostatic, hematocrit, hematogenesis, hematoma, hematophagous, hematophagy, hematopoiesis, hematopoietic, hematuria, hemocoel, hemocyte, hemoglobin, hemoglobinuria, hemophagy, hemophilia, hemophiliac, hemoptysis, hemorrhage, hemorrhagic, hemorrhea, hemorrhoid, hemorrhoidectomy, hemosiderin, hemosiderosis, hemostat, hemotherapy, hyperaemia, hyperemia, hyphaema, hyphema, methemoglobin, methemoglobinemia, microhematuria, microhemorrhage, polycythaemia
hal- [169]	salt	Greek	ἅλς, ἁλός (háls, halós), ἅλινος (hálinos)	halide, halieutic, halite, halochromic, halochromism, halogen, halomancy, halophile, halophyte, oxohalide, thermohaline
hal-, -hel-	breathe	Latin	halare, halatus	anhelation, anhele, anhelous, exhalable, exhalant, exhalation, exhale, halitus, inhalable, inhalant, inhalation, inhale
hapl- [170]	simple, single	Greek	ἁπλοῦς (haploûs), ἅπλωσις (háplōsis), ἅπλωμα (háplōma)	haplochromine, haplodiploid, haplodiploidy, haplography, haploid, haplology, haplont, haplontic, haplophase, haplopia, haplosis, haplotype
heg- [171]	lead	Greek	ἄγω, ἡγεῖσθαι (hēgeîsthai), ἡγούμενος (hēgoúmenos), ἡγεμών (hēgemṓn), ἡγεμονία, ἡγεμονικός	diegesis, diegetic, eisegesis, exegesis, exegete, exegetic, hegemon, hegemonic, hegemony, hegumen, hypodiegetic, metadiegetic, protohegumen
heli- [172]	sun	Greek	ἥλιος (hḗlios)	aphelion, heliocentric, heliocentrism, heliodor, heliograph, heliolatry, heliomania, heliometer, heliopause, Heliophila, heliophobia, heliophyte, Helios, helioscope, heliosphere, heliostat, heliotherapy, heliotrope, heliotropic, heliotropism, helium, parhelion, perihelion
helic- [173]	something twisted or spiral	Greek	ϝελίσσω, ἑλίσσειν (helíssein), ἕλιξ, ἕλικος (hélix, hélikos), ἕλιξις, ἕλιγμα (hélixis, héligma), (helikoeidḗs)	anthelix, antihelix, helicine, helicograph, helicoid, helicopter, helicospore, helix
Hell- [174]	Greece, Hellas	Greek	Ἑλλάς, ἑλλάδος (Hellás, helládos)	Helladic, Hellenic, Hellenism, Hellenistic
hemi-	half	Greek	ἥμισυς (hḗmisus)	anhemitonic, hemiballismus, hemicryptophyte, hemicube, hemicycle, hemidesmosome, hemimelia, hemimetabolic, hemimetabolism, hemimetaboly, hemiparesis, hemiplegia, hemipolyhedron, hemisphere, hemitonic
hen-	one	Greek	ἕν (hén), ἑνάς, ἑνάδος (henás, henádos), ἕνωσις (hénōsis)	enosis, enotikon, henad, hendiadys, henotheism, hyphen
hepat- [175]	liver	Greek	ἧπαρ, ἥπατος (hêpar, hḗpatos), ἡπατικός (hēpatikós)	heparin, hepatic, hepatitis, hepatocyte, hepatology, hepatomancy, hepatoscopy, hepatotoxic, hepatotoxin, hepatotropic
hept- [176]	seven	Greek	ἑπτά (heptá)	heptachord, heptagon, heptagram, heptagraph, heptahedron, heptamer, heptameric, heptameter, Heptateuch, heptathlete, heptathlon, heptatonic, heptode
here-, hes-	cling, stick	Latin	haerere, haesus	adhere, adherence, adherend, adherent, adhesion, adhesive, cohere, coherence, coherent, cohesion, cohesive, decoherence, hesitancy, hesitant, hesitate, hesitation, hesitator, incoherent, inhere, inherency, inherent, inhesion, nonadherence, nonadherent, nonadhesive
herb-	grass	Latin	herba	herbal, herbicide, herbivore
heter- [177]	different, other	Greek	ἕτερος (héteros)	heterochromatin, heterodox, heterodoxy, heterogeneity, heterogeneous, heterophobia, heterosexuality, heterosexual, heterosis, heterotic
hex- [178]	six	Greek	ἕξ (héx), ἑξάς, ἑξάδος (hexás, hexádos)	hexachord, hexad, hexadic, hexagon, hexagram, hexahedron, hexamer, hexamerous, hexameter, hexapod, hexastyle, hexasyllabic, Hexateuch, hexatonic, hexode, tetrahemihexahedron
hibern-	wintry	Latin	hibernus	hibernacle, hibernaculum, hibernal, hibernate, hibernation, hibernator
hier- [179]	holy, sacred	Greek	ἱερός (hierós)	hierarch, hierarchy, hieratic, hierocracy, hierodeacon, hieroglyph, hieroglyphic, hierogram, hierolatry, hieromonk, hierurgy
hipp- [180]	horse	Greek	ἵππος (híppos)	ephippium, hippeis, hippocampus, hippodrome, hippology, Hippolyte, hippomancy, hippophagy, hippophile, hippophobia, hippopotamus, parahippocampus
hod- [181]	way	Greek	ὁδός (hodós)	anode, cathode, diode, electrode, episode, ergodic, exodos, exodus, heptode, herpolhode, hodograph, hodology, hodometer, hodonym, hodophobia, hodoscope, hydathode, method, methodic, Methodism, Methodist, methodology, octode, parodos, pentode, period, periodic, synod, tetrode, triode
hol- [182]	whole	Greek	ὅλος (hólos), ὁλικός (holikós)	catholic, holiatry, holism, holistic, holography, holomorphic, holonomy
hom- [183]	same	Greek	ὁμός (homós)	homiletic, homily, homogeneous, homograph, homologous, homology, homomorphism, homonym, homophobia, homophone, homosexual, homozygous
homin-	human	Latin	homo, hominis	ad hominem, bonhomie, homage, hombre, homicide, hominid, homuncular, homunculus, human, humane, humanitarian, humanity, inhuman, inhumane, inhumanity, Nemo, nonhuman, omber, ombre, prehuman, subhuman, superhuman, transhuman
homoe-, home- [184]	like, similar	Greek	ὅμοιος (hómoios), ὁμοῖος, ὁμοιότης	homeomorphism, homeopathy, homeostasis, homeothermy, homoeopathy, homoiotherm, homoiothermic
hor- [185]	hour	Greek	ὥρα (hṓra)	horologist, horology, horometry, horoscope
hort-	garden	Latin	hortus, horti	antecourt, cohort, cortege, court, courteous, courtesan, courtesy, courtier, curtain, curtilage, Curtis, discourteous, discourtesy, frontcourt, horticultural, horticulture
hospit-	host	Latin	hospes, hospitis	co-host, hospice, hospitable, hospital, hospitality, host, hostal, hostel, hosteler, hostler, hotel, hotelier, inhospitable, inhospitality
hum-	ground	Latin	humus, humare	disinhume, exhumation, exhume, humate, humation, humble, humic, humicolous, humiliate, humiliation, humility, humus, inhumation, inhume
hydr- [186]	water	Greek	ὕδωρ, ὕδατος (húdōr, húdatos), ὕδρα (húdra)	clepsydra, dehydrate, hydathode, hydatid, hydatidosis, hydra, hydrant, hydrate, hydraulic, hydraulics, hydrochloric, hydrodynamics, hydroelectric, hydrogen, hydrologist, hydrology, hydrolysis, hydromancy, hydrophile, hydrophilic, hydrophily, hydrophobia, hydrophobic, hydroponic, hydrosphere, hydrostat, hydrostatic, hydrothermic, hydrous, hydrozoa, polyhydric
hygie- [187]	healthy	Greek	ὑγιής (hugiḗs), ὑγίεια (hugíeia), ὑγιεινός (hugieinós), ὑγιάζειν	Hygieia, hygiene, hygienic, hygienics, hygienist
hyp-, hypo- [188]	under , below	Greek	ὑπό (hupó)	hyphen, hypoallergenic, hypodermic, hypogene, hypothermia, hypothesis, hypotonic, hypoxemia, hypoxia
hyper- [189]	above, over	Greek	ὑπέρ (hupér)	hyper, hyperbaric, hyperbola, hyperbole, Hyperion, hyperlink, hyperoxia, hyperpyrexia, hyperthermia, hypertonic
hypn- [190]	sleep	Greek	ὕπνος (húpnos)	hypnagogia, hypnagogic, hypnolepsy, hypnophobia, hypnopompia, hypnopompic, hypnosis, hypnotherapy, hypnotic, hypnotist, hypnotize
hyster- [191]	womb	Greek	ὑστέρα (hustéra)	hysteralgia, hysteratresia, hysterectomy, hysteria, hysteric, hysterosalpingography

I

Root	Meaning in English	Origin language	Etymology (root origin)	English examples
iatr- [192]	heal	Greek	ἰᾶσθαι (iâsthai), ἰατρός (iatrós), ἰατρικός (iatrikós), ἰατρεύειν (iatreúein), ἰατρεία (iatreía), ἴασις, ἴαμα	iatrogenic, physiatry, podiatrist, podiatry, psychiatrist, psychiatry
ichthy- [193]	fish	Greek	ἰχθύς, ἰχθύος (ikhthús, ikhthúos)	ichthyology, Ichthyophaga, ichthyophobia, ichthyoplankton, ichthyosis
idi- [194]	own, peculiarity	Greek	ϝίδιος, ἴδιος (ídios), "private, personal, one's own"	idiolect, idiom, idiopathic, idiopathy, idiophone, idiosyncrasy, idiosyncratic, idiot, idiotic
ign-	fire	Latin	ignis	igneous, ignite, ignition
in- (1), il-, im-	in, on	Latin	in	illuminate, import, incur, intend, invite
in- (2), il-, im-, ir-	not, un- (negation)	Latin	in-	illicit, impossible, inimical, insane, irrational
infra-	below, under	Latin	infra	infrared, infrastructure
integr-	whole, complete	Latin	in-, teg-	integrate, integration, integer, integrational, disintegrate, integral, unintegrated
inter-	among, between	Latin	inter (preposition)	intercollegiate, intermission, intersection
intra-	inside , within	Latin	intra	intramural, intravenous
is-, iso- [195]	equal, same	Greek	ϝίσϝος (wíswos), ἴσος (ísos)	isogloss, isograph, isometric, isomorphic, isosceles, isotonic, isotropic
-itis	inflammation	Greek	-ῖτις	tonsillitis

J

Root	Meaning in English	Origin language	Etymology (root origin)	English examples
jac-, -ject-	cast, throw	Latin	jacio (also spelled iacio), iectus	abject, adjectival, adjective, conjectural, conjecture, deject, dejection, disject, disjection, ejaculate, ejaculation, ejaculatory, eject, ejecta, ejection, ejective, ejectment, ejector, inject, injection, injective, injector, interject, interjection, interjectional, interjector, interjectory, introject, introjection, introjective, jactation, jactitation, jaculate, jaculation, jaculator, jaculatory, jaculiferous, jet, jetsam, jettison, nonobjective, object, objectification, objection, objectionable, objective, objectivity, objector, parget, project, projectile, projection, projective, projector, reject, rejectamenta, rejection, subject, subjection, subjective, subjectivity, subjicible, surjection, surjective, traject, trajectile, trajection, trajectory, trijet
judic-	judge	Latin	iudex, iūdicis	adjudicate, adjudication, adjudicative, adjudicator, adjudicatory, extrajudicial, injudicious, judge, judgement, judgment, judgmental, judicable, judicative, judicator, judicatory, judicature, judicial, judiciary, judicious, nonjudgmental, nonjudicial, prejudge, prejudgment, prejudice, prejudicial, quasijudicial
jung-, junct-	join	Latin	iungo, junctus	adjoin, adjoint, adjunct, adjunction, adjunctive, conjoin, conjoint, conjunct, conjunction, conjunctive, disjoin, disjoint, disjunct, disjunction, disjunctive, enjoin, enjoinder, enjoinment, injunction, injunctive, join, junction, juncture, junta, junto, nondisjunction, nonjoinder, rejoin, rejoinder, sejoin, sejungible, subjoin, subjoinder, subjunctive, surrejoinder
jus-, jur-	law, justice	Latin	ius, iuris	abjure, jurisprudence, jury, just, justice, objurgate, perjury
juxta-	beside, near	Latin	juxta	juxtaposition

K

Root	Meaning in English	Origin language	Etymology (root origin)	English examples
kilo-	thousand	Greek	χίλιοι (khílioi)	kilobyte, kilogram, kilometer, kiloliter
kine-, cine-	movement, motion	Greek	κινεῖν (kineîn), κίνησις (kínēsis), κίνημα (kínēma)	akinesia, akinesis, akinete, akinetic, cinema, cinematic, diakinesis, dyskinesia, dyskinetic, hyperkinesia, hyperkinesis, hyperkinetic, hypokinesia, hypokinesis, hypokinetic, kinematics, kinescope, kinesiologist, kinesiology, kinesis, kinesthetic, kinetic, kineticism, kinetics, kinetochore, kinetophobia, photokinesis, telekinesis
klept-	steal	Greek	κλέπτειν (kléptein), κλέπτης (kléptēs)	kleptocracy, kleptomania, kleptophobia, kleptoplasty

