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Hi, I think the first sentence should instead read like: "Methamphetamine[note 1] (pronunciation: /mɛθæmˈfɛtəmin/; contracted from N-methyl-alpha-methylphenethylamine) is a neurotoxin and potent psychostimulant of the phenethylamine and amphetamine classes, that is used medically, in some countries, to treat resistant cases of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obesity, but is better known for its role as an infamous drug of abuse."
Note: I have ignored much of the formatting in this sentence, the bolding and hyperlinking of the words and letters I think is fine the way it is.
Now my reasoning for this suggested change is that most people don't know it's used to treat ADHD or obesity, even there it's only used in some countries (mostly North American countries) and even then only in resistant cases, hence it might be more helpful to mention this and the fact it is well-known drug of abuse. I would just edit it myself, but I felt as this is a good article a consensus should be reached on something as important as the first sentence. Thoughts and opinions will be welcome by anyone. Even people I tend to ruffle the feathers of as I do still value their opinions as Wikipedia is still a democracy. Brenton ( contribs · email · talk · uploads) 14:29, 20 July 2014 (UTC)
@
Fuse809: I'm fairly certain that levomethamphetamine doesn't have a USAN, since it has never been a pharmaceutical drug in the United States. I've read elsewhere that manufacturers (e.g., Vicks) use the INN on their packaging primarily to avoid the stigma associated with the term "methamphetamine". In any event, I'd normally just remove a clause I find dubious, but I figured I'd ask first: do you have a ref for the levmetamfetamine USAN? Nevermind, it's apparently in the very same ref I used to cite the INN... I'm clearly very perceptive. >.>
Seppi333 (
Insert 2¢ |
Maintained)
23:45, 6 October 2014 (UTC)
It's obvious to me why the melting point is listed as 3*C but that's likely to seem very weird for the majority of the population. Should it be made clearer that many of the chemical properties are referring to the freebase oil and not the more commonly seen hydrochloride salt?
Is there any off-label medical uses for prescription methamphetamine other than ADHD and obesity? Probably narcolepsy, idiopathic hypersomnia and depression but without sources this is just a guess. Clr324 ( say hi) 08:24, 19 February 2015 (UTC)
@ Boghog: Hey, hope it's not too muxh to ask, but can you draw a new structure diagram for this article as well when you get a chance? I'd like to keep the Dbox images consistent across articles. Seppi333 ( Insert 2¢ | Maintained) 02:51, 4 April 2015 (UTC)
Recreationally, methamphetamine is used to increase sexual desire, lift the mood, and increase energy, allowing some users to engage in sexual activity continuously for several days straight.
LOL, who edited that one? Amphetamine of even garden variety is technically necrotic to neuron integrity DEPENDENT UPON MULTI-FACTORIAL CRITERIA - the statement "UNLIKE AMPHETAMINE..." simply stupidly fails to delve into these, unhelpfully and the simplism is brutal. As if your kid's Ritalin or Adderall was a magically different compound than Desoxyn... Someone state the facts more subtly and wisely here, rephrase things... Makes Wikipedia look retarded. Genetic polymorphisms of individuals and a million other factors determine whether amphetamine shall prove neurologically damaging, but the reality of its capacity above all these contingent factors, to obliterate Homo Sapiens axon-dendrite-ETC. connections necessary for cephalic functionality, is just a brute factum. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2602:304:B34B:A940:F051:AB0F:3A76:DE48 ( talk) 04:34, 19 June 2015 (UTC)
Should this be extended? I note this page has a long history of vandalism and the first IP edit since protection was removed was vandalism. Sizeofint ( talk) 18:45, 9 August 2015 (UTC)
Hi. I think there is an editorial mistake in the lead - paragraph 4 - line five. Cheers Myrtlegroggins ( talk) 08:52, 11 August 2015 (UTC)
The following issues should be addressed. Comments please.
