Major branches of natural philosophy include:
The planets and their natural satellites are marked in the following colors:
Planets | Dwarf planets | |
Mercury | Jupiter and satellites | Ceres |
Venus | Saturn and satellites | Pluto and satellites |
Earth and satellite | Uranus and satellites | Eris and satellite |
Mars and satellites | Neptune and satellites |
17th century | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Date | Name | Designation | Image | Planet/Number Designation | References/Notes |
1610s | |||||
o:
January 7
1610 p: March 13 1610 |
Callisto | Jupiter IV | Galileo, Sidereus Nuncius, [1]. The Galilean moons. Note: One of the moons may have been recorded by the Chinese astronomer Gan De in 364 BC. The Galilean satellites were the first celestial objects that were confirmed to orbit an object other than the Earth. | ||
Io | Jupiter I | ||||
Europa | Jupiter II | ||||
o:
January 11
1610 p: March 13 1610 |
Ganymede | Jupiter III | |||
1650s | |||||
o:
March 25
1655 p: March 5 1656 |
Titan | Saturn VI | Huygens, [2]. Huygens first "published" his discovery as an anagram, sent out on June 13, 1655; later published in pamphlet form as De Saturni luna Observatio Nova and in full in Systema Saturnium (July 1659). | ||
1670s | |||||
o:
October 25
1671 p: 1673 |
Iapetus | Saturn VIII | Cassini, [3]. Cassini published these two discoveries in Découverte de deux nouvelles planètes autour de Saturne (Sébastien Mabre-Cramoisy, Paris, 1673), translated as A Discovery of two New Planets about Saturn, made in the Royal Parisian Observatory by Signor Cassini, Fellow of both the Royal Societys, of England and France; English't out of French., Philosophical Transactions 8 (1673), pp. 5178-5185. | ||
o:
December 23,
1672 p: 1673 |
Rhea | Saturn V | |||
1680s | |||||
o:
March 21,
1684 p: April 22, 1686 |
Tethys | Saturn III |
Cassini. Cassini published these two discoveries on
April 22,
1686, according to
An Extract of the Journal Des Scavans. of April 22 st. N. 1686. Giving an account of two new Satellites of Saturn, discovered lately by Mr. Cassini at the Royal Observatory at Paris., Philosophical Transactions 16 (1686-1692) pp. 79-85. Together with his previous two discoveries, Cassini named these satellites Sidera Lodoicea. In his work Kosmotheôros (published posthumously in 1698), Christiaan Huygens relates "Jupiter you see has his four, and Saturn his five Moons about him, all plac’d in their Orbits." | ||
Dione | Saturn IV | ||||
1780s | |||||
o:
March 13,
1781 p: April 26, 1781 |
Uranus | 7th Planet | Herschel [4]. Herschel first reported the discovery of Uranus on April 26, 1781, initially believing it a comet: Account of a Comet. By Mr. Herschel, F. R. S.; communicated by Dr. Watson, Jun. of Bath, F. R. S., Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 71, pp. 492-501. | ||
o:
January 11,
1787 p: February 15, 1787 |
Titania | Uranus III | Herschel, An Account of the Discovery of Two Satellites revolving round the Georgian Planet., Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 77, pp. 125-129, 1787 | ||
Oberon | Uranus IV | ||||
o:
August 28,
1789
[5] p: November 12, 1789 |
Enceladus | Saturn II | Herschel, Account of the Discovery of a Sixth and Seventh Satellite of the Planet Saturn; with Remarks on the Construction of its Ring, its Atmosphere, its Rotation on an Axis, and its spheroidical Figure, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 80, pp. 1-20, 1790 (read November 12, 1789). | ||
o:
September 17,
1789 p: November 12, 1789 |
Mimas | Saturn I | |||