L

Root	Meaning in English	Origin language	Etymology (root origin)	English examples
lab-, lep- [196]	grasp, seize, take	Greek	λαμβάνειν (lambánein), λῆψις (lêpsis), λῆμμα (lêmma)	analemma, analemmatic, analeptic, catalepsy, cataleptic, dilemma, dilemmatic, epilepsy, epileptic, hypnolepsy, hysteroepilepsy, metalepsis, narcolepsy, nympholepsy, octosyllabic, procatalepsis, prolepsis, proleptic, proslepsis, syllabic, syllabism, syllable, syllabogram, syllepsis, trisyllabic, trisyllable
lab-, laps-	slide, slip	Latin	labi, lapsus	collapse, collapsible, elapse, labile, lapse, prolapse, relapse
labi-	lip	Latin	labia, labiae	bilabial, bilabiate, infralabial, labial, labiate, labium, sublabial, supralabial
labor-	work	Latin	labor	collaborate, collaboration, collaborative, collaborator, elaborate, elaboration, elaborative, elaborator, labor, laboratory, laborious
lacrim-	cry, tears	Latin	lacrima	lachrymal, lachrymose, lachrymosity, lacrimal, lacrimation, lacrimator, lacrimatory, lacrimous
lact-	milk	Latin	lac, lactis, lactare	ablactate, ablactation, lactary, lactase, lactate, lactation, lactational, lacteal, lacteous, lactescent, lactic, lactose, laitance, latte
lapid-	stone	Latin	lapis, lapidis	dilapidate, dilapidation, lapidarian, lapidary, lapidate, lapidation, lapidator, lapideous, lapidescence, lapidescent, lapidicolous, lapidification, lapillation, lapilli
lat-	broad, wide	Latin	latus	laticlave, latifoliate, latifundium, latitude, latitudinal, latitudinarian, latitudinous
later-	side	Latin	latus, lateris	ambilateral, ambilaterality, bilateral, bilaterality, collateral, contralateral, equilateral, extralateral, inequilateral, ipsilateral, lateral, laterality, matrilateral, multilateral, nonlateral, patrilateral, plurilateral, quadrilateral, semilatus, septilateral, trilateral, unilateral
leg- [197]	say	Greek	λέγειν (légein), λέγεσθαι (légesthai), λεκτός (lektós), λεκτικός (lektikós), λέξις (léxis), λεξικός (lexikós), λεξικόν (lexikón), λόγος (lógos), (logḗ), λεγόμενον (legómenon), λογεῖον	alexia, alexithymia, apologetic, apologia, apology, dialect, dialectic, dialectologist, dialectology, dialog, dialogue, dyslexia, dyslexic, dyslogia, dyslogism, ethnolect, legomenon, lexeme, lexicography, lexicology, lexicon, lexigram, lexis, logic, logion, logos, prolegomenon
leg-, lect-	choose, gather, read	Latin	legere	coil, colleague, collect, collectible, collection, collective, collector, college, collegial, collegiality, collegian, collegiate, collegium, counterintelligence, cull, deselect, diligence, diligent, elect, electability, electable, electee, election, elective, elector, electoral, electorate, eligibility, eligible, elite, illegibility, illegible, ineligibility, ineligible, intellect, intellection, intellectual, intellectuality, intelligence, intelligent, intelligentsia, intercollegiate, lectern, lectin, lection, lectionary, lector, lectorate, lecture, legend, legendary, legendry, legibility, legible, legion, legionary, legionnaire, legume, leguminous, lesson, neglect, negligee, negligence, negligent, negligible, nonelective, nonelite, nonnegligible, nonselective, postelection, predilect, predilection, preelection, prelect, prelection, prelector, preselect, recollect, recollection, reelect, reelection, religion, reselect, sacrilege, select, selectance, selectee, selection, selective, selectivity, selector, superselection, uniselector
leg-	law	Latin	lex, legis	allege, disloyal, disloyalty, extralegal, illegal, legal, legality, legific, legislate, legislation, legislative, legislator, legislature, legitim, legitimacy, legitimate, loyal, loyalty, nonlegal, privilege
leon-	lion	Latin	leo, leonis	dandelion, Leo, leonine, Leopold
leuc-, leuk- [198]	white	Greek	λευκός (leukós)	aleukemia, aleukocytosis, leucism, leucocyte, leucopenia, leucoplast, leukemia, leukocytopenia, leukopenia, leucophore
lev-	lift, light, raise	Latin	levare "lighten, raise", from levis "light" (in weight)	alleviate, alleviation, bas-relief, counter-relief, deleverage, elevate, elevation, elevator, leaven, legerity, levade, Levant, levee, lever, leverage, leviable, levitate, levitation, levity, levy, relevé, relief, relieve, sublevation, superelevation
liber-	free	Latin	liber, liberare	deliver, deliverance, illiberal, illiberality, liberal, liberality, liberalize, liberate, liberation, liberator, libertarian, liberticide, libertinage, libertine, liberty, ultraliberal
libr-	book	Latin	liber, libri	interlibrary, libel, libellant, libellee, libellous, librarian, library, libretto
lingu-	language, tongue	Latin	lingua	bilingual, bilinguality, bilinguous, collingual, elinguation, interlanguage, language, ligula, ligular, ligule, lingua franca, lingual, linguiform, linguine, multilingual, prelingual, quadrilingual, sublingual, trilingual
lip- [199]	fat	Greek	λίπος (lípos)	lipolysis, lipophile, lipophilic, lipopolysaccharide, lipoprotein, synaloepha
liqu-	flow	Latin	liquere	deliquesce, liquefy, liqueur, liquid, liquor, prolix
liter-	letter	Latin	littera	alliteration, alliterative, biliteral, biliterate, illiteracy, illiterate, literacy, literal, literary, literate, literati, literatim, literation, literator, literature, multiliteral, nonliteral, nonliterary, nonliterate, obliterate, obliteration, preliterate, quadriliteral, transliteracy, transliterate, transliteration, triliteral, uniliteral
lith- [200]	stone	Greek	λίθος (líthos)	aerolithology, endolith, endolithic, epilithic, lithagogue, lithic, lithography, lithology, lithophile, lithophone, lithophyte, lithosphere, lithotomy, megalith, Mesolithic, microlite, monolith, monolithic, Neolithic, Paleolithic, photolithography, phytolith, regolith, stylolite
loc-	place	Latin	locus, locare	accouchement, allocate, bilocation, bilocular, cislocative, collocation, couch, couchant, dislocate, dislocation, interlocal, lieu, local, locale, locality, locate, location, locative, locator, locomotion, loculament, locular, locule, loculose, loculus, locus, milieu, multilocal, multilocation, multilocular, nonlocal, relocate, relocation, translocate, translocation, translocative, trilocular, unilocular
log-, -logy	word, reason, speech, thought	Greek	λόγος (lógos), λογία (logía)	analogy, anthology, apology, biology, dialogue doxology, ecology, epilogue, etymology, eulogy, geology, ideologue, logarithm, logic, logogram, logopaedics, logophile, logotherapy, meteorology, monologue, morphological, neologism, neurology, philology, prologue, psychology, tautology, terminology, theology, toxicology, trilogy, zoology
loqu-, locut-	speak	Latin	loqui	allocution, circumlocution, colloquial, colloquy, elocution, eloquent, eloquence, grandiloquent, interlocution, loquacious, loquacity, magniloquent, obloquy, soliloquy
luc-	bright, light	Latin	lūx (genitive lūcis), lucere	elucidate, elucidation, elucubrate, elucubration, lucent, lucid, lucidity, Lucifer (bearer of light), luciferase, luciferin, luciferous, lucifugal, lucubrate, lucubration, luculent, noctilucent, pellucid, pellucidity, relucent, semipellucid, translucency, translucent, translucid, translucidus
lumin-	light	Latin	lumen, luminis, luminare	dislimn, enlumine, illuminable, illuminance, illuminant, illuminate, illuminati, illumination, illumine, intraluminal, limn, lumen, luminaire, luminal, luminance, luminant, luminaria, luminary, lumine, luminescence, luminescent, luminiferous, luminosity, luminous, relumine, subluminal, subluminous, superluminal, transluminal
lun-	moon	Latin	lūna	circumlunar, cislunar, demilune, luna, lunar, lunate, lunatic, lunation, lune, lunette, luniform, lunisolar, mezzaluna, mezzelune, plenilunary, semilunar, sublunar, sublunary, superlunary, translunar
lut-	yellow, golden	Latin	lūtum, lūteus	corpus luteum, luteal, lutein, luteinizing hormone, luteous
ly-, lysi-, lyt- [201]	dissolving	Greek	λύειν (lúein), λυτός (lutós), λυτικός (lutikós), λύσις (lúsis)	analyse, analysis, analytic, aparalytic, autolysis, catalyse, catalysis, catalyst, catalytic, cytolysis, dialysis, electrolysis, electrolyte, electrolytic, Hippolyte, hydrolysis, hydrolyte, hydrolytic, lysigeny, lysine, lysis, lysosome, lytic, meta-analysis, palsy, paralyse, paralysis, paralytic, plasmolysis, proteolysis

