Согласные ( Список, Более полная таблица) | См. также: Алфавит МФА, Гласные | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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На этой странице содержатся
фонетические символы алфавита МФА, которые могут некорректно отображаться в некоторых обозревателях. Если символы образуют пару, справа помещается звонкий согласный. Затенение указывает, что данная артикуляция считается невозможной. |
A pulmonic consonant is a consonant made by obstructing the glottis (the space between the vocal cords) or oral cavity (the mouth) and either simultaneously or subsequently letting out air from the lungs. Pulmonic consonants make up the majority of consonants in the IPA, as well as in human language. All consonants in the English language fall into this category. [1]
The pulmonic consonant table, which includes most consonants, is arranged in rows that designate manner of articulation, meaning how the consonant is produced, and columns that designate place of articulation, meaning where in the vocal tract the consonant is produced. The main chart includes only consonants with a single place of articulation.
View this table as an image. | |||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Place of articulation → | Labial | Coronal | Dorsal | Radical | Glottal | ||||||||||||
Bilabial | Labiodental | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Epiglottal | |||||||
Manner of articulation ↓ | |||||||||||||||||
Nasal | m | ɱ | n | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | ɴ | ||||||||||
Plosive | p b | p̪ b̪ | t d | ʈ ɖ | c ɟ | k ɡ | q ɢ | ʡ | ʔ | ||||||||
Fricative | ɸ β | f v | θ ð | s z | ʃ ʒ | ʂ ʐ | ç ʝ | x ɣ | χ | ʁ | ħ | ʕ | ʜ | ʢ | h ɦ | ||
Approximant | β̞ | ʋ | ɹ | ɻ | j | ɰ | |||||||||||
Trill | ʙ | r | ʀ | я* | |||||||||||||
Tap or Flap | ⱱ̟† | ⱱ† | ɾ | ɽ | ɢ̆ | ʡ̯ | |||||||||||
Lateral Fricative | ɬ ɮ | * | * | * | |||||||||||||
Lateral Approximant | l | ɭ | ʎ | ʟ | |||||||||||||
Lateral Flap | ɺ | * | ʎ̯ | ʟ̆ |
Coarticulated consonants are sounds that involve two simultaneous places of articulation (are pronounced using two parts of the vocal tract). In English, the [w] in "went" is a coarticulated consonant, because it is pronounced by rounding the lips and raising the back of the tongue. Other languages, such as French and Swedish, have different coarticulated consonants.
View this table as an image | |
---|---|
ʍ | Voiceless labialized velar approximant |
w | Voiced labialized velar approximant |
ɥ | Voiced labialized palatal approximant |
ɕ | Voiceless palatalized postalveolar (alveolo-palatal) fricative |
ʑ | Voiced palatalized postalveolar (alveolo-palatal) fricative |
ɧ | Voiceless "palatal-velar" fricative |
Affricates and doubly articulated stops are represented by two symbols joined by a tie bar, either above or below the symbols. The six most common affricates are optionally represented by ligatures, though this is no longer official IPA usage, [5] because a great number of ligatures would be required to represent all affricates this way. Alternatively, a superscript notation for a consonant release is sometimes used to transcribe affricates, for example tˢ for t͡s, paralleling kˣ ~ k͡x. The symbols for the palatal plosives, ‹c ɟ›, are often used as a convenience for [t͡ʃ d͡ʒ] or similar affricates, even in official IPA publications, so they must be interpreted with care.
