^Albania Institute of Meteorology. A reading of 45.3C recorded at Kallmet in 1939 is incorrect and was affected by overexposure.
^This temperature was taken with a simple thermometer and it might have been affected by overexposure. The official lowest temperature in Andorra is -27.3C recorded at Grau Roig on 9 January 1985.
^климатическая характеристика января месяца, Pogoda.by. Retrieved 26 January 2007.An unofficial temperature of -43C was recorded at the Hanusowszczyzna far, near Nieświerz on 10 February 1929.
^
abRecords, Koninklijk Meteorologisch Instituut van België. Retrieved 26 January 2007.
^The same temperature was also recorded on the same day in the private station of Limelette.
^Temperature i Padavine, Bosna i Hercegovina Federalni zavod za statistiku. Retrieved 28 January 2007. This site is located in a sinkhole. Lowest temperature recorded in an inhabited place is -34.6C recorded at Sokolac on 13 January 1985,which is located in the Sprska Republic.Lowest temperature in an inhabited place in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina is -32.0C at Visoko on 25 January 1963 and at Glamoc on 13 January 1985.In the enclave of Brcko the lowest recorded temperature was -25.0C on 14 January 1985.
^46.2°C was reported from
Mostar on
31 July1901 but this appears unreliable.Highest recorded temperature in the Sprska Republic is 43.0C recorded at Bijeljina also on 24 August 2007.The enclave of Brcko recorded 42.0C on 14 August 1957 at Brcko.
^Любопитни Факти 3a BpEMeTo, Smile Fun. Retrieved 21 November 2006. Some sources also report a -38.9C at the same location in January 1942, but this is not confirmed by the national authorities. A private station in a doline near Ponor recorded -40.8C on 23 January 2017.
^This reading is contested.Next highest temperature was 45.0C recorded at Plovdiv Airport on 5 July 2000 and at Asenovgrad on 24 July 2007.
^-36.0°C reported from
Gospić on
4 February1929, and -35.5°C reported from Čakovec on the previous day were not recorded with correct instrumentation.
^Climate Monitoring and Assessment For 2004, Državni Hidrometeorološki Zavod (DHMZ). Retrieved 15 February 2007. Some sources wrongly report the date of this record in 1998, but the correct occurrence of this reading was in 1981.
^La température et l'humidité relative, Météolaflèche. Retrieved 9 March 2007.This temperature is questioned and not fully accepted in France, because it was not taken in the official station of the town.The same day Mouthe had a minimum temperature of -21.5C. The lowest official temperature was -36.7C on 13 January 1968. -37C was also recorded at Saint Die des Vosges on 10 December 1879, but this is also not 100% official. At high elevations,a temperature of -43C was recorded on the summit of Mount Blanc in January 1893.
^The same day the private but reliable station of
Le Triadou recorded 46.1C. The highest temperature ever recorded in Corsica is 43.5C Sollocaro on 23 July 2009.
^The official German record of highest temperature is (was/it's in process of descalification) 42.6C recorded on the same day at
Lingen ,but the station has multiple issues of overheating and the reading is not reliable.
^Date is believed to be correct.Unofficial record on the mountainous area is -35.3C at Kachroti on 17 January 2012.
^Το θερμόμετρο τραβάει την ανηφόρα, Το ΒΗΜΑ Online.48.0C was also reported at Tatoi on the same day, but that temperature was surely affected by a bushfire. This Elefsina reading is also suspicious for the same reason, albeit not with an overwhelming evidence. Highest reliable temperature in Greece is 47.5C at nea Filadelfia on 26 June 2007.
^Hőmérsékleti rekordok Magyarországon, Snowhunter oldala. an unofficial temperature of -35.5C was recorded at Bukk Fennsic, a sinkhole on 13 February 2021.
^Nokkur íslensk veðurmet, Veðurstofa Íslands. Retrieved 25 March 2007. Lowest temperatures have been approximated to -38C due to half a degree precision of the alcohol instruments. Grímsstaðir lowest temperature was estimated at -37.9C, while lowest at Möðrudalur was estimated around -38C or slightly lower.