M

Root	Meaning in English	Origin language	Etymology (root origin)	English examples
magn-	great, large	Latin	magnus	magnanimity, magnanimous, magnate, magnificent, magnify, magnitude, magnum
mal-	bad, wretched	Latin	malus	dismal, grand mal, malady, malaise, malediction, malefaction, malevolent, malfeasance, malfunction, malice, malicious, malignancy, malnourished, malodorous, premalignant
mamm-	breast	Latin	mamma	mammal, mammary, mammography
man-, mant- [202] (ΜΑΝ) [203]	crazy	Greek	μαίνεσθαι (maínesthai), μανία (manía), μανικός (manikós), μάντις	hypermania, hypomania, kleptomania, mania, maniac, manic, megalomania, monomania, pyromania, pyromaniac
man- (MAN-) [204]	stay	Latin	manēre, mansus	immanence, immanent, impermanence, impermanent, maisonette, manor, manorial, manse, mansion, ménage, menagerie, menial, meiny, messuage, nonpermanence, nonpermanent, permanence, permanent, quasipermanent, remain, remainder, remanence, remanent, remnant, semipermanent
man-, manu-	hand	Latin	manus	adminicle, amanuensis, Bimana, bimanous, bimanual, emancipate, mainour, maintain, manacle, manage, manageable, management, managerial, mandamus, mandate, manège, maneuver, manicure, manifer, manifest, manifestation, manifesto, maniform, maniple, manipulation, manipulative, maniraptoran, maniraptoriform, manner, mansuetude, manual, manuary, manubrial, manubrium, manuduction, manufacture, manumission, manumit, manuport, manure, manus, manuscript, mortmain, Quadrumana, quadrumanous
mand-, -mend-	order, commit	Latin	mandāre, mandātus	command, commandant, commandment, commend, commendable, commendam, commendation, commendatory, counterdemand, countermand, demand, demandant, encomienda, mandamus, mandatary, mandate, mandator, mandatory, recommend, recommendation, remand, remandment
mar-	sea	Latin	mare, maris	maar, mariculture, marina, marinade, marinara, marinate, marination, marine, mariner, maritime, submarine, ultramarine
mas-	male, man	Latin	mās, māris, masculus, masculi	emasculate, emasculation, emasculator, masculate, masculine, masculinity
mater-, matr-	mother	Latin	mater, matris	maternal, maternity, matrimony, matrix, matron
maxim-	greatest	Latin	maximus	maxim, maximal, maximum, submaximal
mechan- [205]	machine or instrument	Greek	μῆχος, μηχανή (mēkhanḗ), μηχανικός (mēkhanikós)	machine, mechane, mechanics, mechanism, mechanize, mechanobiology, mechanophilia, mechanophobia
medi-, -midi-	middle	Latin	medius, mediare	dimidiation, immediate, intermediary, mean, media, median, mediate, mediation, medieval, mediocre, Mediterranean, medium, moiety, multimedia, postmeridian, submediant
meg-, megal- [206]	great, large	Greek	μέγας, μεγάλου (mégas, megálou)	acromegaly, Megacles, megacycle, megalomania, megalopolis, megaphone
melan- [207]	black, dark	Greek	μέλας, μέλανος (mélas, mélanos), μελανότης	amelanism, aphaeomelanism, eumelanin, hypermelanic, melancholic, melancholy, Melanesia, melanin, melanism, melanoblastoma, melanocyte, melanoma, melanophobia, melanophore, melanosis, melatonin, neuromelanin, pheomelanin
mell-	honey	Latin	mel, mellis	melliferous, mellific, mellifluence, mellifluent, mellifluous, melliloquent, mellivorous
memor-	remember	Latin	memor	commemorate, immemorial, memoir, memorabilia, memorable, memorandum, memorial, memory, remembrance
men-	month	Greek	μήν (mḗn)	menopause, menorrhea
ment-	mind	Latin	mens, mentis	comment, dement, dementia, memento, mental, mentality, mention, reminisce, reminiscence
mer- [208]	part	Greek	μείρεσθαι (meíresthai), μέρος (méros)	antimere, antimeria, biopolymer, decamer, decamerous, dimer, dimeric, dimerism, dimerous, enantiomer, enneamer, heptamer, heterodimer, heterotetramer, hexamer, homodimer, homotetramer, isomer, isomeric, isomerism, mereology, merisis, merism, meristem, meristematic, meristic, meromorphic, metamere, metamerism, Moirai, monomer, monomeric, octamer, oligomer, oligomeric, pentamer, pentamerous, photopolymer, phytomer, polymer, tautomerism, telomer, telomere, tetramer, tetrameric, trimer, trimerize
merge-, mers-	dip, plunge	Latin	mergere	demerge, demersal, demerse, demersion, emerge, emergence, emergency, emergent, emersion, immerge, immergence, immerse, immersible, immersion, immersive, merge, reemerge, reemergence, reimmerse, submerge, submergence, submerse, submersible, submersion
mes- [209]	middle	Greek	μέσος (mésos)	Mesolithic, mesophile, mesophilic, mesoscopic, mesosphere, mesozoic
met-, meta- [210]	above, among, beyond	Greek	μετά (metá)	metabolism, metalogic, metamorphic, metamorphosis, metaphase, metaphor, metaphysics, metastatic, meteor, method
metall- [211]	mine	Greek	μέταλλον (métallon), μεταλλικός (metallikós)	dimetallic, electrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, metallic, metalloid, metallophobia, metallophone, metallurgist, metallurgy, organometallic, polymetal, polymetallic, pyrometallurgy, tetrametallic, trimetallic
meter-, metr-	measure	Greek	μέτρον (métron)	anemometer, anemometric, antisymmetric, antisymmetry, asymmetric, asymmetry, axonometric, barometer, barometric, bathometer, diameter, diametric, dysmetria, graphometer, hexameter, hygrometer, hygrometry, isodiametric, isometric, isoperimetric, meter, metre, metric, metrology, metronome, monosymmetric, parameter, parameterize, parametric, parametrize, pentameter, perimeter, polymeter, symmetric, symmetry, telemeter, telemetric, telemetry, tetrameter, thermometer, trimeter, trimetric
metr- [212]	mother	Greek	μήτηρ, μητρός (mḗtēr, mētrós), μητρικός (mētrikós)	haplometrosis, metrocyte, metropolis, pleometrosis
micr- [213]	small	Greek	μικρός (mikrós), μικρότης	microbe, microcosm, microeconomics, micrometer, microphone, microscope, microscopic
migr-	wander	Latin	migrare	countermigration, emigrant, emigrate, emigration, émigré, immigrant, immigrate, immigration, migrant, migrate, migration, migrational, migratory, nonmigratory, remigrant, remigrate, remigration, transmigrant, transmigrate, transmigration, transmigratory
milit-	soldier	Latin	mīles, militis	militant, military, militia
mill-	thousand	Latin	mille	mile, millennium, million
min-	less, smaller	Latin	minor, minus	administer, administration, administrative, administrator, administratrix, maladminister, maladministration, minestrone, minister, ministerial, ministerialis, ministerium, ministrant, ministrate, ministration, ministrative, ministry, minor, minority, minstrel, minstrelsy, minus, minuscule, quasiminuscule, semiminor
mir-	wonder, amazement	Latin	mirus, miror, mirari, miratus sum	admirability, admirable, admiration, admirative, admire, marvel, marvelous, miracle, miraculous, mirage, Miranda, mirative, mirativity, mirror
mis- [214]	hate	Greek	μισεῖν (miseîn), μῖσος (mîsos)	misandrist, misandry, misanthrope, misanthropy, misocainea, misogamist, misogamy, misogynist, misogyny, misoneism, misopaedia, misophonia, misotheism
misc-, mixt-	mix	Latin	miscere, mixtus	admix, admixtion, admixture, commix, commixture, immiscibility, immiscible, immix, immixture, intermix, intermixture, maslin, meddle, mestizo, Métis, miscellanea, miscellaneous, miscellany, miscibility, miscible, mix, mixture, permiscible, permix, permixtion, postmix, premix, promiscuity, promiscuous, remix
miser-	unhappy, wretched	Latin	miser	commiserate, commiseration, immiserate, immiseration, miser, miserable, misericord, misery
mit-, miss- (MIT-) [215]	send	Latin	mittere, missus	admissibility, admissible, admission, admissive, admit, admittatur, admittee, commissar, commissariat, commissary, commission, commissive, commissural, commissure, commit, commitment, committal, committee, compromis, compromise, compromissary, decommission, decommit, decommitment, demise, demiss, demit, dimissory, dimit, dismiss, dismissal, dismissive, emissary, emission, emissitious, emissive, emissivity, emit, emittent, entremet, fideicommissary, fideicommissum, impermissible, inadmissibility, inadmissible, intermission, intermittent, intromissible, intromission, intromissive, intromit, intromittent, manumission, manumit, mess, message, messenger, missile, mission, missionary, missive, mittimus, noncommittal, omissible, omission, omissive, omit, permissible, permission, permissive, permissory, permit, permittee, premise, premiss, premit, pretermission, pretermit, promise, promisee, promissive, promissory, readmission, readmit, recommit, remise, remiss, remissible, remission, remissive, remissory, remit, remittal, remittance, remittee, remittence, remittent, remittitur resubmit, retransmission, retransmit, subcommittee, submission, submissive, submit, surmise, transmissibility, transmissible, transmission, transmissive, transmit, transmittal
mne- [216]	memory	Greek	μνᾶσθαι (mnâsthai), μνήμη (mnḗmē)	amnesia, amnesty, anamnesis, anamnestic, dysmnesia, Mneme, mneme, mnemonic
mod-	measure, change	Latin	modus "measure"	accommodate, accommodation, accommodative, accommodator, bimodal, bimodality, bimodular, bimodule, commode, commodification, commodious, commodity, decommodification, demodulate, demodulation, demodulator, immodest, immodesty, intermodal, intermodulation, modal, modality, mode, model, moderate, moderation, moderato, moderator, modern, modernity, modest, modesty, modicum, modification, modify, modiolus, modular, modularity, modulate, modulation, modulator, module, modulo, modulus, multimodal, multimodality, postmodern, postmodernity, Quasimodo, remodel, remodulate, supermodel, trimodal, trimodality, ultramodern, ultramodernity, unimodal, unimodality, unimodular, unimodularity
moll-	soft	Latin	mollis	emollience, emollient, moil, mollescence, mollescent, mollient, mollification, mollify, mollitude, mollusc, molluscicide, molluscivore, mollusk
mon- [217]	alone, only	Greek	μόνος (mónos), μονάς, μονάδος (monás, monádos)	monachism, monad, monadic, monarchy, monastery, monastic, monasticism, monatomic, monism, monist, monk, monoid, monolith, monometer, monopod, monopoly, monopsony, monotone
mon-	warn	Latin	monere, monitus	admonish, admonishment, admonition, admonitor, admonitory, monition, monitor, monitory, monument, monumental, premonition, premonitory, resummon, summon
monstra-	show	Latin	monstrāre	counterdemonstration, counterdemonstrator, demonstrable, demonstrant, demonstrate, demonstration, demonstrative, demonstrator, demonstratory, indemonstrable, monster, monstrance, monstration, monstrosity, monstrous, muster, premonstrant, premonstrate, Premonstratensian, premonstration, premonstrator, remonstrance, remonstrant, remonstrate, remonstration, remonstrative
mont-	mountain	Latin	mons, montis	amount, Belmont, cismontane, dismount, insurmountable, intermontane, montage, montan, Montana, montane, montant, monticello, monticule, montiform, montigenous, mount, mountaineer, mountainous, nonremontant, paramount, piedmont, remontancy, remontant, remontoire, remount, submontane, surmount, surmountable, tantamount, tramontana, tramontane, transmontane, ultramontane, Vermont
mord-	bite	Latin	mordere, morsus	mordacious, mordacity, mordancy, mordant, mordent, mordente, mordicancy, mordicant, mordication, mordicative, morsel, morsitation, premorse, remorse
morph- [218]	form, shape	Greek	μορφή (morphḗ)	allomorph, amorphous, anamorph, anamorphic, anamorphism, anamorphosis, anthropomorphism, apomorphy, autapomorphy, automorphism, catamorphism, dimorphic, dimorphism, dysmorphic, dysmorphophobia, ectomorph, ectomorphic, enantiomorph, enantiomorphic, endomorph, endomorphic, epimorphism, geomorphology, hemimorphic, holomorph, holomorphic, holomorphism, homeomorphic, homeomorphism, homomorphic, homomorphism, hylomorphism, hypermorphosis, isomorphic, isomorphism, mesomorph, mesomorphic, metamorphic, metamorphism, metamorphosis, monomorphic, monomorphism, morpheme, Morpheus, morphine, morphology, morphosyntactic, morphosyntax, paramorph, peramorphism, peramorphosis, perimorph, plesiomorphy, polymorphic, polymorphism, pseudomorph, synapomorphy, teleomorph, teleomorphic, theriomorphic, trimorphic, trimorphism, zoomorph, zoomorphism
mort-	death	Latin	mors, mortis	antemortem, immortal, immortality, mortal, mortality, mortician, mortiferous, mortification, mortuary
mov-, mot-, mut-	move, motion	Latin	movere, motus	admove, amotion, amove, bimotor, cocommutator, commotion, commove, commutable, commutation, commutative, commutativity, commutator, commute, countermotion, countermove, countermovement, demote, demotion, emotion, emotional, emotive, emotivity, emove, equimomental, immobile, immutable, immutation, immute, incommutable, locomotion, locomotive, mobile, mobility, molt, moment, momental, momentaneous, momentary, momentous, momentum, motation, motif, motile, motility, motion, motional, motivate, motivation, motivational, motivator, motive, motor, moult, movant, move, movement, movent, mutability, mutable, mutate, mutation, mutineer, mutinous, mutiny, mutual, mutuality, noncommutative, noncommutativity, nonmotile, nonmotility, nonmutual, pari-mutuel, permutable, permutate, permutation, permutational, permute, promote, promotion, promotional, promotive, promotor, promove, remote, remotion, removal, remove, subpermutation, transmove, transmutable, transmutate, transmutation, transmute, transmutual, trimotor
multi-	many, much	Latin	multus	multilingual, multiple, multiplex, multiplication, multiplicity, multiply, multitude, multitudinous
mund-	world	Latin	mundus	anima mundi, antemundane, demimondaine, demimonde, extramundane, intramundane, map, mondain, mondaine, mondial, mondo, mundane, mundanity, ultramundane
mycet- [219]	fungus	Greek	μύκης, μύκητος (múkēs, múkētos)	ascomycete, basidiomycete, mycology, Mycoplasma, zygomycete, zygomycosis
myth- [220]	story	Greek	μῦθος (mûthos)	mythic, mythology, mythomania, mythopoeia, mythos

N

Root	Meaning in English	Origin language	Etymology (root origin)	English examples
narc- [221]	numb	Greek	ναρκᾶν (narkân), νάρκη (nárkē)	narcolepsy, narcosis, narcotic
narr-	tell	Latin	narrare	counternarrative, inenarrable, narration, narrative, narrator
nas-	nose	Latin	nāsus	intranasal, nasal, nasalance, nasalis, nasality, nasolabial, nonnasal
nasc-, nat-	born	Latin	nascere, nāsci (past participle natus)	adnascent, adnate, adnation, agnate, agnatic, agnation, binational, cognate, cognatic, cognation, connascence, connascent, connate, connation, connatural, denature, enascent, enate, enatic, enation, impregnate, innate, international, multinational, nada, naïf, naissant, naïve, nascency, nascent, natal, natality, nation, national, nationality, native, nativity, natural, naturality, nature, née, nonnative, postnatal, pregnancy, pregnant, prenatal, preternatural, renaissance, renaissant, renascence, renascent, renature, subnational, supernatural, supranational, transnational, transnationality
naut- [222]	ship	Greek	ναῦς (naûs), ναύτης (naútēs)	aeronautic, Argonaut, astronaut, cosmonaut, nausea, nautical, nautilus
nav-	ship	Latin	nāvis	antenave, naval, nave, navicular, navigable, navigate, navy, nonnavigable
ne-, neo- [223]	new	Greek	νέϝος, νέος (néos)	Neolithic, neologism, neon, neonate, neophyte
necr- [224]	dead	Greek	νεκρός (nekrós), νέκρωσις (nékrōsis)	necromancy, Necronomicon, necrophilia, necrophobia, necropolis, necropsy, necrosis, necrospermia, necrotic, necrotize, necrotomy
nect-, nex-	join, tie	Latin	nectere, nexus	adnexum, annectent, annex, annexation, annexion, connect, connexion, deannexation, disconnect, interconnect, nexus, reconnect
nem-, nom- [225]	arrangement, law	Greek	νέμειν (némein), νομός (nomós), νόμος (nómos), νέμεσις (némesis), νομάς, νομάδος (nomás, nomádos), νομαδικός (nomadikós), νομαδία, νομή, νομίζειν (nomízein), νόμισμα (nómisma)	anomie, anomy, antinome, antinomic, antinomy, archnemesis, autonomy, isonomy, metronomic, nemesis, nomad, nomadic, nomadism, nomadize, nomarch, nomarchy, nome, nomology, nomothetic, Numidia, numismatics
nephr- [226]	kidney	Greek	νεφρός (nephrós)	mesonephric, mesonephros, metanephridium, metanephros, nephridiopore, nephridium, nephrite, nephritis, nephrogenesis, nephrolith, nephrolithiasis, nephrologist, nephrology, nephron, nephroptosis, nephrostome, pronephros, protonephridium
nerv-	sinew, nerve	Latin	nervus	enervate, enervation, enervative, innervate, innervation, nerval, nervate, nerve, nervose, nervosity, nervous, reinnervation, trinervate
nes- [227]	island	Greek	νῆσος (nêsos)	Chersonesus, Indonesia, Melanesia, Micronesia, Peloponnese, Polynesia
neur- [228]	nerve, sinew	Greek	νεῦρον (neûron)	aponeurosis, endoneurium, epineurium, neural, neurapraxia, neurasthenia, neuritis, neuroblast, neuroblastoma, neurocranium, neurocyte, neuroendocrine, neuroendocrinology, neurologic, neurologist, neurology, neuromorphology, neuron, neurone, neuropathic, neuropathology, neuropathy, neuroplastic, neurosis, neurosurgeon, neurosurgery, neurotic, neuroticism, perineurium, polyneuropathy
nigr-	black	Latin	niger	denigrate, denigration, denigrative, denigrator, negrita, nigrities, negrito, negritude, nigrescence, nigrescent, nigrine, nigritude
nihil-	nothing	Latin	nihilum	annihilate, annihilation, annihilator, nihil, nil
noc-	hurt, harm	Latin	nocere	innocence, innocent, innocuity, innocuous, innoxious, nocebo, nocent, nociception, nociceptive, nocifensor, nocument, nocuous, noxious, nuisance, obnoxious
noct-	night	Latin	nox (noctis)	equinoctial, equinox, noctambulous, noctiluca, noctilucent, noctule, nocturn, nocturnal, nocturnality, nocturne, notturno, seminocturnal, trinoctial
nod-	knot	Latin	nodus	acnode, binodal, crunode, denouement, extranodal, internodal, internode, intranodal, multinodal, nodal, node, nodose, nodosity, nodular, nodulation, nodule, nodulose, nodulus, nodus, supernode, tacnode, trinodal, uninodal
nom-	arrangement, law, order	Greek	νόμος (nómos), νομή	agronomy, antinomy, astronomy, autonomous, autonomy, bionomics, economics, economy, gastronomy, metronome, numismatic, polynomial, taxonomy
nomen-, nomin-	name	Latin	nomen, nominis	agnomen, agnominal, agnomination, binomen, binominal, denomination, denominational, denominative, denominator, ignominious, ignominy, innominate, innomine, interdenominational, multidenominational, multinominal, nomenclator, nomenclature, nominal, nominate, nomination, nominative, nominator, nominee, nondenominational, noun, postnominal, praenomen, prenominal, pronominal, pronoun, redenomination, renominate, renown, surnominal, trinomen, trinominal
non-	not	Latin	non	none, nonexistent, non-fiction, noninvasive
non-	ninth	Latin	nōnus	nonary, None, nonet, noon
noso-, -nosis	disease	Greek	νόσος	nosogenesis, zoonosis
not-	letter, mark, note	Latin	notare	annotate, annotation, annotator, connotation, connotational, connotative, connote, denotation, denotational, denotative, denotatum, denote, nondenotative, nonnotable, nonnotational, notability, notable, notarial, notariat, notary, notate, notation, notational
nov-, nome-, non-, novem-	nine	Latin	novem	November, novennial, Nonillion, Nomedecillion
nov-	new	Latin	novus	innovate, innovation, innovational, innovative, innovator, innovatory, nova, novation, novel, novella, novelty, novice, novitiate, renovatable, renovate, renovation, renovative, renovator, supernova
nox-	harm	Latin	noxa	noxious, obnoxious
nub-, nupt-	to marry, to wed	Latin	nubes, nubis, nubere	connubial, connubiality, nubile, nuptial, postnuptial, prenuptial
nuc-	nut	Latin	nux, nucis	enucleate, enucleation, extranuclear, internuclear, intranuclear, multinucleate, nougat, nucament, nucellar, nucellus, nucifer, nuciferine, nuciferous, nuciform, Nucifraga, nucivorous, nuclear, nucleate, nucleation, nucleolar, nucleolate, nucleolus, nucleus, pronuclear, pronucleus, supranuclear
nunci-	announce	Latin	nuntius	announce, announcement, annunciation, denounce, denouncement, denunciation, enounce, enouncement, enunciable, enunciate, enunciation, enunciative, internuncial, internuncio, nunciature, nuncio, obnounce, pronounce, pronouncement, pronunciation, pronuntiatio, renounce, renouncement, renunciation
nutri-	nourish	Latin	nutrire	innutrition, malnourish, malnourishment, malnutrition, nonnutritional, nourish, nourishment, nurse, nurturance, nurture, nutrient, nutriment, nutrition, nutritional, nutritious