Date | Name | Designation | Image | Planet/Number Designation | References/Notes |
Already discovered: antimony, arsenic, bismuth, carbon, copper, gold, iron, lead, mercury, silver, sulfur, tin, zinc
Name | Date | Discoverer | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Phosphorus | 1669 | Hening Brand, later described by Robert Boyle | First element to be chemically discovered. |
Cobalt | 1732 | Georg Brandt | |
Platinum | ca. 1741 | Discovered independently by Antonio de Ulloa (published 1748) and Charles Wood. | Noticed in South American gold ore since the 16th century. |
Nickel | 1751 | Axel Fredrik Cronstedt | |
Magnesium | 1755 | Joseph Black | |
Hydrogen | 1766 | Isolated and described by Henry Cavendish, named by Antoine Lavoisier | |
Oxygen | 1771 | Joseph Priestley | Because of his belief in phlogiston, Priestley did not realize that he had prepared a new element, and thought that he had managed to prepare air free from phlogiston ("de-phlogisticated air"). |
Nitrogen | 1772 | Daniel Rutherford | |
Chlorine | 1774 | Carl Wilhelm Scheele | |
Manganese | 1774 | Johan Gottlieb Gahn | |
Molybdenum | 1778 | Carl Wilhelm Scheele | |
Tellurium | 1782 | Franz-Joseph Müller von Reichenstein | |
Tungsten | 1783 | Juan José Elhuyar and Fausto Elhuyar | |
Uranium | 1789 | Martin Heinrich Klaproth | Named after the newly discovered planet, Uranus. |
Zirconium | 1789 | Martin Heinrich Klaproth | |
Strontium | 1793 | Martin Heinrich Klaproth | |
Yttrium | 1794 | Johan Gadolin | |
Titanium | 1797 | Martin Heinrich Klaproth | |
Chromium | 1797 | Louis Nicolas Vauquelin | |
Beryllium | 1798 | Louis Nicolas Vauquelin | Discovered as an oxide in beryl and emerald; the metal was not isolated until 1828 by Wöhler and by Bussy independently. |
Major branches of natural philosophy include:
The planets and their natural satellites are marked in the following colors:
Planets | Dwarf planets | |
Mercury | Jupiter and satellites | Ceres |
Venus | Saturn and satellites | Pluto and satellites |
Earth and satellite | Uranus and satellites | Eris and satellite |
Mars and satellites | Neptune and satellites |
17th century | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Date | Name | Designation | Image | Planet/Number Designation | References/Notes |
1610s | |||||
o:
January 7
1610 p: March 13 1610 |
Callisto | Jupiter IV | Galileo, Sidereus Nuncius, [1]. The Galilean moons. Note: One of the moons may have been recorded by the Chinese astronomer Gan De in 364 BC. The Galilean satellites were the first celestial objects that were confirmed to orbit an object other than the Earth. | ||
Io | Jupiter I | ||||
Europa | Jupiter II | ||||
o:
January 11
1610 p: March 13 1610 |
Ganymede | Jupiter III | |||
1650s | |||||
o:
March 25
1655 p: March 5 1656 |
Titan | Saturn VI | Huygens, [2]. Huygens first "published" his discovery as an anagram, sent out on June 13, 1655; later published in pamphlet form as De Saturni luna Observatio Nova and in full in Systema Saturnium (July 1659). | ||
1670s | |||||
o:
October 25
1671 p: 1673 |
Iapetus | Saturn VIII | Cassini, [3]. Cassini published these two discoveries in Découverte de deux nouvelles planètes autour de Saturne (Sébastien Mabre-Cramoisy, Paris, 1673), translated as A Discovery of two New Planets about Saturn, made in the Royal Parisian Observatory by Signor Cassini, Fellow of both the Royal Societys, of England and France; English't out of French., Philosophical Transactions 8 (1673), pp. 5178-5185. | ||
o:
December 23,
1672 p: 1673 |
Rhea | Saturn V | |||