In the Lead section:
In the Medical section:
Comments please. Box73 ( talk) 14:14, 1 September 2015 (UTC)
References
I like how it says that meethamphetamine is much more toxic than ritalin and amphetamine. This makes no sense. At low doses toxicity would be absolutely the same. I am not even saying that it compares meth additcs to schoolers on ritaline by 18mg. Higher toxicity is achievable only at large doses due to more powerful output capabilities of meth. Extreemator ( talk) 06:45, 31 July 2014 (UTC)
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"Unlike amphetamine, methamphetamine is directly neurotoxic to dopamine neurons.[39]" Source 39 is bogus, the authors do not cite any research to support this statement, it seems to be no more than an opinion. "Methamphetamine also inhibits VMAT1, has agonist activity at all alpha-2 adrenergic receptor and sigma receptor subtypes, and is directly toxic to dopamine neurons in humans, whereas there is no evidence of acute amphetamine toxicity in humans.[39][44][57][63]" None of the cited sources support the statement that there is no amphetamine toxicity in humans. That statement should be removed or supported by valid sources. 70.80.73.24 ( talk) 00:47, 27 December 2014 (UTC)
The guy who wrote this seems to work for pharm company, this Seppi333 is so confident and know what source is good and what is bad. Extreemator ( talk) 01:21, 16 January 2016 (UTC)
"Comparison to amphetamine pharmacodynamics": compares meth abuse with amphetamine prescription. Claims that amphetamine is good for the brain even. Since this article explicitly states that meth is neurotoxic, implying that doctors are prescribing neurotoxic medication to 6 year olds with the approval of the FDA, it should at least include evidence that patients incur methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity?
Not impressed by Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "15". In Sydor A, Brown RY. Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 370. btw, a tertiary source that doesn't list a single reference.
Ssscienccce (
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08:21, 5 October 2015 (UTC)
This is just a small catch, in the last line of the third paragraph:
"this damage includes adverse changes in brain structure and function, such as reductions in grey matter volume in several brain regions and adverse changes in markers of metabolic integrity.[19]"
Should read:
"This damage includes adverse changes in brain structure and function, such as reductions in grey matter volume in several brain regions and adverse changes in markers of metabolic integrity.[19]"
I'm unable to make this change myself, since this account has too few edits on Wikipedia
Rushingseas8 ( talk) 03:15, 16 November 2015 (UTC)
i'll address the specifics on the Talk Page to the main article this is copied from ("History and culture of substituted amphetamines"), but essentially this text is problematic. It is misleading, biased, lacks flow or organization, and doesn't work well as an introduction to a complex topic. This should be a general intro with a projected organization that cites primary sources, not a TV documentary focusing on a particular aspect of the phenomenon. Issues with specific communities and demographics should be addressed as separate sub-topics in the main article on meth history and culture. TheArcane03 ( talk) 10:31, 1 December 2015 (UTC)TheArcane03
What is the difference between dextromethamphetamine and enantiopure dextromethamphetamine? Dextromethamphetamine is assumed to be enantipure. When I read "two dextrorotary and levorotary enantiomers" it sounds like four isomers; it is sufficient to say "two enantiomers". IMO once we say methamphetamine is a racemate with enantiomers dextro- and levomethamphetamine, we can let go of the extra baggage unless it resolves obvious ambiguity in some sentence.
Consider the difference: While enantiopure dextromethamphetamine is a more potent drug, than racemic methamphetamine, the racemic form is sometimes produced and sold instead of dextromethamphetamine due to the relative ease of its synthesis by certain methods and the limited availability of associated chemical precursors. (I probably should have added "illicitly" before produced.)