O

Root	Meaning in English	Origin language	Etymology (root origin)	English examples
ob-, o-, oc-, of-, og-, op-, os- [229]	against	Latin	ob	obduracy, obdurate, obduration, obfuscate, oblique, obliquity, obstinate, obstreperous, occur, offend, omit, oppose, ostensible, ostentatious
oct- [230]	eight	Greek	ὀκτώ (oktṓ), ὀκτάς (oktás), ὀκτάκις (oktákis) "eight times"	hemi-octahedron, octad, octadic, octagon, octahedron, octameter, octode
oct-	eight	Latin	octō	octangular, octennial, octovir
ocul-	eye	Latin	oculus, oculare	ocular, oculus, ullage
od-	path, way	Greek	ὁδός (hodós)	anode, diode, odometer, parodos, pentode, tetrode, triode
odont- [231]	tooth	Greek	ὀδούς, ὀδόντος (odoús, odóntos)	anodontia, conodont, cynodont, dicynodont, dysodontiasis, macrodontia, mastodon, odontoid, odontology, odontophore, orthodontics, orthodontist, pedodontics, periodontal, smilodon, Thrinaxodon, Zanclodon
oec- [232]	house	Greek	ϝοῖκος (woîkos), οἶκος (oîkos)	andromonecy, archdiocese, autoecious, autoecism, dioecious, dioecy, ecesis, ecologist, ecology, economics, economist, economize, economy, ecoregion, ecosystem, ecumenic, ecumenism, gynomonoecy, heteroecious, heteroecism, heteroecy, homoecious, monoecious, monoecy, oecology, oeconomus, oecumenic, oikology, oikophobia, palaeoecology, paleoecology, parish, paroecious, perioeci, trioecious
oen- [233]	wine	Greek	ϝοῖνος (woînos), οἶνος (oînos)	enology, oenochoe, oenologist, oenology, oenophile, oenophilia, oinochoe
-oid	like	Greek	-οειδής (-oeidēs)	asteroid, mucoid, organoid
ole-	oil	Latin	oleum	oleosity
olig- [234]	few	Greek	ὀλίγος (olígos)	oligarchy, Oligocene, oligopoly, oligosaccharide, oligotrophic
omni-	all	Latin	omnis	omnipotence, omnipresent, omniscient, omnivore
oneir- [235]	dream	Greek	ὄνειρος (óneiros), ὀνειρώσσω, ὀνείρωξις (oneírōxis)	oneiric, oneirism, oneirocritic, Oneirocritica, Oneirodidae, oneirogen, oneirogenic, Oneiroi, oneiroid, oneirology, oneiromancy, oneironaut, oneironautics, oneirophobia, oneirophrenia, oneiroscopy
onomat- [236]	name	Greek	ὄνομα, ὀνόματος (ónoma, onómatos), ὀνομάζω, ὀνομαστικός (onomastikós)	antonomasia, onomasiology, onomastic, onomasticon, onomastics, onomasty, onomatology, onomatophore, onomatopoeia
ont-	being, existence	Greek	ὄντος, ὀντότης (óntos, ontótēs), οὐσία (ousía)	dysontogenesis, homoiousia, homoousia, monoousious, ontogenesis, ontogenetic, ontogeny, ontology, ousia, parousia
onym- [237]	name	Greek	ὄνυμα (ónuma)	acronym, allonym, anonymous, antonym, autonym, caconym, cryptonym, eponym, eponymous, eponymy, euonym, homonym, hyperonym, hyponym, hyponymy, meronym, meronymy, metonym, metonymy, metronymic, paronym, paronymous, pseudonym, pseudonymous, synonym, synonymous, synonymy, tautonym, tautonymous, tautonymy, troponym, troponymy, xenonym, xenonymy
oo- [238]	egg	Greek	ᾠόν (ōión)	bottarga, dioon, epoophoron, oidioid, oidium, ooblast, oocyst, oocyte, oocytogenesis, oogamete, oogamous, oogamy, oogenesis, oogonium, ooid, oolite, oolith, oology, oomancy, oophagy, oophorectomy, oophoron, ootheca, ootid, ootidogenesis, paroophoron
oper-	work	Latin	opus, operis	cooperate, inoperable, opera, operate, opus
oper-	cover	Latin	operire, operculum	interoperculum, kerchief, opercular, operculiform, operculum
ophi- [239]	snake	Greek	ὄφις, ὄφεως (óphis, ópheōs)	Brachyurophis, ophicephalous, Ophicephalus, Ophiceras, Ophiclinus, ophidiophobia, ophiolite, ophiologist, ophiology, ophiophagous, Ophiophagus, ophiophagy, ophiophobia, Ophisaurus, Ophisops, ophitic
ophthalm- [240]	eye	Greek	ὀφθαλμός (ophthalmós)	exophthalmic, exophthalmos, microphthalmia, ophthalmia, ophthalmic, ophthalmologic, ophthalmologist, ophthalmology, ophthalmoparesis, ophthalmoplegia, parophthalmia, xerophthalmia
opisth- [241]	behind	Greek	ὄπισθεν (ópisthen), ὀπίσθιος	anopisthograph, opisthion, opisthobranch, opisthodomos, opisthoglyphous, opisthognathous, opisthograph, opisthokont, opisthosoma, opsimath, opsimathy
ops-, opt- (ΟΠ)	eye	Greek	ὄψεσθαι (ópsesthai), ὀπτός (optós), ὀπτικός (optikós), ὄψις (ópsis)	amblyopia, anopia, autopsy, biopsy, catadioptrics, catoptrics, catoptromancy, catoptrophobia, cyclops, diopter, dioptre, dioptrics, diplopia, eisoptrophobia, emmetropia, hemianopsia, myopia, opsoclonus, optic, optokinetic, panopticon, pleoptics, synopsis, synoptic, tritanopia
opt-	choose	Latin	optare	adopt, adoptee, adoption, adoptive, co-option, coopt, cooptation, nonoptional, opt, optation, optative, option, optional, optionality
or-, oro- [242]	mountain	Greek	ὄρος, ὄρεος (óros, óreos), ὀρειάς	Oread, orogenesis, orogenic, orogeny, orographic, orography, oronym
or-	mouth	Latin	os (genitive oris) "mouth"	adosculation, inosculate, inosculation, interosculate, intraoral, oral, orifice, osculant, osculum, peroral
ora-	pray, plead	Latin	orare "to pray, plead"	adore, adoration, exorable, inexorable, oracle, orate, oration, orator, oratorio, oratory, orison, perorate, peroration, perorator
ordin-	order	Latin	ōrdō, ordinis	coordinal, coordinate, coordination, coordinator, disorder, extraordinaire, extraordinary, grandorder, incoordinate, incoordination, infraorder, inordinate, inordination, insubordinate, insubordination, magnorder, mirorder, ordain, ordainment, order, ordinal, ordinance, ordinand, ordinariate, ordinary, ordinate, ordination, ordinative, ordnance, ornery, parvorder, preordain, preorder, preordination, quasiorder, reordain, reorder, reordination, suborder, subordinary, subordinate, subordination, superordain, superorder, superordinate, superordination
organ-	organ, instrument, tool	Greek	ὄργανον (órganon)	organic, organism, organogenesis
ori-, ort-	rise	Latin	oriri, ortus	aboriginal, abort, abortifacient, abortion, abortive, disorient, disorientation, orient, oriental, Orientalia, orientate, orientation, orientational, orientative, origin, original, originality, originate, origination, originator, reorient, reorientation
ornith- [243]	bird	Greek	ὄρνις, ὄρνιθος (órnis, órnithos)	Avernus, ornithology, ornithomancy, ornithorhynchus, ornithosis
orth- [244]	straight	Greek	ὀρθός (orthós), ὀρθότης	orthocenter, orthocentric, orthodontia, orthodontic, orthodontist, orthodox, orthodoxy, orthographic, ortholog, orthologous, orthonym, orthopedic, orthoscope, orthosis, orthostat, orthostyle, orthotic
osm- [245]	odor	Greek	ὀσμή (osmḗ), ὄσμησις	anosmia, anosmic, cacosmia, coprosmia, dysosmia, dysosmic, euosmia, hyperosmia, hyperosmic, hyposmia, hyposmic, osmium, osmolagnia, osmophobia, osphresiolagnia, parosmia, phantosmia, troposmia
oss-	bone	Latin	os, ossis	exossation, interosseous, ossature, osselet, osseocartilaginous, osseointegration, osseous, ossicle, ossicular, ossiferous, ossification, ossifrage, ossify, ossuary
oste- [246]	bone	Greek	ὀστέον, ὀστέου (ostéon, ostéou), ὀστοῦν, ὀστοῦ (ostoûn, ostoû)	dysostosis, endosteum, exostosis, hyperostosis, monostotic, Osteichthyes, osteoarthritis, osteoblast, osteochondritis, osteochondrosis, osteoclast, osteogenic, osteogenesis, osteoid, osteology, osteolysis, osteoma, osteomalacia, osteonecrosis, osteopathy, osteopenia, osteoporosis, osteosarcoma, osteosis, osteothrombosis, osteotome, osteotomy, periosteum, synostosis
ot- [247]	ear	Greek	οὖς, ὠτός (oûs, ōtós)	anotia, Aotus, microtia, Myosotis, otalgia, otic, otitis, otocephaly, otocleisis, otoconium, otocyst, otodynia, otolith, otology, otopathy, otophyma, otoplasty, otorhinology, otorrhea, otosclerosis, otoscope, otoscopy, ototomy, parotic, parotid, periotic, synotia
ov-	egg	Latin	ovum	obovate, oval, ovarian, ovariole, ovary, ovate, ovicapsule, ovicidal, ovicide, oviduct, oviferous, oviform, oviposition, ovipositor, ovolo, ovular, ovulation, ovulatory, ovule, ovum, pluriovulate
oxy- [248]	sharp, pointed	Greek	ὀξύς (oxús)	anoxia, anoxic, dioxide, hypoxia, monoxide, oxide, oxyanion, oxygen, oxyhalide, oxymoron, oxyntic, oxytone, paroxysm, pentoxide, polyoxide, tetraoxygen, tetroxide, trioxide