^An unofficial record of 32.8C at
Modrudalur in July 1901 was likely taken under not proper exposure conditions.
^33.4C recorded at Dublin in July 1876 was recorded under not proper exposure conditions. Also this official record of 1887 is suspicious for a possible overestimation. Next highest temperature in Ireland is 32.5C and was recorded at
Lough Boora on 29 June 1976.
^
abMeaden, G.T. and J.D.C. Webb (1984). Britain’s Highest Authentic Temperatures: The County Records. Journal of Meteorology, 9, 82-84.
^A temperature of 29.6C at Douglas Cementery on 27 July 1995 is probably unreliable.
^This reading was recorded at high elevation of 4050m a.s.l. in the Mount Blanc range.
-46C were claimed at Mottolino Hill,-45C at Foscagno Pass in February 1956, but these readings were probably taken with simple thermometer placed too close to the frosted and snowy ground.Also, -50.4C was recorded in another sinkhole, Busa Riviera on 7 January 2022. For inhabited places,-38.0C was recorded at Livigno on 10 February 1956 and a questioned -40C was recorded at the village of Fusine Valromana,Friuli Venezia Julia region, in December 1879.
^[1], Agenzia Regionale per i Rifiuti e le Acque - Osservatorio delle Acque. Retrieved 5 March 2007. This temperature is official and validated by SIAS.For the Aeronautica Militare circuit of international stations the highest reliable temperature is 116F (46.7C) recorded at the American Military Base of Sigonella ,near Catania, in July 1962,given the doubts regarding the 47.0C at Amendola (Foggia Airport) on 25 June 2007.
^A temperature of -11.7C was claimed in Jersey island in January 1987, nevertheless in none of the official archives it appears.A temperature of -11.1C at Noirmont on 18 January 1891 is probably incorrect.
^This record is questioned for a possible overexposure. Next highest temperature is 36.5C at
Rucava on the same day. 38.3C recorded at Riga in 1858 was taken with not proper screen.
^This figure might have been rounded.-26C was recorded at Vaduz in January 1942.
^37.8C recorded at Ulvik in July 2014 was dismissed by the Norvegian Institute of Meteorology for a not correct exposure.
^The station shows absolutely regular data in line with those of nearby stations. The reading was officialy dismissed but it's reliable and perfectly in line with all nearby stations, unlike the official and completely unreliable "records" set in Norway in early 1900s like in Oslo and Trondheim, without a Stevenson Screen (which was installed in 1930 at Oslo).The bureaucratic job was badly done without any logic,which is the key in any science.
^The official national record of -41.0C at
Siedlce on 11 January 1940 is probably incorrect: firstly, it's not supported by any other reading on that day, than Siedlce average temperatures in those months suggest the station was not working properly. Unofficial temperatures of -49C near Nawy Targ, -46C at Jablonka and -45C at Rabka have also been recorded on 10 February 1929, also -42.0C is reported in the same month to have been recorded at Dubie (near Krakow) on 2 February,at Kaliszl on 8 February, at Olecko on 9 February and at Czechowice-Dziedzice on 11 February,but none of them is official since they all look suspicious. However the -41C recorded at Czarny Dunajec on 10 February 1929 was taken with a screened thermometer and it's possibly reliable, although unofficial.
^Cite error: The named reference POL was invoked but never defined (see the
help page).
^Caracterização Climática 2003, Instituto de Meteorologia. Retrieved 7 April 2007.The original reading was given at 47.3Cmbut later Meteo Portugal corrected it at 47.4C, which is now the official value.
^
abThermal Extremes, National Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 8 April 2007.An unofficial reading of -43.1C was recorded in the Gheorgheni depression on 12 Jnuary 1985.
^This is considered by Meteo Russia the new national record of highest temperature, although it was recorded in a regional hydrological station. Highest temperature recorded in an international station is 44.2C at
Divnoe on 30 July 2011.
^Pierluigi Randi,climatologist. The exact location of the reading is believed to be at the town of Dogana, at the border with Italy.
^A record temperature of -49.1C was recorded in the frost hollow Mzla Komna in the Lepa Komna area,on 9 January 2009. A reading of -39.6C reported at Babno Polje in February 1929 is not correct, although it seems it had been recorded nearby the town.