There was an old George Carlin piece that went, "They divided the class into two halves... I think it was two halves... Uh, yea, definitely two halves." We don't need to state the obvious. Hence my edits. — Box73 ( talk) 14:27, 2 January 2016 (UTC)
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In Pharmacology->Pharmacodynamics it incorrectly says that "Activation of TAAR1, via adenylyl cyclase,". We know that GPCRs activates a effector protein like adenylyl cyclase, but the sentence says that effector protein(in this case adenylyl cyclase) activates TAAR1. So it must be "Activation of adenylyl cyclase, via TAAR1,". Ref: Lodish Molecular Cell Biology-> Chapter 15-> Last sentence of page 689. Morteza1440 ( talk) 11:59, 2 February 2016 (UTC)
Levomethamphetamine is available as an over-the-counter drug for use as an inhaled nasal decongestant in the United States.[note 3] - Vicks has discontinued this product. 199.46.199.232 ( talk) 10:37, 25 February 2016 (UTC)DLM
The image is wrong and someone must have vandalised the page — Preceding unsigned comment added by 61.69.118.118 ( talk) 10:32, 12 December 2016 (UTC)
This article seems to attribute the psychoactive effects of methamphetamine primarily to TAAR1 activation, which has not been shown. In fact the reverse transport hypothesis is still important in explaining DAT releaser mechanism of action. While there is clearly a role for TAAR1, it is not entirely well-defined, and may be involved more in sensitization than in acute psychostimulant effects. There are also other modulatory proteins involved in this process. [1] [2] ( Watchthestorm ( talk) 04:13, 7 November 2015 (UTC))
References
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References
One example of interest is CaMKII, which has been well characterized as an effector of Ca2+ currents downstream of L-type Ca2+ channels [21,22]. Interestingly, DAT is a CaMKII substrate and phosphorylated DAT favors the reverse transport of dopamine [48,49], constituting a possible mechanism by which electrical activity and L-type Ca2+ channels may modulate DAT states and dopamine release. ... In summary, our results suggest that pharmacologically, S(+)AMPH is more potent than DA at activating hDAT-mediated depolarizing currents, leading to L-type Ca2+ channel activation, and the S(+)AMPH-induced current is more tightly coupled than DA to open L-type Ca2+ channels.
S(+)MDMA (ecstasy) and 5HT (serotonin) induce Ca2+ mobilization in cultured muscle cells expressing hSERT. ...
The electrical coupling between hSERT and CaV1.3 takes place at physiological concentrations of 5HT.
hSERT-mediated depolarization activates voltage-gated calcium channels.
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Hello,
I respectfully propose the following changes under the Emergency treatment section.
Sincerely,
John R. Richards, MD, Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA
______________________________________
Replace the last two sentences "Chlorpromazine may be useful in decreasing the stimulant and CNS effects of a methamphetamine overdose.[21] The use of a nonselective beta blocker may be required to control increased heart rate.[7]"
with
Antipsychotics such as Haloperidol are useful in decreasing the stimulant and CNS effects of methamphetamine overdose.[new reference 1] Beta blockers with lipophilic properties and CNS penetration such as Metoprolol and Labetalol may be useful for treating CNS and cardiovascular toxicity.[new reference 2] The mixed beta/alpha blocker Labetalol is especially useful for treatment of concomitant tachycardia and hypertension induced by methamphetamine.[new reference 3] The phenomenon of "unopposed alpha stimulation" has not been reported with the use of beta-blockers for treatment of methamphetamine toxicity.[new reference 3]
1) Richards JR, Derlet RW, Duncan DR. Methamphetamine toxicity: treatment with a benzodiazepine versus a butyrophenone. Eur J Emerg Med. 1997 Sep;4(3):130-5. PubMed PMID: 9426992.
2) http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/820918-treatment#d10
3) Richards JR, Albertson TE, Derlet RW, Lange RA, Olson KR, Horowitz BZ. Treatment of toxicity from amphetamines, related derivatives, and analogues: a systematic clinical review. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015 May 1;150:1-13. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.01.040. Epub 2015 Feb 18. Review. PubMed PMID: 25724076.
Jrrichards ( talk) 13:10, 20 April 2016 (UTC)
I believe it is important to factor in the influence of confirmation bias, media campaigns, politics, public perception and the influence of pharmaceutical companies when vetting sources for this article. In the last ten to fifteen years in the USA there has been a push by anti-drug advocates to vilify methamphetamine versus drugs of similar percieved danger, ie heroin or cocaine. At the same time pharmaceutical stimulants have had their risks minimized in public perception, despite many having nearly identical pharmacological profiles.
The "Faces of Meth" campaign is a good example. These "before and after" photos used were hand picked out of hundreds of choices, and no attempt was made to control for poverty, homelessness, malnutrition, other diseases or polysubstance usage, and many other factors. As well "meth mouth" and "meth bugs" have been popularized as a common occurrence when in reality they are rare.
Even on wikipedia, methamphetamine's dependence likelihood is "very high" versus a tame "moderate" for its extremely close pharmacological cousin, lisdexamphetamine. There is even a claim that methamphetamine is neurotoxic, while amphetamine is not. This claim is outrageous. To suggest any psychoactive substance does not have potentially toxic properties is extremely misleading.