P

Root	Meaning in English	Origin language	Etymology (root origin)	English examples
pac-	peace	Latin	pax, pacis	appease, Pacific, pacify, pay
pach- [249]	thick	Greek	παχύς (pakhús), πάχος, πάχεος (pákhos, pákheos)	pachydermata, pachyglossia, pachynsis, Pachypodium
paed-, ped- [250]	child	Greek	παῖς, παιδός (paîs, paidós), παιδικός (paidikós)	orthopedic, paediatric, paedogenesis, paedomorphism, page, pedagogue, pedagogy, pedant, pedantic, pediatric, pedodontics, pedophilia
palae-, pale- [251]	ancient, old	Greek	παλαιός (palaiós)	paleo diet, paleobiology, paleobotanic, Paleocene, Paleogene, Paleolithic, paleology, paleomagnetism, paleontology, paleopolyploidy, paleopsychology, Paleozoic
palin-, palim- [252]	back	Greek	πάλιν (pálin)	palimpsest, palindrome, palingenesis, palinspastic
pan-, pam- [253]	all	Greek	πᾶς, παντός (pantós), πᾶν (pân), πασῶν, παντότης, πάντοθεν	diapason, panacea, pandemic, pandemonium, panoply, panoptic, pantology, parrhesia
pand-, pans-	spread	Latin	pandere, pansus/ passus	compass, dispand, dispansion, encompass, encompassment, expand, expanse, expansion, expansive, expansivity, impassable, impasse, pace, pandiculate, pandiculation, passus, repand, spawn, subrepand
par-, para- [254]	beside, near	Greek	παρά (pará)	parable, parabola, parallel, parallelepiped, parameter, parapagus, paradox, parody
par-	equal	Latin	par	compare, disparage, par, parity, peer, subpar
part-	part	Latin	pars, partis	apart, bipartite, compartment, depart, impartial, parcel, part, partial, participate, particle, partisan, partition
pasc-, past-	feed	Latin	pāscere, pāstus	antepast, antipasto, pabulum, pastel, pastern, pastiglia, pastille, pastor, pastorage, pastoral, pastorale, pastorate, pastorium, pasturable, pasturage, pastural, pasture, repast, repasture
path- [255]	feeling, disease	Greek	πάσχειν (páskhein), παθητικός (pathētikós), πάθος (páthos)	allopath, allopathy, antipathy, apathetic, apathy, empathy, etiopathogenesis, homeopathic, homeopathy, idiopathic, pathetic, pathoclisis, pathogen, pathogenesis, pathogenic, pathologist, pathology, pathos, psychopath, psychopathic, psychopathy, sympathectomy, sympathetic, sympathy
pater-, patr- [256]	father	Greek	πατήρ, πατρός (patḗr, patrós), πατριά (patriá), πατριώτης (patriṓtēs)	allopatric, allopatry, eupatrides, patriarch, patriarchy, patriot, patriotic, patriotism, patrology, patronym, patronymic, sympatric, sympatry
pater-, patr-	father	Latin	pater (genitive patris)	compadre, compaternity, compère, impetrate, impetration, impetrative, impetrator, Jupiter, padre, padrone, paterfamilias, paternal, paternity, paternoster, patriate, patriation, Patricia, patrician, patriciate, patricidal, patricide, Patrick, patriclinous, patricliny, patrifocal, patrilateral, patrilineage, patrilineal, patrilineality, patrilinear, patrilocal, patrilocality, patrimonial, patrimony, patron, patronage, patronal, patronate, patroness, patroon, patter, pattern, père, perpetrable, perpetrate, perpetration, perpetrator, repatriate, repatriation
pati-, pass-	suffer, feel, endure, permit	Latin	pati, passus	compassion, compassionate, compatibility, compatible, dispassion, dispassionate, impassible, impassion, impassive, impassivity, impatible, impatience, impatient, incompatibility, incompatible, interpatient, noncompatible, nonpassible, passibility, passible, passion, passional, passionary, passionate, passive, passivity, patible, patience, patient, patientive, perpession
pector-	chest	Latin	pectus, pectoris	pectoral
ped-	foot	Latin	pes, pedis	biped, bipedal, centipedal, centipede, decempedal, expediency, expedient, expeditate, expedite, expedition, expeditionary, expeditious, impeach, impeachable, impeachment, impede, impediment, impedition, impeditive, inexpedient, interpetiolar, intrapetiolar, millipede, multiped, multipede, octopede, oppidum, pawn, pedal, pedate, pedatifid, pedestal, pedestrian, pedicel, pedicle, pedicure, pediform, pedigerous, pedigree, peduncle, pedunculate, peon, peonage, petiolar, petiolate, petiole, petiolular, petiolulate, petiolule, piedfort, piedmont, pioneer, quadruped, quadrupedal, repedation, revamp, semiped, semipedal, sesquipedal, stapes, stapedius, subpetiolate, suppedaneum, tripedal, trivet, vamp, velocipede
pelag- [257]	sea	Greek	πέλαγος (pélagos), πελαγικός (pelagikós)	abyssopelagic, allopelagic, archipelagic, archipelago, bathypelagic, epipelagic, hadopelagic, mesopelagic, pelagic, pelagonym
pell-, puls-	drive, push	Latin	pellere, pulsus	appulse, compel, compulsory, dispel, expel, expulsion, impel, impulse, propel, propellent, propulsion, propulsive, propulsor, pulsate, pulse, push, repel, repellent, repulsive
pen-	almost	Latin	paene	peninsula, penultimate, penumbra
pen-, poen-, puni-	punish	Latin	punire "punish" (earlier poenire), from poena "punishment"	impune, impunity, pain, penal, penalize, penalty, penance, penitence, penitent, penitentiary, pine, punish, punitive, repent, subpoena
pend-, pens-	hang	Latin	pensare, frequentative of pendere	append, penchant, pendant, pending, pendulum, pensive, prepense, suspend, suspense
pent- [258]	five	Greek	πέντε (pénte), πεντάς, πεντάδος (pentás, pentádos), πεντάκις (pentákis) "five times", πενταπλάσιος (pentaplásios) "five-fold", πενταχοῦ	diapente, pentachoric, pentad, pentagon, pentagram, pentalpha, pentapolis, pentatonic, pentatope, pentode
pept-	digest	Greek	πέσσειν (péssein), πεπτός (peptós), πεπτικός (peptikós), πέψις (pépsis)	dipeptide, dyspepsia, dyspeptic, eupepsia, eupeptic, monopeptide, oligopeptide, pepsin, peptic, peptide, peptone, polypeptide, tetrapeptide, tripeptide
per-, pel-	thoroughly, through	Latin	per	pellucid, perfection, permeate, pernicious, persistence, peruse, pervade
peri- [259]	around	Greek	περί (perí)	Pericles, pericope, perigee, perihelion, perimeter, period, periphery, periscope
petr- [260]	rock	Greek	πέτρα (pétra)	epipetric, petrify, petroglyph, petrographic, petrography, petroleum, petrology, petrosomatoglyph
phag-	eat	Greek	φαγεῖν (phageîn), φαγία (phagía)	autophagosome, autophagy, bacteriophage, dysphagia, esophagitis, geophagia, hematophagy, macrophage, odynophagia, phagocyte, phagocytosis, phagolysosome, phagophilia, phagophobia, phagosome, phagy, polyphagia, pseudodysphagia, sarcophagus
pharmac- [261]	drug, medicine	Greek	φάρμακον (phármakon)	alexipharmic, pharmaceutics, pharmacodynamics, pharmacogenetics, pharmacogenomic, pharmacokinetics, pharmacology, pharmacophobia, pharmacy
phan-, phen- [262]	to show, visible	Greek	φαίνειν (phaínein), φαντός (phantós), φαινόμενον (phainómenon), φάσις (phásis)	diaphanous, emphasis, epiphany, fantasy, phanerozoic, phantasm, phantom, phase, phene, phenetic, phenology, phenomenon, phenotype, photic, prophase, sycophant, telophase, theophany, tryptophan
pheb-, phob- [263]	fear	Greek	φέβεσθαι (phébesthai), φόβος (phóbos), φοβέω	autophobia, hydrophobia, panphobia, phobophobia
pher-, phor- [264]	bear, carry	Greek	φέρειν (phérein), φορά (phorá), φόρος (phóros)	adiaphora, adiaphorism, anaphor, metaphor, pheromone, phoresis, phoresy, phosphor, prosphora, pyrophoric
phil-, -phile [265]	love, friendship	Greek	φίλος (phílos), φιλικός (philikós), φιλεῖν (phileîn), φιλία (philía), φίλτρον (phíltron)	bibliophile, heterophil, hydrophile, paraphilia, philanthropy, philharmonic, philophobia, philosophy, philter, philtre, philtrum
phleb- [266]	vein	Greek	φλέψ, φλεβός (phléps, phlebós), φλέβιον	phlebitis, phlebography, phlebosclerosis, phlebotomist, phlebotomize, phlebotomy, thrombophlebitis
phleg-, phlog- [267]	burn, heat, inflammation	Greek	φλέγειν (phlégein), φλέγμα (phlégma), φλόξ (phlóx) "flame"	phlegm, phlegmasia, phlegmatic, phlegmon, phlegmonous, phlogistic, phlogiston, Phlox
phob-	fear	Greek	φόβος (phóbos)	acrophobia, arachnophobia, claustrophobia, ergophobia, homophobia, hydrophobia, zeusophobia
phon- [268]	sound	Greek	φωνή (phōnḗ), φωνητικός (phōnētikós), φώνημα (phṓnēma)	acrophonic, acrophony, allophone, antiphon, antiphony, aphonia, aphonic, apophony, archiphoneme, cacophony, diaphony, diplophonia, dysphonia, euphonic, euphonious, euphonize, euphony, heterophonic, heterophony, homophone, homophonous, homophony, hypophonesis, ideophone, idiophone, isophone, logophonetic, megaphone, microphone, misophonia, monophonic, monophony, morphophonology, phonaesthesia, phonaesthetics, phone, phonemic, phonesthemic, phonetic, phonetics, phonics, phonogram, phonograph, phonology, phonophobia, phonosemantics, phonotactics, polyphonic, polyphony, stereophonic, symphonic, symphony, telephonic, telephony
phos-, phot-	light	Greek	φῶς, φωτός (phōtós)	aphotic, biophoton, cataphote, diphoton, euphotic, microphotograph, phosphor, phosphorus, photic, photo, photobiology, photocatalysis, photochromism, photoelectric, photogenic, photogram, photograph, photography, photolysis, photometer, photometric, photometry, photon, photoperiod, photophobia, photophone, photophore, photopic, photoptarmosis, photosynthesis, phototaxis, phototherapy, phototroph, telephoto
phren-, phron- [269]	mind	Greek	φρήν, φρενός (phrḗn, phrenós)	euneirophrenia, euphrasy, Euphrosyne, frantic, frenetic, frenzy, oneirophrenia, phrenetic, -phrenia, phrenic, phrenitis, phrenology, phronema, phronesis, phronetic, schizophrenia, sophrosyne
phtheg- [270]	utter	Greek	φθέγγεσθαι (phthéngesthai), φθεγκτός, φθεγκτικός, φθέγξις, φθέγμα, φθέγματος (phthégma, phthégmatos), φθεγματικός, φθόγγος (phthóngos), φθογγή	apophthegm, apophthegmatic, diphthong, diphthongize, monophthong, monophthongize
phyll- [271]	leaf	Greek	φύλλον (phúllon)	chlorophyll, phyllotaxis
physi-	nature	Greek	φύσις (phúsis)	physics, physician
phyt-	plant	Greek	φύειν (phúein), φυτόν (phutón)	archaeophyte, autophyte, bryophyte, dermatophyte, neophyte, phytonym, phytoplankton
ping-, pict-	paint	Latin	pingere, pictus	depiction, picture, pigment
pisc-	fish	Latin	piscis	Pisces, piscivore
plan-	flat	Latin	plānus	applanate, applanation, aquaplane, complanar, complanate, coplanar, coplanarity, deplanate, deplane, emplane, esplanade, explain, explanation, explanatory, peneplain, pianissimo, piano, pianoforte, plain, plaintext, plan, planar, planarian, planary, planate, planation, plane, planification, planiform, planish, planula, planular, planulate
plat- [272]	flat, broad	Greek	πλατύς (platús), πλατεῖα (plateîa)	piazza, place, plaice, plateau, platitude, platyhelminth, platypus, Platyrrhini, platysma, Platyzoa, plaza
ple- [273] (ΠΛΕ)	fill, full	Greek	πιμπλάναι (pimplánai), πλέως/πλέος, πλειότερος, πλειότης, πλήρης (plḗrēs), πληρόω, πλήρωσις (plḗrōsis), πλήρωμα (plḗrōma), πλήθειν (plḗthein), πλῆθος (plêthos), πληθύς, πληθύω, πληθύνω (plēthúnō), πληθυντικός, πληθώρα/πληθώρη (plēthṓra), πληθωρικός (plēthōrikós), πληθυσμός (plēthusmós)	pleroma, plethodontid, plethora, plethoric, plethysm, plethysmograph, plethysmometry
ple-, plet-	fill	Latin	plere	complement, complete, deplete, implement, replete, suppletion, supply
plen-	full	Latin	plenus	plenary, plenitude, plenty, replenish
pleur- [274]	rib, side	Greek	πλευρά (pleurá), πλευρόν (pleurón)	metapleural, pleura, pleurisy, pleuritis, pleurodynia, pleuron
plic-	fold	Latin	plicare, plicatus	appliance, applicability, applicable, applicant, applicate, application, applicative, applicator, applicatory, appliqué, apply, centuplicate, centuplication, complicacy, complicant, complicate, complication, complice, complicity, conduplicate, conduplication, duplication, explicate, explicit, implicate, implicit, imply, plait, pleat, pliable, pliant, plight, ply, replica, replicate, replication, replicative, replicator, reply, splay, subduplicate, supplicant, supplicate, supplication, triplicate, triplicity
plur-, plus-	more	Latin	plus, pluris	double, plural, pluralist, plus, quadruple, surplus, triple
pne- [275]	blow, breathe, lung	Greek	πνεῖν (pneîn), πνεῦμα (pneûma), πνεύμων (pneúmōn)	anapnograph, anapnoic, apnea, apnoea, dyspnoea, pleuropneumonia, pneumatic, pneumatology, pneumonia, pneumonic, pneumotaxic
pod- [276]	foot	Greek	πούς, ποδός (podós), ποδικός (podikós), ποδία (podía), πόδιον (pódion), πέδον (pédon), πεδίον, πέζα	amphipod, antipode, decapod, podiatry, podium, podomancy, podomere, podopaediatric, polyp, polyposis, sympodium, tetrapod, tripod
polem- [277]	war	Greek	πολεμεῖν (polemeîn), πόλεμος (pólemos), πολεμικός (polemikós)	polemarch, polemic, polemology
poli- [278]	city	Greek	πόλις, πόλιος (pólis, pólios), πολίτης (polítēs), πολιτικός (politikós)	acropolis, biopolitics, cosmopolis, cosmopolitan, Decapolis, ecumenopolis, eperopolis, geopolitics, heptapolis, hexapolis, isopolity, megalopolis, megapolis, metropolis, pentapolis, police, policy, polis, politeia, politic, politicize, politics, politologist, politology, politonym, polity, propolis, tetrapolis, Tripoli
poly- [279]	many	Greek	πολύς (polús), πολλός (pollós), πολλότης (pollótēs), πολλάκις (pollákis) "many times", πολλαπλάσιος/πολυπλάσιος, πλείων (pleíōn) "more", πλεῖστος (pleîstos) "most", πολλοστός (pollostós)	hoi polloi, pollakanth, polyadic, polyandry, polygamy, polygon, polyphase, polysaccharide, polytheistic
pon-, posit-	put	Latin	ponere, positus	apposite, apropos, component, depose, deposit, exponent, expose, expound, impose, impound, opponent, position, positive, postpone, posture, propone, proponent, proposition, propound, repose
popul-	people	Latin	populus, populare	population, popular, populous
porphyr- [280]	purple	Greek	πορφύρα (porphúra)	porphyrin, porphyritic, porphyrophobia, porphyry
port-	carry	Latin	portare "to carry", porta "gate"	comportment, deport, export, import, port, portable, portage, portal, porter, portfolio, purport, rapport, report, support, transport
post-	after, behind	Latin	post	posterior, posterity, postscript
pot-	power	Latin	potere "be powerful", from potis "powerful, able"	despot, impotent, possess, potent, potentate, potential, power
potam- [281]	river	Greek	ποταμός (potamós)	autopotamic, hippopotamus, Mesopotamia, potamic, potamodromous, potamology, potamonym, potamophobia, potamoplankton
prag- [282]	do	Greek	πράσσειν (prássein), πράττειν (práttein), πρασσόμενον, πρακτός (praktós), πρακτικός (praktikós), (prāktikḗ), πρᾶξις (prâxis), πρᾶγμα (prâgma)	apraxia, dyspraxia, parapraxis, practic, practice, pragma, pragmatic, pragmatism, pragmatist, praxis
pre-	before	Latin	prae	previous
prehend-, prend-, prehens-	grasp	Latin	prehendere, prehensus	apprehend, comprehend, comprehensive, enterprise, prehensility, prehension, prey, prison, prize, reprehend, surprise
prem-, -prim-, press-	press	Latin	premere, pressus	compress, compression, compressor, depress, depression, depressive, espresso, express, expression, expressive, impress, impression, impressive, imprimatur, imprint, oppress, oppression, oppressive, oppressor, press, pressure, print, repress, repression, repressive, reprimand, suppress, suppression, suppressor
prim-	first	Latin	primus	coprime, nonprime, prima facie, primacy, primal, primality, primary, primate, prime, primer, primeval, primine, primitive, primogeniture, primordial, primrose, Primula, semiprime, subprimal, subprime
prior-	former	Latin	prior	prior, priority, priory, pristine, repristinate, subprior
pro- [283]	before, in front of	Greek	πρό (pró), πρότερος (próteros) "former", πρῶτος (prôtos)	prologue, prostate, prow
pro-	for, forward	Latin	pro	procrastinate, propel, propulsion
proct- [284]	anus	Greek	πρωκτός (prōktós)	Ectoprocta, Entoprocta, epiproct, hypoproct, paraproct, periproct, proctalgia, proctology
pros- [285]	forth, forward	Greek	πρός (prós), πρόσθεν (prósthen), πρόσθιος (prósthios)	prosenchyma, prosophobia, prosthesis, prosthion
prosop- [286]	face	Greek	πρόσωπον (prósōpon)	aprosopia, diprosopus, prosopography, prosoponym, prosopopoeia, prosopospasm
prot- [287]	first	Greek	πρῶτος (prôtos) [note 1]	amphiprotic, antiproton, protagonist, protanomaly, protanopia, protein, protist, protocol, proton, protoplasm, prototype, Protozoa
pseud- [288]	false	Greek	ψεύδω, ψεῦδος (pseûdos)	pseudonym
pseud-	false	Greek	ψεύδομαι, ψευδής (pseudḗs)	pseudonym
psych- [289]	mind	Greek	ψύχειν (psúkhein), ψυχή (psukhḗ), ψυχικός (psukhikós)	hylopsychism, panpsychism, psyche, psychedelia, psychedelic, psychiatry, psychic, psychoanalysis, psychologist, psychology, psychopathic, psychopathy, psychopomp, psychosis, psychotherapy, psychotic, psychoticism
pter- [290]	wing	Greek	πτερόν, πτεροῦ (pterón, pteroû), πτέρυξ, πτέρυγος (ptérux, ptérugos), (pterugōtós), πτερίσκος	apterous, apterygote, archaeopteryx, brachypterous, brachyptery, Chiroptera, chiropterologist, Endopterygota, exopterygote, helicopter, hemipterous, heteropterous, homopterous, Neoptera, peripteros, pterodactyl, pteron, pteropod, pterosaur, pterostigma, pterygote, tetrapterous
pulmon-	lung	Latin	pulmo, pulmonis	pulmonary
purg-	cleanse	Latin	purgare	expurgate, purgatory, purge
pyr- [291]	fire	Greek	πύρ, πυρός (púr, purós), πυρά (purá), πυρότης, πυρετός, πυρέττειν	antipyretic, Empyreuma, pyre, pyrite, pyroclastic, pyrolysis, pyromancy, pyromania, pyromaniac, pyrometric, pyrophobia, pyrophoric, pyrosis, pyrosome, pyrotechnic