^Air Temperature, Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia. Retrieved 31 March 2007. This reading comes from the international automatic station ,although the national mechanic station of the same location recorded 40.6C. A Unofficial temperature of 41.4C at Trebnje was recorded on 3 August 2013.
^Estany Gento is uninhabited.The temperature of -32C was recorded in two different locations on the 2nd and 3rd February 1956. -30.0 was recorded at
CalamochaTeruel province on
17 December1963. An unofficial reading of -35.8C was recorded at high elevations in a sinkhole Vega de Liordes on 7 January 2021.
^Temperatures of 51°C on
30 July1876, and 50.0°C on
4 August1881, both reported from
Sevilla (
Seville) (
(Andalucía province) were not recorded under a standard exposure,as most of data from Spain prior to 1900 including a Murcia Institute record of 47.8C on 29 July 1876.Temperatures between 48C and 50C at Berja,Alhama,Huecija,Moratalla and Dona Ines (this was official, but dubious) recorded in July 1978
might be slightly overestimated. Other readings in July 1967 (Villamanrique and Cabezas Rubias 48C) might have been
recorded under not optimal exposure conditons, some readings in 1995 (Arahal 49C) and 2003
( Lora del Rio,La Palma del Condado,El Granado all 48C) are unreliable because the high differences within nearby stations and claims of overexposure conditions by witnesses.
These 48C were recorded in second-level stations and later checked by AEMET and are believed to be the most reliable amongst
many readings of secundary stations,although it is not proven neitheir are absolutely correct nor all other readings between 48C and 50C.
are all incorrect. Highest official and reliable temperature amongst AEMET stations is 47.6C recorded at La Rambla-Privilegio on 14 August 2021. Highest reliable temperature ever recorded in Catalonia is 43.9C at Gerona on 28 June 2019.
^A -53.0C reading recorded at Malgovik in December 1941 was recorded with private equipments and it is highly suspicious,since it is not minimally supported by any nearby temperature. An unofficial reading of -54C has been recorded in the courtyard of the church of Karesuando.
^ Both Ultuna and Målilla records are probably slightly overestimated.Highest fully reliable temperature ever recorded in Sweden is 37.2C at
Målilla on 21 July 2022.
^-52.5°C was recorded in a
sinkhole (or
doline) at
GlattalpSchwyz canton on
7 February1991. -45.4C was recorded in a carsic and uninhabited valley on
7 February2012 although this is considered unofficial, as similar readings between -42C and -45C in 1963 and 1985.
^http://www.meteoschweiz.ch/web/de/klima/aktuelle_berichte.Par.0002.DownloadFile.tmp/arbeitsberichtdermeteoschweiznr.200.pdf Die extreme Sommerhitze im aussergewöhnlichen Witterungsjahr 2003], MeteoSchweiz. The official national record of 41.5C set at
Grono on 11 August 2003 has been tainted by several issues, like a no standard screen, sited on a slope, on stony ground, etc and it's not in line with nearby stations data.The estimated highest temperature at Grono that day was around 39.0C-39.5C but it was kept as national record regardless.
^Про особливості осінньо-зимових сезонів в Україні 2000-2006 рр, Ukrainian Hydrometeorological Center. -42C is also claimed at high elevation at the Karpat location of Playi. Lowest temperature ever recorded in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea is -36.8C at Nizhnegorsky in January 1940.
^http://www.cgo.kiev.ua/index.php?fn=u_klimat&f=ukraine&p=1. Unofficial temperatures as high as 42.5C has been reported in the Republic of Crimea in July 2007,but the highest temperature ever recorded in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea is 41.2C at Chornomors'Ke on 8 August 2010.
^
abCite error: The named reference UK was invoked but never defined (see the
help page).
^A record of -33.9C at Saint Albans in December 1788 and another one of -30.6C at Blackadder,Berwickshire in December 1879 were taken under not proper exposure conditions.
^Old minimum temperatures at the Collegio Romano Observatory, like the -8.2C on 21 February 1845 and the -7.5C in January 1836 are suspicious for possible overexposure,albeit that of 1836 is more reliable.