View this table as an image. | ||
---|---|---|
Tie bar | Ligature | Description |
t͡s | ʦ | voiceless alveolar affricate |
d͡z | ʣ | voiced alveolar affricate |
t͡ʃ | ʧ | voiceless postalveolar affricate |
d͡ʒ | ʤ | voiced postalveolar affricate |
t͡ɕ | ʨ | voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate |
d͡ʑ | ʥ | voiced alveolo-palatal affricate |
t͡ɬ | – | voiceless alveolar lateral affricate |
k͡p | – | voiceless labial-velar plosive |
ɡ͡b | – | voiced labial-velar plosive |
ŋ͡m | – | labial-velar nasal stop |
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Согласные ( Список, Более полная таблица) | См. также: Алфавит МФА, Гласные | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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На этой странице содержатся
фонетические символы алфавита МФА, которые могут некорректно отображаться в некоторых обозревателях. Если символы образуют пару, справа помещается звонкий согласный. Затенение указывает, что данная артикуляция считается невозможной. |
A pulmonic consonant is a consonant made by obstructing the glottis (the space between the vocal cords) or oral cavity (the mouth) and either simultaneously or subsequently letting out air from the lungs. Pulmonic consonants make up the majority of consonants in the IPA, as well as in human language. All consonants in the English language fall into this category. [1]
The pulmonic consonant table, which includes most consonants, is arranged in rows that designate manner of articulation, meaning how the consonant is produced, and columns that designate place of articulation, meaning where in the vocal tract the consonant is produced. The main chart includes only consonants with a single place of articulation.
View this table as an image. | |||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Place of articulation → | Labial | Coronal | Dorsal | Radical | Glottal | ||||||||||||
Bilabial | Labiodental | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Epiglottal | |||||||
Manner of articulation ↓ | |||||||||||||||||
Nasal | m | ɱ | n | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | ɴ | ||||||||||
Plosive | p b | p̪ b̪ | t d | ʈ ɖ | c ɟ | k ɡ | q ɢ | ʡ | ʔ | ||||||||
Fricative | ɸ β | f v | θ ð | s z | ʃ ʒ | ʂ ʐ | ç ʝ | x ɣ | χ | ʁ | ħ | ʕ | ʜ | ʢ | h ɦ | ||
Approximant | β̞ | ʋ | ɹ | ɻ | j | ɰ | |||||||||||
Trill | ʙ | r | ʀ | я* | |||||||||||||
Tap or Flap | ⱱ̟† | ⱱ† | ɾ | ɽ | ɢ̆ | ʡ̯ | |||||||||||
Lateral Fricative | ɬ ɮ | * | * | * | |||||||||||||
Lateral Approximant | l | ɭ | ʎ | ʟ | |||||||||||||
Lateral Flap | ɺ | * | ʎ̯ | ʟ̆ |
Coarticulated consonants are sounds that involve two simultaneous places of articulation (are pronounced using two parts of the vocal tract). In English, the [w] in "went" is a coarticulated consonant, because it is pronounced by rounding the lips and raising the back of the tongue. Other languages, such as French and Swedish, have different coarticulated consonants.
View this table as an image | |
---|---|
ʍ | Voiceless labialized velar approximant |
w | Voiced labialized velar approximant |
ɥ | Voiced labialized palatal approximant |
ɕ | Voiceless palatalized postalveolar (alveolo-palatal) fricative |
ʑ | Voiced palatalized postalveolar (alveolo-palatal) fricative |
ɧ | Voiceless "palatal-velar" fricative |
Affricates and doubly articulated stops are represented by two symbols joined by a tie bar, either above or below the symbols. The six most common affricates are optionally represented by ligatures, though this is no longer official IPA usage, [5] because a great number of ligatures would be required to represent all affricates this way. Alternatively, a superscript notation for a consonant release is sometimes used to transcribe affricates, for example tˢ for t͡s, paralleling kˣ ~ k͡x. The symbols for the palatal plosives, ‹c ɟ›, are often used as a convenience for [t͡ʃ d͡ʒ] or similar affricates, even in official IPA publications, so they must be interpreted with care.
View this table as an image. | ||
---|---|---|
Tie bar | Ligature | Description |
t͡s | ʦ | voiceless alveolar affricate |
d͡z | ʣ | voiced alveolar affricate |
t͡ʃ | ʧ | voiceless postalveolar affricate |
d͡ʒ | ʤ | voiced postalveolar affricate |
t͡ɕ | ʨ | voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate |
d͡ʑ | ʥ | voiced alveolo-palatal affricate |
t͡ɬ | – | voiceless alveolar lateral affricate |
k͡p | – | voiceless labial-velar plosive |
ɡ͡b | – | voiced labial-velar plosive |
ŋ͡m | – | labial-velar nasal stop |
{{
cite book}}
: Unknown parameter |coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (
help)
{{
cite book}}
: Unknown parameter |coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (
help)
IPA_1999
was invoked but never defined (see the
help page).