Q

Root	Meaning in English	Origin language	Etymology (root origin)	English examples
quadr-	four	Latin	quattuor	quadrangle, quadrennial, quadriceps, quadrifarious, quadrifid, quadrifolium, quadrifrons, quadrilateral, quadrilingual, quadriliteral, quadrillion, quadrimester, quadrinational, quadrinodal, quadrinomial, quadrinominal, quadripara, quadrireme, quadrisection, quadrivalent, quadrivium, quadruped, quadruple, quadruplet, quadruplex, quadruplicate, quatrain, quatre, quatrefoil
quart-	fourth	Latin	quartus	inquartation, interquartile, quadroon, quart, quartal, quartan, quartary, quarte, quarter, quartermaster, quartet, quartic, quartile, quartine, quarto, semiquartile
quasi-	as if, almost	Latin	quasi	quasar, quasiparticle
quati-, -cuti-, quass-, -cuss-	shake	Latin	quatere	cassate, cassation, concussion, concussive, conquassate, decussation, discuss, discussion, discussive, discutient, excuss, excussio, excussion, fracas, percuss, percussion, percussive, percussor, quash, quassation, recussion, repercussion, rescue, squash, squassation, subconcussive, succuss, succussation, succussion, succussive
qui-	rest	Latin	quies, quiētus	acquiesce, acquiescence, acquiescent, acquit, acquittal, acquittance, inquietude, quiescence, quiescent, quiet, quietude, quietus, quit, requiem, requiescat
quinque-	five	Latin	quinque	cinquain, cinque, quinquefoil, quinquennial, quinquennium, quinquepartite, quinquevalent

R

Root	Meaning in English	Origin language	Etymology (root origin)	English examples
radic-	root	Latin	rādix, rādīcis	eradicate, radical, radix
re-, red-	again, back	Latin	re-	recede, redact
rect-, reg-, -rig-	straight, direct	Latin	regere "to direct, lead straight, guide", related rectus "straight, right"	correct, direct, dirigible, erect, erection, ergo, rectangle, rectify, rectitude, rectum, regent, regime, regimen, regiment, region, surge
reg-, rex-	king	Latin	rex (genitive regis)	regal, regency, regicide, Regis, regulation, reign, rex, royal
ren-	kidney	Latin	rēnēs	renal
retro-	backward, behind	Latin	retrō	retrograde, retrospective, retrovirus
rhe- [292]	flow	Greek	ῥεῖν (rheîn), ῥυτός (rhutós), ῥύσις (rhúsis), ῥεῦμα (rheûma), ῥοία (rhoía), ῥυθμός (rhuthmós)	antiarrhythmic, arrhythmia, arrhythmic, diarrhoea, dysrhythmia, endorheic, eurhythmia, eurhythmic, eurhythmy, gonorrhoea, hemorrhea, logorrhea, polyrhythm, rheology, rheometer, rheostat, rheum, rheumatic, rheumatism, rheumatoid, rheumatology, rhythm, rhythmic, rhyton
rhin- [293]	nose, snout	Greek	ῥίς, ῥινός (rhís, rhinós)	catarrhine, haplorhine, platyrrhine, rhinoceros, rhinophyma, rhinoplasty, strepsirrhine
rhiz- [294]	root	Greek	ῥίζα (rhíza), ῥιζοῦν (rhizoûn), ῥίζωμα (rhízōma)	ectomycorrhiza, rhizoid, rhizomatous, rhizome, rhizomorph, rhizomorphous, rhizophagous, rhizophagy, Rhizopogon, Rhizopus, rhizosphere
rid-, ris-	laugh	Latin	ridere "to laugh" (past participle risus)	deride, derision, ridicule, ridiculous, risible
rog-	ask	Latin	rogāre	abrogate, arrogant, arrogate, derogate, derogation, derogatory, interrogation, prerogative, prorogue, rogation, rogue, surrogate
ruber-, rubr-	red	Latin	ruber	erubescence, erubescent, rubella, Rubio, rubious, rubric, rubricate, rubrication, rubricator, ruby
rump-, rupt-	break, burst	Latin	rumpere, ruptus	abrupt, abruption, corrupt, corruptible, corruption, corruptor, disrupt, disruption, disruptive, disruptor, disrupture, erumpent, erupt, eruption, eruptive, incorrupt, incorruptibility, incorruptible, interrupt, interruptible, interruption, irrupt, irruption, irruptive, maleruption, noneruptive, reroute, rout, route, routine, rupture, subroutine, supereruption
rur-	countryside, farm	Latin	rūs, rūris	nonrural, roister, roisterous, rural, rustic, rusticate, rustication, rusticity

S

Root	Meaning in English	Origin language	Etymology (root origin)	English examples
sacchar- [295]	sugar	Greek	σάκχαρ, σάκχαρον (sákkharon)	disaccharide, heteropolysaccharide, homopolysaccharide, lipooligosaccharide, lipopolysaccharide, monosaccharide, oligosaccharide, pentasaccharide, polysaccharide, saccharin, trisaccharide
sali-, -sili-, salt-	jump	Latin	salire, saltus	assail, assailable, assailant, assailment, assault, assaultive, consilience, desultory, dissilience, dissilient, exult, exultant, exultation, insult, insultation, irresilient, resile, resilement, resilience, resiliency, resilient, result, resultant, salacious, salacity, salience, salient, sally, saltando, saltant, saltation, saltatorial, saltatory, saltigrade, saltire, salto, saltus, sault, sauté, sauteuse, sautille, sautoir, somersault, soubresaut, subsultory, transilience, transilient
salu-	health, welfare	Latin	salus	salubrious, salubrity, salutary, salute
salv-	save	Latin	salvus, salvare	salvage, salvation, salve
san-	healthy	Latin	sanus	insane, insanity, sanatorium, sane, sanitarian, sanitarium, sanitary, sanitation, sanity
sanc-	holy	Latin	sancire (past participle sanctus)	sacrosanct, saint, sanctify, sanction, sanctuary
sanguin-	blood	Latin	sanguis, sanguinis	consanguinity, sanguinary, sanguine
sarc- [296]	flesh	Greek	σάρξ, σαρκός (sárx, sarkós)	perisarc, sarcasm, sarcastic, sarcocele, sarcoid, sarcoidosis, sarcoma, sarcophagus, Sarcopterygii, sarcosine, sarcosinemia, sarcosome
scand-, -scend-, scans-, -scens-	climb	Latin	scandere	ascend, ascendency, ascendent, ascension, ascent, condescend, condescendence, condescension, descend, descendent, descension, descent, scansion, transcend, transcendence, transcendent, transcendental
scept-, scop-	look at, examine, view, observe	Greek	σκέπτεσθαι (sképtesthai), σκέψις (sképsis), σκέμμα, σκεπτικός (skeptikós), σκοπεῖν (skopeîn), σκοπός, σκοποῦ (skopós)	Abroscopus, diascopic, diascopy, endoscope, endoscopic, endoscopy, epidiascope, episcope, episcopic, gastroscopy, kaleidoscope, macroscopic, microscope, microscopic, panendoscopy, periscope, periscopic, scope, scopophobia, skeptic, stereoscopic, stereoscopy, stethoscope, telescope, telescopic, Telescopium
schid- [297] (ΣΧΙΔ) [298]	split	Greek	σχίζειν (skhízein), σχιστός (skhistós), σχίσις (skhísis), σχίσμα (skhísma), σχίζα	diaschisis, diaschisma, schisis, schism, schisma, schismatic, schizocarp, schizogamy, schizogony, schizoid, schizophrenia, schizotrichia
sci-	know	Latin	scire	conscience, conscious, conscientious, omniscious, omniscient, prescient, science, scienter
scler- [299]	hard	Greek	σκέλλειν (skéllein), σκληρός (sklērós), σκληρότης (sklērótēs)	sclera, sclerectomy, scleredema, sclereid, sclerema, sclerenchyma, sclerite, scleritis, scleroderma, sclerophyll, sclerophyllous, sclerosis, sclerotic, sclerotium, sclerotize
scrib-, script-	write	Latin	scribere, scriptus	describe, inscribe, manuscript, prescribe, scribble, scribe, script, scripture, subscribe
se-, sed-	away, apart	Latin	se	secede, sedition, seditious, seduce
sec-, sect-, seg-	cut	Latin	secare	secant, section, segment
sed-, -sid-, sess-	sit	Latin	sedere, sessus	assiduous, insidious, obsession, possess, preside, president, reside, resident, sedentary, sediment, sedimentary, sedulity, sedulous, session, subside, supersede
sema-	sign	Greek	σῆμα (sêma)	aposematic, asemasia, asemia, asemic, pentaseme, polyseme, polysemic, polysemous, polysemy, semantics, semaphore, semasiology, sematic, seme, sememe, semiotic, tetraseme, triseme
semi-	half	Latin	semis	semiannual, semicolon, semiconductor, semiconscious, semifinal, seminatural
sent-, sens-	feel	Latin	sentire, sensus	assent, consensus, consent, dissent, resent, scent, sensation, sense, sensible, sensitive, sensory, sentence, sentient, sentience, sentiment
sep- [300]	rot	Greek	σήψ (sḗps), σήπειν (sḗpein), σηπτός (sēptós), σηπτικός (sēptikós), σῆψις (sêpsis), σηπία (sēpía)	antisepsis, antiseptic, asepsis, aseptic, sepia, sepsis, septic
sept-	seven	Latin	septem	septennial
sequ-, secut-	follow	Latin	sequere, from sequi, see also secutus	consecutive, consequence, ensue, non sequitur, obsequious, prosecute, pursue, second, sequel, sequence, subsequent
serv-	save, protect, serve	Latin	servare	conserve, deserve, observe, preserve, reserve, servant, service, servile, servitude, subservient
sex-, se-	six	Latin	sex	semester, sexangle, sexangular, sexavalent, sexennial, sexennium, sexireme, sexivalent, sexpartite, sexradiate, sextain
sicc-	dry	Latin	siccare "to dry", from siccus "dry, thirsty"	desiccate, desiccation, sec, siccative
simil-, simul-	likeness, imitating	Latin	simulare "to emulate", from similis "alike"	assimilate, dissimilate, dissemble, ensemble, resemble, semblance, similar, similarity, simile, similitude, simulacrum, simular, simulate, simulation, simulator, simultaneous, verisimilar, verisimilitude
sinistr-	left	Latin	sinister, sinistri	sinistral
sol-	sun	Latin	sol, solis	circumsolar, extrasolar, insolate, insolation, solar, solarium, soliform, soliscence, solstice, subsolar
sol-	alone, only	Latin	solus	desolate, desolation, desolatory, saudade, sole, soliloquy, solitaire, solitary, solitude, solitudinarian, solitudinous, solivagous, solo, sullen
solv-, solut-	loosen, set free	Latin	solvere, solutus	absolute, absolve, dissolute, dissolve, resolute, resolve, soluble, solute, solution, solve, solvent
soma- [301]	body	Greek	σῶμα, σώματος (sôma, sṓmatos)	allosome, asomatous, autosome, centrosome, chromosome, decasomy, disomic, disomy, episome, gonosome, heptasomy, heterochromosome, heterodisomic, heterodisomy, hexasomy, isodisomic, isodisomy, macrosomia, metasomatic, metasomatism, microsome, microsomia, monosome, monosomic, monosomy, pentasomic, pentasomy, plasmosome, polysomic, polysomy, pyrosome, somatic, somatomancy, somatoparaphrenia, somatopleure, somatotype, somite, tetrasomic, tetrasomy, trisomic, trisomy
somn-	sleep	Latin	somnus	insomnia, somnambulist, somnifacient, somniferous, somnific, somniloquy, somnolent
somni-	dream	Latin	somnium	somnial
son-	sound	Latin	sonus	absonant, ambisonic, assonance, assonant, assonate, consonance, consonant, consonous, dissonance, dissonant, inconsonance, inconsonant, infrasonic, infrasound, magnisonant, resonance, resonant, resonate, resound, sonance, sonant, sonata, sondage, sonnet, sonorant, sonority, sound, subsonic, supersonic, triconsonantal, ultrasonic, ultrasound
soph- [302]	wise	Greek	σοφός (sophós), σοφία (sophía), σόφισμα (sóphisma), σοφισμός (sophismós)	antisophism, pansophism, pansophist, pansophy, philosophize, philosophy, sophism, sophist, sophistry, sophisticate, Sophocles, sophomania, sophomaniac, sophomore, sophomoric
soror-	sister	Latin	soror	cousin, sororal, sororate, sororicide, sorority
spec-, -spic-, spect-	look	Latin	perspicuus, specere, spectare, speculari	aspect, aspectual, auspicate, auspice, auspicious, biaspectual, bispecific, bispecificity, circumspect, circumspection, circumspective, conspecific, conspecificity, conspectus, conspicuous, despection, despicable, despiciency, despise, despite, disrespect, disrespectable, especial, expect, expectancy, expectant, expectation, inauspicious, incircumspect, inconspicuous, infraspecific, inspect, inspection, inspector, inspeximus, interspecies, interspecific, intraspecies, intraspecific, introspection, introspective, irrespective, multispecific, multispecificity, multispectral, nonspecific, perspective, perspicacious, perspicuity, perspicuous, prospect, prospective, prospector, prospectus, prospicience, prospicient, reinspect, respect, respectability, respectable, respectant, respective, respite, retrospection, retrospective, special, speciality, speciation, specie, species, specific, specification, specificity, specimen, speciosity, specious, spectacle, spectacular, spectacularity, spectant, spectation, spectator, spectatorial, spectral, spectre, spectrum, specular, speculate, speculation, speculative, speculator, speculatory, speculum, spice, spite, subspeciality, subspecies, suspect, suspicion, suspicious, transpicuous, trispecific, unispecific
spele-	cavern	Greek	σπέος (spéos), σπήλαιον (spḗlaion)	speleogen, speleogenesis, speleology, Speleomantes, speleomorphology, speleoseismite, speleothem, speleotherapy
sperm- [303]	seed	Greek	σπέρμα, σπέρματος (spérma, spérmatos)	angiosperm, endosperm, gymnosperm, perisperm, sperm, spermatid, spermatocyte, spermatogenesis, spermatogonium, spermatozoon, stenospermocarpy
spher- [304]	ball	Greek	σφαῖρα (sphaîra)	aspheric, hemisphere, hypersphere, mesosphere, pseudosphere, sphere, spherics, spheroid, spherometer, spherulite, stratosphere, trimetasphere, troposphere
spir-	breathe	Latin	spirare	aspire, conspire, expire, inspire, perspire, respiration, spirit
st- (ΣΤΑ)	cause to stand	Greek	ἵστημι histēmi, histánai, στατικός, στάσις, στατήρ, στήλη	acrostatic, actinostele, anastasis, antistatic, apostasy, apostate, astasia, astasis, astatic, astatine, catastasis, chronostasis, diastase, diastasis, diastatic, diasystem, ecstasy, ecstatic, epistasis, episteme, epistemic, epistemology, eustasis, eustatic, eustele, haplostele, homeostasis, homeostatic, hydrostatic, hypostasis, hypostasize, hypostatic, hypostatize, mesostatic, metastasis, metastasize, metastatic, metasystem, orthostates, orthostatic, protostele, stasimon, stasis, stater, static, statoblast, statocyst, statolith, stela, stele, systasis, system, systematic, systematize, systematology, systemic, teleutostatic
st-	stand	Latin	stare "to stand", also causative form statuere "to enact, set", from status "condition, position"	antestature, arrest, arrestant, arrestee, bistability, bistable, bistate, circumstance, circumstantial, consist, constable, constabulary, constancy, constant, constitute, consubstantiation, contrast, distance, distant, equidistance, equidistant, establish, estate, extant, inconstancy, inconstant, instability, instance, instant, obstacle, presto, stable, stamen, stamina, stance, stanchion, stanza, state, station, stationary, statistic, statue, status, staunch, stay, substance, substantial, substantiality, substantiate, substantiation, substantive, substate, substation, substitute, superstation, superstition, superstitious, transubstantiate, transubstantiation, tristate
stom-	mouth	Greek	στόμα, στόματος (stóma, stómatos)	anastomosis, anastomotic, deuterostome, monostomous, ozostomia, pentastomid, protostome, stoma, stomach, stomatalgia, stomatic, stomatoplasty, -stome
string-, strict-	tight, upright, stiff	Latin	stringere, strictus	astringent, constrain, constrict, constringe, restrict, strain, strict, stringent
stru-, struct-	to make up, build	Latin	struere, structus	construct, construction, construe, destroy, destruct, instruct, obstruct, structure
sub-, su-, suf-, sug-, sup-, sus-	below	Latin	sub	submarine, submerge, suffix, suggest, support
sud-	sweat	Latin	sudare	exudate, exude, sudarium, sudoriferous, transudate
sum-, sumpt-	take	Latin	sumere, sumptus	assume, assumption, consume, consumption, presumption, subsume
super-	above, over	Latin	super	insuperable, soprano, sovereign, summit, superable, superb, supercilious, supercomputer, superficial, superfluous, superimpose, superior, superlative, supermarket, supernal, supernatural, supernova, superposition, superpower, superscript, supersede, supersonic, superstition, supervene, supervise, supreme, supremum, surname, surplus, surround, survive
supra-	above, over	Latin	supra	supranationalism
syn-, sy-, syg-, syl-, sym-, sys- [305]	with	Greek	σύν (sún)	syllogism, symbol, symmetry, sympathy, synonym, synchronous, system