^Albania Institute of Meteorology. A reading of 45.3C recorded at Kallmet in 1939 is incorrect and was affected by overexposure.
^This temperature was taken with a simple thermometer and it might have been affected by overexposure. The official lowest temperature in Andorra is -27.3C recorded at Grau Roig on 9 January 1985.
^климатическая характеристика января месяца, Pogoda.by. Retrieved 26 January 2007.An unofficial temperature of -43C was recorded at the Hanusowszczyzna far, near Nieświerz on 10 February 1929.
^
abRecords, Koninklijk Meteorologisch Instituut van België. Retrieved 26 January 2007.
^The same temperature was also recorded on the same day in the private station of Limelette.
^Temperature i Padavine, Bosna i Hercegovina Federalni zavod za statistiku. Retrieved 28 January 2007. This site is located in a sinkhole. Lowest temperature recorded in an inhabited place is -34.6C recorded at Sokolac on 13 January 1985,which is located in the Sprska Republic.Lowest temperature in an inhabited place in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina is -32.0C at Visoko on 25 January 1963 and at Glamoc on 13 January 1985.In the enclave of Brcko the lowest recorded temperature was -25.0C on 14 January 1985.
^46.2°C was reported from
Mostar on
31 July1901 but this appears unreliable.Highest recorded temperature in the Sprska Republic is 43.0C recorded at Bijeljina also on 24 August 2007.The enclave of Brcko recorded 42.0C on 14 August 1957 at Brcko.
^Любопитни Факти 3a BpEMeTo, Smile Fun. Retrieved 21 November 2006. Some sources also report a -38.9C at the same location in January 1942, but this is not confirmed by the national authorities. A private station in a doline near Ponor recorded -40.8C on 23 January 2017.
^This reading is contested.Next highest temperature was 45.0C recorded at Plovdiv Airport on 5 July 2000 and at Asenovgrad on 24 July 2007.
^-36.0°C reported from
Gospić on
4 February1929, and -35.5°C reported from Čakovec on the previous day were not recorded with correct instrumentation.
^Climate Monitoring and Assessment For 2004, Državni Hidrometeorološki Zavod (DHMZ). Retrieved 15 February 2007. Some sources wrongly report the date of this record in 1998, but the correct occurrence of this reading was in 1981.
^La température et l'humidité relative, Météolaflèche. Retrieved 9 March 2007.This temperature is questioned and not fully accepted in France, because it was not taken in the official station of the town.The same day Mouthe had a minimum temperature of -21.5C. The lowest official temperature was -36.7C on 13 January 1968. -37C was also recorded at Saint Die des Vosges on 10 December 1879, but this is also not 100% official. At high elevations,a temperature of -43C was recorded on the summit of Mount Blanc in January 1893.
^The same day the private but reliable station of
Le Triadou recorded 46.1C. The highest temperature ever recorded in Corsica is 43.5C Sollocaro on 23 July 2009.
^The official German record of highest temperature is (was/it's in process of descalification) 42.6C recorded on the same day at
Lingen ,but the station has multiple issues of overheating and the reading is not reliable.
^Date is believed to be correct.Unofficial record on the mountainous area is -35.3C at Kachroti on 17 January 2012.
^Το θερμόμετρο τραβάει την ανηφόρα, Το ΒΗΜΑ Online.48.0C was also reported at Tatoi on the same day, but that temperature was surely affected by a bushfire. This Elefsina reading is also suspicious for the same reason, albeit not with an overwhelming evidence. Highest reliable temperature in Greece is 47.5C at nea Filadelfia on 26 June 2007.
^Hőmérsékleti rekordok Magyarországon, Snowhunter oldala. an unofficial temperature of -35.5C was recorded at Bukk Fennsic, a sinkhole on 13 February 2021.
^Nokkur íslensk veðurmet, Veðurstofa Íslands. Retrieved 25 March 2007. Lowest temperatures have been approximated to -38C due to half a degree precision of the alcohol instruments. Grímsstaðir lowest temperature was estimated at -37.9C, while lowest at Möðrudalur was estimated around -38C or slightly lower.