One might argue that self-reports by users are sufficient evidence of meth's greater danger, but sadly users are notoriously unreliable, are as vulnerable to public perceptions, media bias and the placebo effect as the rest of us, and have relatively small overlap between those who use illegal versus prescription stimulants.
Lastly I want to point out that other developed countries, the UK and Nederlands especially, only recognize that meth is only slightly more addictive than amphetamine. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Toomanybigwords ( talk • contribs) 07:14, 14 May 2016 (UTC)
Just butting in here, there is some rigorous analysis of these very issues in this paper : " https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/sites/default/files/methamphetamine-dangers-exaggerated-20140218.pdf" The comparison of neurotoxicity between methamphetamine and amphetamine may be generally accepted, but it may also be wrong. I too am only pro-truth- check out the citation.
Apologies for the current lack of references, though a quick google search can verify the majority of my claims. I will try to add them in the future, and feel free to ask for any particular one. I am not pro-meth only pro-truth, and am open to criticism. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Toomanybigwords ( talk • contribs) 05:10, 14 May 2016 (UTC)
Sorry rather new to editing wikipedia, appreciate any pointers!§
Apologies for any breach of protocol, I'm new to editing wikipedia.
Hi, thank you for responding. I am new at this (editing wikipedia) so please forgive me for breaking any decorum. Thank you for the formidable and well thought out response. §
First and foremost I think I should emphasize my comments were aimed at "desanctifying" the value of scientific references (which are more or less the gold standard) as evidence in support of one's position, especially on controversial topics like this one. §
Anyone who has ever done any sort of lab work knows that often the slightest mistake in an experiment's process may lead to different results, and as well a perfectly executed experiment that yields unexpected results may be discounted by a researcher. Lets not forget the influence of a scientist's own theories, as well as the interests of his or her benefactor, in determining what actually gets published.§
Now the "scientific consensus" argument, this one is tricky because on one hand this is usually how "facts" ie global warming, are determined, but on the other hand the number of false ideas held in scientific consensus is historically enormous and thanks to man's hubris will likely continue as such.
As for your comments on chemical similarity, I agree completely with what you said (and I think propylene glycol vs. ethylene glycol might be a better example). But notice I said "pharmacological profiles" not "structural profiles". I was referring to the similarity in receptor interactions between meth and amphetamine, ie that with DAT, SERT, TAAR1 blah blah blah. Though if you know a key difference please share.§
The last issue I'd like to presently cover is that of neurotoxicity. Presently this is not a well defined term. "The death of neurons/synapses" might be a good starting place, but how does this reconcile with the fact that, in terms of numbers of neurons and synapses, and adult human has far LESS than a toddler. Clearly killing brain cells isn't all bad. "Toxicity" in this case too often means a change the researcher views as bad. E.g., a researcher might see a loss of DA neurons and immediately think "anhedonia" when really the result could be "increased caution" or another potentially positive or neutral result.§
Thank you for your time§ — Preceding unsigned comment added by Toomanybigwords ( talk • contribs)
Allow me to bring an interesting analogy to your attention, one that cuts to heart of what I'm getting at. It is that of the "colorblind scientist who studies color:" she knows virtually all there is to know about color, ie wavelengths and other light properties, how the brain perceives colors etc etc. What she lacks is the experience of actually seeing color. Since there is virtually no overlap between scientists who study meth and individuals who take it we are stuck with research produced by individuals much like the colorblind scientist. Other good analogies might be, "a mechanic who has never driven a car," "a doctor who has never been sick." Or consider all of all the positive findings on the health effects of coffee; considering most scientists like coffee, I be willing to bet if meth was their drug of choice, we'd be seeing all kinds of articles extolling meth. §
Lolz for the last part, I'm not surprised. Thanks for the references will definitely check them out. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Toomanybigwords ( talk • contribs) 22:24, 16 May 2016 (UTC)
The article on dentistry I have seen before (abstract only, too poor for the whole thing), if it has a statistic on the prevalence of "meth mouth" I would appreciate if you could post it perhaps along with the methods used to determine that statistic. I know the phenomenon is real, and likely caused by a combination of dry mouth, vasoconstriction, bruxism, poor hygiene, etc. Most of these can be offset with regular hydration, gum chewing, holding the mouth piece past one's teeth/exhaling through the nose. §
I take it that these glutamine transports you reference are indirectly affected by dopamine release, causing excitotoxicity. EAAT3 corresponds to amphetamine, yes? As to why 3 would lack cytotoxic effects, I am not sure I understand. I would guess your theory is 3 is only expressed in glia while 2 and 1 are expressed in neurons? Correct?§
References
Since then, a family of five high-affinity glutamate transporters has been characterized that is responsible for the precise regulation of glutamate levels at both synaptic and extrasynaptic sites, although the glutamate transporter 1 (GLT1) is responsible for more than 90% of glutamate uptake in the brain.3 The importance of GLT1 is further highlighted by the large number of neuropsychiatric disorders associated with glutamate-induced neurotoxicity.
