| Xanthelasma | |
|---|---|
| Other names | xanthelasma palpebrarum; xanthoma palpebrarum |
 | |
| Pronunciation | |
| Specialty |
Ophthalmology
 |
Xanthelasma is a sharply demarcated yellowish deposit of cholesterol underneath the skin. [1] It usually occurs on or around the eyelids (xanthelasma palpebrarum, abbreviated XP). [1] [2] While they are neither harmful to the skin nor painful, these minor growths may be disfiguring and can be removed. [1] There is a growing body of evidence for the association between xanthelasma deposits and blood low-density lipoprotein levels and increased risk of atherosclerosis. [3] [4]
A xanthelasma may be referred to as a xanthoma when becoming larger and nodular, assuming tumorous proportions. [5] Xanthelasma is often classified simply as a subtype of xanthoma. [6]
Diagnosis
Xanthelasma in the form of XP can be diagnosed from clinical impression, although in some cases it may need to be distinguished ( differential diagnosis) from other conditions, especially necrobiotic xanthogranuloma, syringoma, palpebral sarcoidosis, sebaceous hyperplasia, Erdheim–Chester disease, lipoid proteinosis ( Urbach–Wiethe disease), and the syndrome of adult-onset asthma and periocular xanthogranuloma (AAPOX). [2] Differential diagnosis can be accomplished by surgical excision followed by microscopic examination by a pathologist ( biopsy to determine histopathology). [2] The typical clinical impression of XP is soft, yellowish papules, plaques, or nodules, symmetrically distributed on the medial side of the upper eyelids; sometimes the lower eyelids are affected as well. [2]
Treatment
Xanthelasmata can be removed with a trichloroacetic acid peel, surgery, lasers or cryotherapy. [2] Removal may cause, although uncommon, scarring and pigment changes.
Prognosis
Recurrence is common: 40% of patients with XP had recurrence after primary surgical excision, 60% after secondary excision, and 80% when all four eyelids were involved. A possible cause might be insufficiently deep excisions. [2]
Epidemiology
Xanthelasma is a rare disorder in the general population, with a variable incidence of 0.56 to 1.5% in western developed countries. The age of onset ranges from 15 to 75, with a peak in the 4th to 5th decades of life. There also seems to be a greater prevalence in females, but this might be due to higher consciousness to cosmetic defects. [7]
Etymology
The word is derived from Greek xanthós, ξανθός 'yellow' and élasma, έλασμα, 'foil'. The plural is xanthelasmata.
See also
- Xanthoma, a similar collection of cholesterol around tendons
- List of xanthoma variants associated with hyperlipoproteinemia subtypes
References
- ^ a b c Frew JW, Murrell DF, Haber RM (October 2015). "Fifty shades of yellow: a review of the xanthodermatoses". International Journal of Dermatology. 54 (10): 1109–1123. doi: 10.1111/ijd.12945. PMID 26227781.
- ^ a b c d e f Nair PA, Singhal R (2017-12-18). "Xanthelasma palpebrarum - a brief review". Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology. 11: 1–5. doi: 10.2147/CCID.S130116. PMC 5739544. PMID 29296091.
- ^ Ozdöl S, Sahin S, Tokgözoğlu L (August 2008). "Xanthelasma palpebrarum and its relation to atherosclerotic risk factors and lipoprotein (a)". International Journal of Dermatology. 47 (8): 785–9. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2008.03690.x. PMID 18717856. S2CID 25746456.
- ^ Chang, Hua-Ching; Sung, Chih-Wei; Lin, Ming-Hsiu (March 2020). "Serum lipids and risk of atherosclerosis in xanthelasma palpebrarum: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 82 (3): 596–605. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2019.08.082. PMID 31499151. S2CID 202413378.
- ^ Shields C, Shields J (2008). Eyelid, conjunctival and orbital tumors: atlas and textbook. Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-0-7817-7578-6.[ page needed]
-
^
Xanthelasma (8th ed.). 2009. Retrieved November 8, 2012.
{{ cite book}}:|work=ignored ( help) - ^ Jain A, Goyal P, Nigam PK, Gurbaksh H, Sharma RC (September 2007). "Xanthelasma Palpebrarum-clinical and biochemical profile in a tertiary care hospital of Delhi". Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry. 22 (2): 151–3. doi: 10.1007/BF02913335. PMC 3453794. PMID 23105704.