T

Root	Meaning in English	Origin language	Etymology (root origin)	English examples
tach-	swift	Greek	ταχύς (takhús), τάχος (tákhos)	tachometer, tachycardia, tachyrhythmia, tachytelic
tag- (ΤΑΓ) [306]	arrange, order	Greek	τάσσειν (tássein), τακτός (taktós), τακτικός (taktikós), τάξις (táxis), τάγμα (tágma)	ataxia, chemotaxis, epitaxis, eutaxy, hypotaxis, magnetotaxis, metasyntactic, parataxis, phonotactic, phonotactics, phototaxis, rheotaxis, syntactic, syntagma, syntagmatic, syntax, tactic, tagma, taxis, taxonomy, thermotaxis
tang-, -ting-, tact-, tag-	touch	Latin	tangere (past participle tactus)	attain, contact, contagious, contingent, contingency, contiguous, intact, tactile, tangent, tangible
taur-	bull	Greek	ταῦρος (taûros)	Minotaur, taurobolium, taurocholic, tauromachy
taur-	bull	Latin	taurus	Taurus
techn- (ΤΕΚ) [307]	art, skill	Greek	τίκτειν (tíktein), τέχνη (tékhnē), τέκτων, τέκτονος (téktōn, téktonos), τεκτονικός (tektonikós)	architect, polytechnic, techne, technique, technocracy, technocrat, technogaianism, technology, technophilia, technophobia, tectonic
teg-, tect-	cover	Latin	tegere, tectus	contection, detect, detectable, detection, detective, detector, integument, integumentary, obtect, pretectal, pretectum, protect, protection, protective, protector, protectorate, protectory, protectress, protectrix, protégé, protégée, tectrix, tectum, tegmen, tegmental, tegula, tegular, tegument, tile, tog, toga, togate, togavirus, toggery
tele-	far, end	Greek	τῆλε (têle)	telegram, telegraph, telemetry, telepathy, telephone, telescope, television
tele-	complete	Greek	τέλος, τέλεος (télos, téleos), τέλεσις (télesis)	atelectasis, ateleiosis, atelophobia, teleology, telesis, toll
tem-, tom- [308] (ΤΕΜ [309])	cut	Greek	τέμνειν (témnein), τομός (tomós), τόμος (tómos), τομή (tomḗ), τμῆσις (tmêsis)	acrotomophilia, anatomy, apotemnophilia, atom, atomic, autotomy, diatom, dichotomous, dichotomy, ectomy, entomology, entomomancy, entomophagous, entomophilous, epitome, monatomic, pentatomic, polyatomic, polytomy, Temnospondyli, tmesis, tome, tomogram, tomography, trichotomous, trichotomy
tempor-	time	Latin	tempus, temporis	contemporaneous, contemporary, extemporaneous, tempo, temporal, temporary
ten-, ton- [310] (ΤΑΝ [311])	stretch	Greek	τείνειν (teínein), τεινόμενον, τανύειν (tanúein), τετανός (tetanós), τόνος (tónos), τονικός (tonikós), τονή (tonḗ), τάσις (tásis), ταινία	anhemitonic, atelectasis, atonic, atritonic, barytone, catatonia, catatoniac, catatonic, decatonic, diatonic, ditone, dodecatonic, dystonia, ectasia, enneatonic, entasia, entasis, epitasis, hemitonia, hemitonic, heptatonic, hexatonic, hyperisotonic, hypertonia, hypertonic, hypotenuse, hypotonia, hypotonic, isotonic, microtone, monotone, monotonic, monotonous, monotony, neoteny, octatonic, oxytone, paroxytone, pentatonic, peritoneum, polytonic, proparoxytone, protasis, pyelectasis, syntonic, tetanolysin, tetanospasmin, tetanus, tetany, tetratonic, tone, tonic, tonoplast, tritonic, tune
ten-, -tin-, tent-, tain-, tinu-	hold, keep	Latin	tenere, tentus	abstain, abstention, abstinence, abstinent, appertain, appertinent, appurtenance, appurtenant, contain, containment, content, contentive, contentment, continence, continent, continental, continual, continuance, continuant, continuation, continuative, continue, continuity, continuous, continuum, contratenor, countenance, detain, detainder, detainee, detainer, detainment, detention, detinue, discontent, discontentment, discontinuance, discontinuation, discontinue, discontinuity, discontinuous, entertain, entertainment, equicontinuity, equicontinuous, impertinence, impertinent, incontinence, incontinent, intenible, intercontinental, irretentive, lieutenant, maintain, maintenance, malcontent, obtain, obtainment, obtention, pertain, pertinacious, pertinacity, pertinence, pertinent, purtenance, reobtain, retain, retainer, retainment, retention, retentive, retinue, se-tenant, sustenance, sustentacular, sustentaculum, sustentation, sustention, tenable, tenace, tenacious, tenacity, tenancy, tenant, tenet, tenor, tenure, tenurial, tenuto, transcontinental
tend-, tens-	stretch, strain	Latin	tendere (past participle tensus)	ambitendency, attempt, attend, attendee, attent, attention, attentive, coextend, coextension, coextensive, contend, contention, contentious, detent, détente, distend, distension, distent, distention, entendre, entente, extend, extensible, extension, extensional, extensionality, extensive, extensivity, extensor, extent, inattention, inattentive, inextensible, intend, intense, intensification, intension, intensional, intensity, intensive, intent, obtend, obtension, ostensible, ostension, ostensive, ostensory, ostent, ostentation, ostentatious, portend, portension, portent, portentous, pretend, pretense, pretension, subtend, subtense, superintend, superintendency, superintendent, tempt, temptation, tend, tendency, tendential, tendentious, tender, tense, tensible, tensile, tensility, tension, tensure, tent, tentacle, tentacular, tentage, tentation, tentative, tentiginous, tentorium
terr-	earth	Latin	terra	inter, subterranean, terrace, terracotta, terrain, terrarium, terrestrial, territory
terti-	third	Latin	tertius	tertian, tertiary
tetr-	four	Greek	τέτϝαρες, τέσσαρες, τεσσάρων (téssares, tessárōn)	diatessaron, tetragon, tetrahedron, tetralogy, tetrameter, tetraphobia, tetrapod, tetrode
thalass-	sea	Greek	θάλασσα (thálassa)	Panthalassa, thalassemia, thalassic, thalassophobia
than- (ΘΑΝ) [312] [313]	death	Greek	θνήσκειν, θάνατος (thánatos)	euthanasia, thanatocoenosis, thanatoid, thanatology, thanatophobia, thanatophoric, thanatopsis
thaumat-	miracle	Greek	θαυματ (thaumat)	thaumatology, thaumaturge, thaumaturgy
the-, thus-	god	Greek	θεός (theós)	atheism, atheistic, ditheism, enthusiasm, monotheism, Pantheon, polytheism, Thea, theobromine, theocracy, theodicy, Theodore, theogony, theology, theophobia, Timothy, tritheism
the- (ΘΕ) [314]	put	Greek	τιθέναι (tithénai), θετός (thetós), θετικός (thetikós), θέσις (thésis), θέμα (théma), θήκη (thḗkē)	anathema, anathematic, antithesis, antithetic, apothecium, athematic, Bibliotheca, bodega, boutique, deem, doom, enthesis, enthetic, epenthesis, epenthetic, epitheca, epithet, hypothec, hypothesis, monothematic, nomothetic, oligosynthetic, parenthesis, parenthetic, polysynthetic, prosthesis, prosthetic, prothesis, prothetic, pseudothecium, synthesis, synthetic, theca, thecium, thematic, theme, Themis, thesaurus, thesis, treasure
ther-	beast, animal	Greek	θήρ, θηρός (thḗr, thērós)	therapsid, therianthropy, theroid, theropod, theropsid
therm-	heat, warm	Greek	θέρεσθαι (théresthai), θέρμη (thérmē), θερμός (thermós)	thermal, athermancy, diathermancy, ectotherm, endotherm, endothermic, exothermic, geothermic, homeothermy, hyperthermia, hypothermia, isotherm, poikilotherm, thermobaric, thermochromism, thermodynamic, thermolysis, thermometer, thermophilic, thermophobia, thermoplastic, thermoplegia, thermos, thermosphere, thermostat, thermostatic
thorac-	chest	Greek	θώραξ, θώρακος (thṓrax, thṓrakos)	hemothorax, pneumothorax, thoracic, thorax
ting-, tinct- (TING) [315]	dye, moisten	Latin	tingere, tinctus	aquatint, distain, mezzotint, tinct, tinctorial, tincture, tinge, tingent, tint
tom-	cut	Greek	τομή (tomḗ), τόμος (tómos)	anatomy, appendectomy, atom, dichotomy, ectomy, embolectomy, tome, tonsillectomy, vasectomy
top- [316]	place, location	Greek	τόπος (tópos)	atopic, atopy, dystopia, ectopia, ectopic, entopic, epitope, eutopia, isotope, nomotopic, polytope, topiary, topic, topography, topology, toponomastics, toponym, toponymy, topos, utopia, zonotope
tox- [317]	arrow, bow, poison	Greek	τόξον (tóxon)	anatoxin, antitoxin, autotoxin, exotoxin, intoxicate, neurotoxin, psychotoxic, toxic, toxin, toxoid, toxology, toxoplasmosis
trah-, tract-	draw, pull	Latin	tractare, frequentative of trahere, tractus	abstract, attract, contract, detract, retract, subtract, subtrahend, tractable, traction, tractor
trans-, tra-, tran-	across	Latin	trans	intransigent, tradition, transact, transcend, transient, transitory, transparent, transport
trep-, trop- [318]	turn	Greek	τρέπειν (trépein), τρέψις (trépsis), τρόπος, τρόπου (trópos), τροπή, τροπῆς (tropḗ), τροπικός (tropikós)	allotrope, anisotropy, Atropos, ectropion, entropic, entropion, entropy, heliotropism, isentropic, isotrope, isotropic, isotropy, pleiotropic, pleiotropy, polytrope, protrepsis, protreptic, psychotropic, treponeme, treponematosis, treponemiasis, trope, tropic, tropism, tropopause, troposphere, trove
treph-, troph- [319]	feed, grow	Greek	τρέφειν (tréphein), τροφός (trophós), τροφή (trophḗ), θρέμμα	amyotrophic, atrophy, autotroph, auxotrophy, chemolithoautotroph, dystrophy, hemidystrophy, heterotroph, hypertrophy, lithoautotroph, lithotroph, mixotroph, organotroph, phagotrophy, photoheterotroph, phototroph, phototrophic, phototrophy, pogonotrophy, poliodystrophy, prototrophy, trophectoderm, trophic, trophobiosis, trophobiotic, trophoblast, trophoblastic, trophozoite
tri- [320]	three	Greek	τρεῖς, τρία (tría), τριάς	atritonic, triad, triadic, Triassic, tricycle, trigon, triode, tripod, trisyllabic, tritonic
tri-	three	Latin	trēs	triangle, triumvirate, trivia
trud-, trus-	thrust	Latin	trudere, trusus	abstrude, abstruse, abstrusion, abstrusity, detrude, detrusion, detrusor, extrude, extrusible, extrusion, extrusive, inobtrusive, intrude, intrusion, intrusive, nonintrusive, obtrude, obtrusion, obtrusive, protrude, protrudent, protrusile, protrusion, protrusive, retrude, retruse, retrusion, retrusive
trunc-	cut off	Latin	truncare "to maim, mutilate", from truncus "mutilated, cut off"	detruncate, detruncation, entrench, entrenchment, intrench, intrenchment, obtruncate, obtruncation, omnitruncation, retrench, retrenchment, tranche, tranchet, trench, trenchancy, trenchant, truncate, truncation, truncheon, trunk, trunnion
tum-	be swollen	Latin	tumere	detumescence, detumescent, intumescence, tumefacient, tumefaction, tumesce, tumescence, tumescent, tumid, tumidity, tumor, tumorous, tumular, tumulose, tumulous, tumult, tumultuary, tumultuous, tumulus
turb-	disturb	Latin	turba	disturb, disturbance, nonperturbative, perturb, perturbance, perturbation, perturbative, trouble, troublous, turbid, turbidity, turbinate, turbine, turbulence, turbulent
typ- [321] (ΤΥΠ [322])	stamp, model	Greek	τύπτειν (túptein), τύπος (túpos), τυπικός (tupikós), τύμπανον (túmpanon)	allotype, archetype, ecotype, ectype, epitype, ergatotype, heterotype, heterotypic, holotype, homeotypic, homotype, homotypic, isosyntype, isotype, lectotype, logotype, monotypic, neotype, paralectotype, paratype, phenotype, prototype, schizotypic, syntype, type, typography, typology