Clarification of nomenclature
The major glial glutamate transporter is referred to as GLT1 in the rodent literature and excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2) in the human literature.
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The dependence of EAAT3 internalization on the DAT also suggests that the two transporters might be internalized together. We found that EAAT3 and DAT are expressed in the same cells, as well as in axons and dendrites. However, the subcellular co-localization of the two neurotransmitter transporters remains to be established definitively by high resolution electron microscopy.
Note to self: add a direct pathway for methamphetamine → phenylacetone ( FMO3). Added Seppi333 ( Insert 2¢) 22:25, 18 September 2016 (UTC)
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amphetamine pharmacokinetics}}
image file are reflected in the image file for this template; the associated enzyme/reaction type annotations from the amphetamine template could then be easily adjusted for use in the meth template.
Seppi333 (
Insert 2¢)
03:46, 25 September 2016 (UTC)Metabolic pathways of methamphetamine
|
Reviews to add (at some point)...
Seppi333 ( Insert 2¢) 03:45, 13 July 2015 (UTC); Updated: 13:09, 16 January 2016 (UTC)
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The primary target of psychostimulants such as amphetamine and methamphetamine is the dopamine transporter (DAT), the major regulator of extracellular dopamine levels in the brain. However, the behavioral and neurophysiological correlates of methamphetamine and amphetamine administration are unique from one another, thereby suggesting these two compounds impact dopaminergic neurotransmission differentially. ... The intracellular application of methamphetamine, but not amphetamine, prevented the dopamine-induced increase in the spontaneous firing of dopaminergic neurons and the corresponding DAT-mediated inward current. The results reveal a new mechanism for methamphetamine-induced dysregulation of dopaminergic neurons.
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d-AMPH and METH vary considerably in their toxic and addictive effects. Although d-AMPH has a higher affinity for DAT than METH (Howell and Kimmel, 2008), the latter is a more potent and also more perilous stimulant than d-AMPH. This could be as a result of their differing effects on cellular targets such as MAOs, mitochondrial electron transport chain complexes and their interactions with different signal transduction pathways. METH is more lipophilic than d-AMPH. Therefore, it readily enters the cell via diffusion in addition to DAT-dependent uptake. Furthermore, METH has been shown to release more DA and intracellular Ca2+ than d-AMPH at physiologic membrane potentials. These effects can be blocked by DAT inhibitors (Goodwin et al., 2009). This increased DA release perhaps provides an explanation for the enhanced abuse potential and the strong euphoric effects of acute METH exposure in humans. Chronic METH abuse leads to the degeneration of monoaminergic terminals (Davidson et al., 2001; Krasnova and Cadet, 2009) and reduced DAT and DA levels in the striatum of mice, rats and monkeys (Anderson and Itzhak, 2006; Graham et al., 2008; Melega et al., 2008). Similar effects have been reported in people subjected to positron emission tomography (PET) (Volkow et al., 2001). In contrast to MDMA, the metabolism of d-AMPH/METH does not appear to be significant in the manifestation of drug neurotoxicity. However, increases in DA metabolism following d-AMPH/METH-induced DA release have been implicated in the expression of amphetamine neurotoxicity, primarily through the production of oxidative stress (Krasnova and Cadet, 2009).