^An unofficial record of 32.8C at
Modrudalur in July 1901 was likely taken under not proper exposure conditions.
^33.4C recorded at Dublin in July 1876 was recorded under not proper exposure conditions. Also this official record of 1887 is suspicious for a possible overestimation. Next highest temperature in Ireland is 32.5C and was recorded at
Lough Boora on 29 June 1976.
^
abMeaden, G.T. and J.D.C. Webb (1984). Britain’s Highest Authentic Temperatures: The County Records. Journal of Meteorology, 9, 82-84.
^A temperature of 29.6C at Douglas Cementery on 27 July 1995 is probably unreliable.
^This reading was recorded at high elevation of 4050m a.s.l. in the Mount Blanc range.
-46C were claimed at Mottolino Hill,-45C at Foscagno Pass in February 1956, but these readings were probably taken with simple thermometer placed too close to the frosted and snowy ground.Also, -50.4C was recorded in another sinkhole, Busa Riviera on 7 January 2022. For inhabited places,-38.0C was recorded at Livigno on 10 February 1956 and a questioned -40C was recorded at the village of Fusine Valromana,Friuli Venezia Julia region, in December 1879.
^[1], Agenzia Regionale per i Rifiuti e le Acque - Osservatorio delle Acque. Retrieved 5 March 2007. This temperature is official and validated by SIAS.For the Aeronautica Militare circuit of international stations the highest reliable temperature is 116F (46.7C) recorded at the American Military Base of Sigonella ,near Catania, in July 1962,given the doubts regarding the 47.0C at Amendola (Foggia Airport) on 25 June 2007.
^A temperature of -11.7C was claimed in Jersey island in January 1987, nevertheless in none of the official archives it appears.A temperature of -11.1C at Noirmont on 18 January 1891 is probably incorrect.
^This record is questioned for a possible overexposure. Next highest temperature is 36.5C at
Rucava on the same day. 38.3C recorded at Riga in 1858 was taken with not proper screen.
^This figure might have been rounded.-26C was recorded at Vaduz in January 1942.
^37.8C recorded at Ulvik in July 2014 was dismissed by the Norvegian Institute of Meteorology for a not correct exposure.
^The station shows absolutely regular data in line with those of nearby stations. The reading was officialy dismissed but it's reliable and perfectly in line with all nearby stations, unlike the official and completely unreliable "records" set in Norway in early 1900s like in Oslo and Trondheim, without a Stevenson Screen (which was installed in 1930 at Oslo).The bureaucratic job was badly done without any logic,which is the key in any science.
^The official national record of -41.0C at
Siedlce on 11 January 1940 is probably incorrect: firstly, it's not supported by any other reading on that day, than Siedlce average temperatures in those months suggest the station was not working properly. Unofficial temperatures of -49C near Nawy Targ, -46C at Jablonka and -45C at Rabka have also been recorded on 10 February 1929, also -42.0C is reported in the same month to have been recorded at Dubie (near Krakow) on 2 February,at Kaliszl on 8 February, at Olecko on 9 February and at Czechowice-Dziedzice on 11 February,but none of them is official since they all look suspicious. However the -41C recorded at Czarny Dunajec on 10 February 1929 was taken with a screened thermometer and it's possibly reliable, although unofficial.
^Cite error: The named reference POL was invoked but never defined (see the
help page).
^Caracterização Climática 2003, Instituto de Meteorologia. Retrieved 7 April 2007.The original reading was given at 47.3Cmbut later Meteo Portugal corrected it at 47.4C, which is now the official value.
^
abThermal Extremes, National Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 8 April 2007.An unofficial reading of -43.1C was recorded in the Gheorgheni depression on 12 Jnuary 1985.
^This is considered by Meteo Russia the new national record of highest temperature, although it was recorded in a regional hydrological station. Highest temperature recorded in an international station is 44.2C at
Divnoe on 30 July 2011.
^Pierluigi Randi,climatologist. The exact location of the reading is believed to be at the town of Dogana, at the border with Italy.
^A record temperature of -49.1C was recorded in the frost hollow Mzla Komna in the Lepa Komna area,on 9 January 2009. A reading of -39.6C reported at Babno Polje in February 1929 is not correct, although it seems it had been recorded nearby the town.