1680s | |||||
o:
March 21,
1684 p: April 22, 1686 |
Tethys | Saturn III |
Cassini. Cassini published these two discoveries on
April 22,
1686, according to
An Extract of the Journal Des Scavans. of April 22 st. N. 1686. Giving an account of two new Satellites of Saturn, discovered lately by Mr. Cassini at the Royal Observatory at Paris., Philosophical Transactions 16 (1686-1692) pp. 79-85. Together with his previous two discoveries, Cassini named these satellites Sidera Lodoicea. In his work Kosmotheôros (published posthumously in 1698), Christiaan Huygens relates "Jupiter you see has his four, and Saturn his five Moons about him, all plac’d in their Orbits." | ||
Dione | Saturn IV | ||||
1780s | |||||
o:
March 13,
1781 p: April 26, 1781 |
Uranus | 7th Planet | Herschel [4]. Herschel first reported the discovery of Uranus on April 26, 1781, initially believing it a comet: Account of a Comet. By Mr. Herschel, F. R. S.; communicated by Dr. Watson, Jun. of Bath, F. R. S., Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 71, pp. 492-501. | ||
o:
January 11,
1787 p: February 15, 1787 |
Titania | Uranus III | Herschel, An Account of the Discovery of Two Satellites revolving round the Georgian Planet., Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 77, pp. 125-129, 1787 | ||
Oberon | Uranus IV | ||||
o:
August 28,
1789
[5] p: November 12, 1789 |
Enceladus | Saturn II | Herschel, Account of the Discovery of a Sixth and Seventh Satellite of the Planet Saturn; with Remarks on the Construction of its Ring, its Atmosphere, its Rotation on an Axis, and its spheroidical Figure, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 80, pp. 1-20, 1790 (read November 12, 1789). | ||
o:
September 17,
1789 p: November 12, 1789 |
Mimas | Saturn I | |||
Date | Name | Designation | Image | Planet/Number Designation | References/Notes |
Already discovered: antimony, arsenic, bismuth, carbon, copper, gold, iron, lead, mercury, silver, sulfur, tin, zinc
Name | Date | Discoverer | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Phosphorus | 1669 | Hening Brand, later described by Robert Boyle | First element to be chemically discovered. |
Cobalt | 1732 | Georg Brandt | |
Platinum | ca. 1741 | Discovered independently by Antonio de Ulloa (published 1748) and Charles Wood. | Noticed in South American gold ore since the 16th century. |
Nickel | 1751 | Axel Fredrik Cronstedt | |
Magnesium | 1755 | Joseph Black | |
Hydrogen | 1766 | Isolated and described by Henry Cavendish, named by Antoine Lavoisier | |
Oxygen | 1771 | Joseph Priestley | Because of his belief in phlogiston, Priestley did not realize that he had prepared a new element, and thought that he had managed to prepare air free from phlogiston ("de-phlogisticated air"). |
Nitrogen | 1772 | Daniel Rutherford | |
Chlorine | 1774 | Carl Wilhelm Scheele | |
Manganese | 1774 | Johan Gottlieb Gahn | |
Molybdenum | 1778 | Carl Wilhelm Scheele | |
Tellurium | 1782 | Franz-Joseph Müller von Reichenstein | |
Tungsten | 1783 | Juan José Elhuyar and Fausto Elhuyar | |
Uranium | 1789 | Martin Heinrich Klaproth | Named after the newly discovered planet, Uranus. |
Zirconium | 1789 | Martin Heinrich Klaproth | |
Strontium | 1793 | Martin Heinrich Klaproth | |
Yttrium | 1794 | Johan Gadolin | |
Titanium | 1797 | Martin Heinrich Klaproth | |
Chromium | 1797 | Louis Nicolas Vauquelin | |
Beryllium | 1798 | Louis Nicolas Vauquelin | Discovered as an oxide in beryl and emerald; the metal was not isolated until 1828 by Wöhler and by Bussy independently. |