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The external link to "Drug Trafficking Aryan Brotherhood Methamphetamine Operation Dismantled, FBI" is dead ( https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/2015/december/drug-trafficking/). I did a search on the site and found a new link, but I can not edit a protected page. So here it is if anyone wants to correct it:
https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/aryan-brotherhood-methamphetamine-operation-dismantled
104.51.149.199 ( talk) 11:36, 8 November 2016 (UTC)
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I would like to suggest some information on the recovery of crystal-meth and its advanced brain functionality. Diffuse approx 5 bottles of Sacred Frankincense (15ml each) in a diffuser in a small room and breathe in. It will repair all damage done it is never too late or too much damage. It will take about a month to use 5 bottles, 1 every 5 days. This will give you a healthier brain that someone who has eaten a gluten free diet, multi-vitamin, and probiotic their entire life. A crystal-meth addict who does not do this recovery should not quit crystal-meth as it will leave you VERY unhappy. A normal brain has 3 new and unknown parts to it. Normally the signal enters the first brain and bounces in a specific manner a few errors and bounces back out and repeats, it is supposed to do another way, with crystal meth the signal bounces around in a more advanced way then the signal continues to the second brain and passes through no function no errors before the signal gets to the 3rd and largest brain section and a piece of dna is cloned from a piece of crystal-meth the signal enters the brain bounces off the specific spot and ricochets off the dna crystal and goes out of service and it starts over from the beginning. The advanced brain functionality is responsible for your brains health. Crystal meth is being used in the research for a cure for this brain malfunction and eternal brain health. Pebaudhi ( talk) 12:06, 16 September 2017 (UTC)
There are examples of meth use where the person reports positive changes that outlast the effects of the drug. I suspect that oral use may lead to more of these changes than snorting or smoking it.
Is there room on this site for reports of therapeutic effects? Maybe a new heading on the main methamphetamine page?
People should be informed if there are longlasting effects — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bhellos ( talk • contribs) 19:45, 11 November 2016 (UTC)
The article says " 'Meth' and 'crystal meth' redirect here." But no synonyms are given. Some slang names would we useful. 31.49.105.253 ( talk) 01:22, 15 February 2017 (UTC)
Suggested addition to Section 8 -History, society, and culture. (I'd add it myself but have not mastered footnoting.)
[Excerpt from a book review entitled] The Very Drugged Nazis by Antony Beevor
Blitzed: Drugs in the Third Reich by Norman Ohler, translated from the German by Shaun Whiteside Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 292 pp., $28.00
"By 1938, large parts of the population were using Pervitin on an almost regular basis, including students preparing for exams, nurses on night duty, businessmen under pressure, and mothers dealing with the pressures of Kinder, Küche, Kirche (children, kitchen, church—to which the Nazis thought women should be relegated)... Its consumption came to be seen as entirely normal."
Cliffewiki ( talk) 15:42, 20 March 2017 (UTC)
References
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Change: Methods of ingestion are Oral, Intravenous, Anal-(rectal), Vaginal and Intra-muscular; to; "Methods of ingestion are Oral, Nasal, Intravenous, Anal-(rectal), Vaginal and Intra-muscular". Purple Chrissy ( talk) 02:06, 25 April 2017 (UTC)
The article states that methamphetamine is a Schedule 8 "prohibited substance" in Australia. This is confounded and incorrect. Schedule 8 are defined as "controlled drugs" and Schedule 9 as "prohibited substances". This point in the article needs to be verified and amended for accuracy. I'm guessing that Methamphetamine is most likely Schedule 9 as Schedule 8 drugs are regularly prescribed for medical treatment and there is no PBAC approval for methamphetamine.
Dr.khatmando ( talk) 00:46, 19 June 2017 (UTC)
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Reference 138 link is dead. Use this one instead: https://www.fda.gov/regulatoryinformation/lawsenforcedbyfda/ucm148726.htm Trobc ( talk) 18:47, 22 August 2017 (UTC)
I'm not able to edit the article (because it is semi-protected), but I don't think it expresses a neutral point of view under the "recreational" sub-heading. Methamphetamine is abused broadly across different cultures and groups, but most of the recreational uses describe sexual uses and particularly gay male "San Francisco sub-culture".
I think this section should be flagged, then edited. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Thenamestom ( talk • contribs) 14:22, 4 September 2017 (UTC)
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Change "Is a strong central nervous system (CNS) Stimulant too "Is a (Potent central nervous system (CNS) stinmulant Jmspater ( talk) 10:48, 24 February 2018 (UTC)
Hi @ Tobby72:, Good work in finding this resource. I had a *quick* look at the references for this graph, and it would be good if you could take a closer look.