External links
| Xanthelasma | |
|---|---|
| Other names | xanthelasma palpebrarum; xanthoma palpebrarum |
|
| |
| Pronunciation | |
| Specialty |
Ophthalmology
|
Xanthelasma is a sharply demarcated yellowish deposit of cholesterol underneath the skin. [1] It usually occurs on or around the eyelids (xanthelasma palpebrarum, abbreviated XP). [1] [2] While they are neither harmful to the skin nor painful, these minor growths may be disfiguring and can be removed. [1] There is a growing body of evidence for the association between xanthelasma deposits and blood low-density lipoprotein levels and increased risk of atherosclerosis. [3] [4]
A xanthelasma may be referred to as a xanthoma when becoming larger and nodular, assuming tumorous proportions. [5] Xanthelasma is often classified simply as a subtype of xanthoma. [6]
Diagnosis
Xanthelasma in the form of XP can be diagnosed from clinical impression, although in some cases it may need to be distinguished ( differential diagnosis) from other conditions, especially necrobiotic xanthogranuloma, syringoma, palpebral sarcoidosis, sebaceous hyperplasia, Erdheim–Chester disease, lipoid proteinosis ( Urbach–Wiethe disease), and the syndrome of adult-onset asthma and periocular xanthogranuloma (AAPOX). [2] Differential diagnosis can be accomplished by surgical excision followed by microscopic examination by a pathologist ( biopsy to determine histopathology). [2] The typical clinical impression of XP is soft, yellowish papules, plaques, or nodules, symmetrically distributed on the medial side of the upper eyelids; sometimes the lower eyelids are affected as well. [2]
Treatment
Xanthelasmata can be removed with a trichloroacetic acid peel, surgery, lasers or cryotherapy. [2] Removal may cause, although uncommon, scarring and pigment changes.
Prognosis
Recurrence is common: 40% of patients with XP had recurrence after primary surgical excision, 60% after secondary excision, and 80% when all four eyelids were involved. A possible cause might be insufficiently deep excisions. [2]
Epidemiology
Xanthelasma is a rare disorder in the general population, with a variable incidence of 0.56 to 1.5% in western developed countries. The age of onset ranges from 15 to 75, with a peak in the 4th to 5th decades of life. There also seems to be a greater prevalence in females, but this might be due to higher consciousness to cosmetic defects. [7]
Etymology
The word is derived from Greek xanthós, ξανθός 'yellow' and élasma, έλασμα, 'foil'. The plural is xanthelasmata.
See also
- Xanthoma, a similar collection of cholesterol around tendons
- List of xanthoma variants associated with hyperlipoproteinemia subtypes
References
- ^ a b c Frew JW, Murrell DF, Haber RM (October 2015). "Fifty shades of yellow: a review of the xanthodermatoses". International Journal of Dermatology. 54 (10): 1109–1123. doi: 10.1111/ijd.12945. PMID 26227781.
- ^ a b c d e f Nair PA, Singhal R (2017-12-18). "Xanthelasma palpebrarum - a brief review". Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology. 11: 1–5. doi: 10.2147/CCID.S130116. PMC 5739544. PMID 29296091.
- ^ Ozdöl S, Sahin S, Tokgözoğlu L (August 2008). "Xanthelasma palpebrarum and its relation to atherosclerotic risk factors and lipoprotein (a)". International Journal of Dermatology. 47 (8): 785–9. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2008.03690.x. PMID 18717856. S2CID 25746456.
- ^ Chang, Hua-Ching; Sung, Chih-Wei; Lin, Ming-Hsiu (March 2020). "Serum lipids and risk of atherosclerosis in xanthelasma palpebrarum: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 82 (3): 596–605. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2019.08.082. PMID 31499151. S2CID 202413378.
- ^ Shields C, Shields J (2008). Eyelid, conjunctival and orbital tumors: atlas and textbook. Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-0-7817-7578-6.[ page needed]
-
^
Xanthelasma (8th ed.). 2009. Retrieved November 8, 2012.
{{ cite book}}:|work=ignored ( help) - ^ Jain A, Goyal P, Nigam PK, Gurbaksh H, Sharma RC (September 2007). "Xanthelasma Palpebrarum-clinical and biochemical profile in a tertiary care hospital of Delhi". Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry. 22 (2): 151–3. doi: 10.1007/BF02913335. PMC 3453794. PMID 23105704.