^Air Temperature, Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia. Retrieved 31 March 2007. This reading comes from the international automatic station ,although the national mechanic station of the same location recorded 40.6C. A Unofficial temperature of 41.4C at Trebnje was recorded on 3 August 2013.
^Estany Gento is uninhabited.The temperature of -32C was recorded in two different locations on the 2nd and 3rd February 1956. -30.0 was recorded at
CalamochaTeruel province on
17 December1963. An unofficial reading of -35.8C was recorded at high elevations in a sinkhole Vega de Liordes on 7 January 2021.
^Temperatures of 51°C on
30 July1876, and 50.0°C on
4 August1881, both reported from
Sevilla (
Seville) (
(Andalucía province) were not recorded under a standard exposure,as most of data from Spain prior to 1900 including a Murcia Institute record of 47.8C on 29 July 1876.Temperatures between 48C and 50C at Berja,Alhama,Huecija,Moratalla and Dona Ines (this was official, but dubious) recorded in July 1978
might be slightly overestimated. Other readings in July 1967 (Villamanrique and Cabezas Rubias 48C) might have been
recorded under not optimal exposure conditons, some readings in 1995 (Arahal 49C) and 2003
( Lora del Rio,La Palma del Condado,El Granado all 48C) are unreliable because the high differences within nearby stations and claims of overexposure conditions by witnesses.
These 48C were recorded in second-level stations and later checked by AEMET and are believed to be the most reliable amongst
many readings of secundary stations,although it is not proven neitheir are absolutely correct nor all other readings between 48C and 50C.
are all incorrect. Highest official and reliable temperature amongst AEMET stations is 47.6C recorded at La Rambla-Privilegio on 14 August 2021. Highest reliable temperature ever recorded in Catalonia is 43.9C at Gerona on 28 June 2019.
^A -53.0C reading recorded at Malgovik in December 1941 was recorded with private equipments and it is highly suspicious,since it is not minimally supported by any nearby temperature. An unofficial reading of -54C has been recorded in the courtyard of the church of Karesuando.
^ Both Ultuna and Målilla records are probably slightly overestimated.Highest fully reliable temperature ever recorded in Sweden is 37.2C at
Målilla on 21 July 2022.
^-52.5°C was recorded in a
sinkhole (or
doline) at
GlattalpSchwyz canton on
7 February1991. -45.4C was recorded in a carsic and uninhabited valley on
7 February2012 although this is considered unofficial, as similar readings between -42C and -45C in 1963 and 1985.
^http://www.meteoschweiz.ch/web/de/klima/aktuelle_berichte.Par.0002.DownloadFile.tmp/arbeitsberichtdermeteoschweiznr.200.pdf Die extreme Sommerhitze im aussergewöhnlichen Witterungsjahr 2003], MeteoSchweiz. The official national record of 41.5C set at
Grono on 11 August 2003 has been tainted by several issues, like a no standard screen, sited on a slope, on stony ground, etc and it's not in line with nearby stations data.The estimated highest temperature at Grono that day was around 39.0C-39.5C but it was kept as national record regardless.
^Про особливості осінньо-зимових сезонів в Україні 2000-2006 рр, Ukrainian Hydrometeorological Center. -42C is also claimed at high elevation at the Karpat location of Playi. Lowest temperature ever recorded in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea is -36.8C at Nizhnegorsky in January 1940.
^http://www.cgo.kiev.ua/index.php?fn=u_klimat&f=ukraine&p=1. Unofficial temperatures as high as 42.5C has been reported in the Republic of Crimea in July 2007,but the highest temperature ever recorded in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea is 41.2C at Chornomors'Ke on 8 August 2010.
^
abCite error: The named reference UK was invoked but never defined (see the
help page).
^A record of -33.9C at Saint Albans in December 1788 and another one of -30.6C at Blackadder,Berwickshire in December 1879 were taken under not proper exposure conditions.
^Old minimum temperatures at the Collegio Romano Observatory, like the -8.2C on 21 February 1845 and the -7.5C in January 1836 are suspicious for possible overexposure,albeit that of 1836 is more reliable.