U

Root	Meaning in English	Origin language	Etymology (root origin)	English examples
ultim-	farthest	Latin	ultimus	ultimate, ultimatum
ultra-	beyond	Latin	ultra	ultrasonic
umbilic-	navel	Latin	umbilicus	umbilical, umbilicate, umbilication
umbr-	shade, shadow	Latin	umbra	adumbral, adumbrant, adumbrate, adumbration, adumbrative, antumbra, inumbrate, obumbrant, obumbrate, obumbration, penumbra, penumbral, somber, sombrero, subumbellate, umbel, umbellate, umbelliferous, umbelliform, umbellulate, umbellule, umber, umbra, umbraculum, umbrage, umbrageous, umbral, umbrella, umbriferous, umbrose
un-	one	Latin	ūnus, unius	adunation, biunique, coadunate, coadunation, disunite, disunity, malunion, nonuniform, nonuniformity, nonunion, nonunique, nonunity, onion, reunification, reunion, reunite, triune, unanimous, unary, unate, unicorn, unific, unification, uniform, uniformity, unify, union, unique, unite, unity, universal, universe, university
ur- [323]	urine	Greek	οὐρεῖν (oureîn), οὖρον, οὔρου (oûron, oúrou), οὔρησις (oúrēsis), οὐρητήρ (ourētḗr), οὐρήθρα (ourḗthra)	antidiuretic, cystinuria, diuresis, diuretic, dysuria, enuresis, homocystinuria, lithuresis, polyurea, polyuria, strangury, uraemia/uremia, urea, uremic, uresiesthesia, uresis, ureter, ureteroscopy, urethra, urology
uran- [324]	heaven, sky	Greek	οὐρανός, οὐρανοῦ (ouranós, ouranoû), οὐρανόθεν (ouranóthen)	uraninite, uranium, uranography, uranology, uranometry, uranophobia, Uranus
urb-	city	Latin	urbs, urbis	conurbation, exurb, exurban, interurban, inurbane, inurbanity, nonurban, suburb, suburban, suburbanite, urban, urbane, urbanity
urg-	work	Greek
ut-, us-	use	Latin	uti, usus	abuse, disuse, use, usual, utilitarian, utility

V

Root	Meaning in English	Origin language	Etymology (root origin)	English examples
vac-	empty	Latin	vacare	evacuate, vacancy, vacant, vacate, vacation, vacuous, vacuum
val-	strength, worth	Latin	valere	ambivalence, avail, equivalent, evaluate, prevail, valence, valiant, valid, valor, value
van-	empty, vain, idle	Latin	vanus "empty", also vanescere "vanish"	evanescent, vain, vanish, vanity
vap-	steam	Latin	vapor	evaporate, evaporation, evaporative, evaporator, evaporite, nonevaporative, vapid, vapidity, vapor, vaporescence, vaporescent, vaporific, vaporous
vari-	vary	Latin	variare	bivariate, covariate, covariation, intervarietal, invariable, invariance, invariant, variable, variance, variant, variate, variation, variegate, varietal, variety, variola, variolation, variorum, various, vary
veh-, vect-	carry	Latin	vehere "to carry", vectus	invective, inveigh, vector, vehement, vehicle
ven-	vein	Latin	vena	intravenous, venosity, venule
ven-	poison	Latin	vena	antivenomous, veneniferous, venom
ven-, vent-	come	Latin	venire	advent, adventure, avenue, circumvent, contravene, convene, convenient, convention, event, intervene, intervention, invent, prevent, revenue, souvenir, supervene, venue, venture
ver-	true	Latin	verus	aver, veracious, verdict, verify, verisimilar, verisimilitude, verity, very
verb-	word	Latin	verbum	verbal, verbatim, verbosity
vers-, vert-	turn	Latin	versus, past participle of vertere	adverse, adversity, advertise, anniversary, avert, controversy, controvert, conversant, conversation, converse, convert, diversify, divert, extrovert, introvert, inverse, invert, perverse, pervert, reverse, revert, subvert, tergiversate, transverse, universe, versatile, verse, version, versus, vertebra, vertex, vertical, vertigo
vest-	clothing, garment	Latin	vestire "to clothe", related to vestis "garment"	divest, invest, investiture, transvestite, travesty, vest, vestment
vi-	way	Latin	via	deviate, obviate, obvious, via
vid-, vis-	see	Latin	videre, visus	advice, advisable, advise, advisement, advisor, advisory, clairvoyance, clairvoyant, counterview, enviable, envious, envisage, envisagement, envision, envy, evidence, evident, evidential, evidentiality, evidentiary, improvidence, improvident, improvisation, improvisational, improvise, imprudence, imprudent, inadvisable, inevident, interview, interviewee, invidious, invisibility, invisible, nonevidentiary, nonsupervisory, nonvisual, preview, previse, provide, providence, provident, provision, provisional, provisionality, proviso, provisory, prudence, prudent, prudential, purvey, purveyance, purveyor, purview, review, reviewal, revisal, revise, revision, revisionary, revisit, supervise, supervision, supervisor, supervisory, survey, surveyor, surview, survise, videlicet, video, view, vis-à-vis, visa, visage, visibility, visible, vision, visionary, visit, visitation, visor, vista, visual, visuality, voilà, voyeur
vin-	wine	Latin	vinum	vigneron, vignette, vinaceous, vinaigrette, vine, vineal, vinegar, viniculture, vinosity, vinous
vinc-, vict-	conquer	Latin	vincere (past participle victus)	convict, conviction, convince, evict, evince, invincible, province, vanquish, vanquishment, victor, victorious, victory
vir-	man	Latin	vir	decemvir, decemvirate, duumvirate, quadrumvirate, septemvir, septemvirate, triumvir, triumvirate, vigintivirate, virago, virile, virilescence, virility, virilocal, virilocality, virtual, virtuality, virtue, virtuosity, virtuoso, virtuous
vit-	life	Latin	vita	vital, vitality, vitamin
vitr-	glass	Latin	vitrum	vitreous, vitriol
viv-	live	Latin	vivere "to live", related to vita "life"	convivial, revive, survive, viable, victual, vivacious, vivacity, vivid, vivisection
voc-	call, voice	Latin	vocare (to call), from vox "voice" (genitive vocis)	advocacy, advocate, advocation, advocator, advocatory, advoke, advowson, avocation, avouch, avow, avowal, avowry, convocate, convocation, convocator, convoke, disavow, disavowal, equivocal, equivocate, equivocation, evocable, evocation, evocative, evocator, evoke, invocable, invocate, invocation, invocative, invocator, invoke, prevocational, provocate, provocateur, provocation, provocative, provocator, provoke, reavow, reinvoke, revocable, revocation, revoke, vocabulary, vocal, vocation, vocational, vocative, vociferous, voice, vouch, vouchee, voucher, vouchsafe
vol-	fly	Latin	volare	avolation, circumvolant, circumvolation, nonvolatile, volatile, volatility, volitant, volitation
vol-	will	Latin	voluntas "will" from velle "to wish"	benevolence, benevolent, involuntary, malevolence, malevolent, omnibenevolence, velleity, volitient, volition, volitional, volitive, voluntary, Voluntaryism, volunteer, voluptuary, voluptuous
volv-, volut-	roll	Latin	volvere, volutus	advolution, archivolt, circumvolute, circumvolution, circumvolve, coevolution, coevolutionary, coevolve, convolute, convolution, devolve, evolve, involve, revolve, valve, vault, volte, voluble, volume, voluminous, volva, Volvox, volvulus, voussoir, vulva
vulg-	crowd	Latin	vulgus	divulge, vulgarity, vulgate

X

Root	Meaning in English	Origin language	Etymology (root origin)	English examples
xanth- [325]	yellow	Greek	ξανθός (xanthós), ξανθότης (xanthótēs) "yellowness"	axanthism, heteroxanthine, xanthan, xanthelasma, xanthic, xanthine, Xanthippe, xanthium, xanthochromia, xanthochromism, xanthogenic, Xanthoidea, xanthoma, xanthomatosis, xanthophobia, xanthophore, xanthophyll, xanthopsia, xanthopterin, xanthosis, xanthous
xen- [326]	foreign	Greek	ξένϝος, ξένος (xénos), ξενικός, ξενία (xenía)	axenic, Xenarthra, xenia, xenic, xenobiotic, xenoblast, xenogamy, xenograft, xenolith, xenology, xenon, xenophobia
xer- [327]	dry	Greek	ξηρός (xērós), ξηρότης (xērótēs)	elixir, xerasia, xerochilia, xeroderma, xerography, xeromorph, xerophagy, xerophile, xerophthalmia, xerophyte, xerosis
xyl- [328]	wood	Greek	ξύλον (xúlon)	metaxylem, protoxylem, xylem, xylene, xylitol, xylocarp, Xylocarpus, xyloid, xylophagous, xylophobia, xylophone, xylostroma

Z

Root	Meaning in English	Origin language	Etymology (root origin)	English examples
zo- [329]	animal, living being	Greek	ζῶ, ζῷον (zôion)	anthrozoology, azoic, azotemia, cryptozoology, ectozoon, entozoon, epizoon, Eumetazoa, Mesozoic, Metazoa, protozoa, zoanthropy, zodiac, zoic, zoo, zoochore, zoogamete, zoogeography, zooid/zoöid, zoologic, zoology, zoomorphism, zoon, zoonosis, zoophagy, zoopoetics, zoospore, zootoxin, zooxanthella
zyg- [330] (ΖΥΓ) [331]	yoke	Greek	ζευγνύναι (zeugnúnai), ζεῦγμα (zeûgma), ζυγωτός (zugōtós), ζυγός, ζυγόν (zugón)	azygous, diazeugma, dizygotic, heterozygote, heterozygous, hyperzeuxis, hypozeugma, hypozeuxis, mesozeugma, monozygotic, prozeugma, synezeugmenon, zeugitae, zeugma, zygoma, zygomorphic, zygomorphism, zygomycosis, zygomycota, zygon, Zygoptera, zygote
zym- [332]	ferment	Greek	ζέω, ζύμη (zúmē)	alloenzyme, azyme, azymite, enzyme, lysozyme, microzyme, zymase, zyme, zymogen, zymology, zymolysis, zymosis, zymotic, zymurgy

Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).
Cite error: There are <ref group=note> tags on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=note}} template (see the help page).