I think the caption should read “US Drug overdose related fatalities in 2016 were ### (you can add the case numbers on the y axis to get the total) including 7663 of those related to Methamphetamine overdose.”
This is because epidemiological data sets are collected from research studies and reporting systems, with outcomes accounted for by multiple factors. The explanatory notes for the drug related fatalities cases can be found at the CDC WONDER portal. Some of the data is taken from sources such as death certificates, and can list multiple causes.
For example blunt force head trauma due to high impact motor vehicle accident while under the influence of alcohol (my paraphrase). While we could say the motor vehicle accident killed the victim, we could also say the same for the alcohol. However the better statistical methods we often use to get the most out of this kind of data gives us a measurement of the best “risk factors” that account for a fatality.
However Herion overdose can certainly be clearer due to lower lethal dose (LD) I.e. in a naive (someone with little tolerance) patient is doesn’t take much to overdose. I emphasise that this is even more so the an opiates related to fentanyl which is many times more potent than herion.
However it takes considerable amounts of Methamphetamine to reach a lethal toxicity, and an underlying predisposition (or prodromal) to a disease may also partially account for fatality (e.g. preexisting heart condition). Furthermore the people who use illicit substances are usually poly drug users.
I don’t want to discourage you because I think you did a stellar job in locating this information and I have no doubt it is scholarly rigorous. The graph is also suitable for the a less technically savvy ready too. But I hoped that I could help you write a more accurate caption. I think I saw you used a similar graph on another article too, so if we can work together to write well now, it will hold us in good stead later on too!
I hope this makes sense and is helpful, and please do go ahead and make those changes. I’m not here to stand on anyone’s toes.
If you think you need my help with this or something in the future, I’d be happy to help.
Good luck with this.
Cheers, Dr.khatmando ( talk) 13:56, 17 August 2018 (UTC)
You sir, are correct. thanks for the clarification. Good day. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Hotshot714 ( talk • contribs) 02:05, 9 November 2018 (UTC)
The drug used for medical reasons like narcolepsy and ADHD is amphetamine, not methamphetamine. Yes it sounds the same but the methamphetamine is the illegal version because it's way more potent and dangerous than the other one. They have different chemical structures. Hotshot714 ( talk) 02:44, 29 October 2018 (UTC)
Current chembox is inconsistent as some items refer to racemate, others to dextromethamphetamine. Also note that INN names for methamphetamine refer to the single enantiomers, metamfetamine (+) and levmetamfetamine (−). — Mykhal ( talk) 18:56, 11 November 2018 (UTC)
Section looks more like a promotional guide. :/ 96.31.177.52 ( talk) 05:40, 8 May 2019 (UTC)
Melting point is 170 °C, not 3 °C. Reference source: National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Database. Methamphetamine, CID=10836, https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Methamphetamine (accessed on May 31, 2019) Marialeeg ( talk) 06:22, 31 May 2019 (UTC)
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Better source for footnote 19: http://www.nbcnews.com/id/6646180/ns/health-addictions/t/meths-aphrodisiac-effect-adds-drugs-allure/#.XXigWygzaUk 203.38.38.6 ( talk) 07:26, 11 September 2019 (UTC)
What is the lattice structure/crystal shape/crystal structure of methamphetamine hydrochloride (AKA crystal meth)? I don't think it is cubic, so is it hexagonal, monoclinic, or something else https://www.thoughtco.com/types-of-crystals-602156? This might explain it, but I'm not sure: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/pro.244 & https://journals.iucr.org/e/issues/2008/05/00/lh2608/lh2608.pdf -- User123o987name ( talk) 06:23, 28 November 2019 (UTC)
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Bingdu. Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. Hog Farm ( talk) 19:59, 2 March 2020 (UTC)
This chemical compound was actually discovered during WW2 while German chemists were searching for new drugs that radically boost intelligence in humans. At a certain level of government clearance you learn that in it's refined form, it is actually a "super drug" and it becomes legal a necessary part of staying alert and being able to process large amounts of stimuli simultaneously in the heat of the moment. Also widely used by many top level or "c-level" executives (CEO, CFO, etc...) as a way to stay at a performance level that is necessary to maximize profits and stay competitive and creative with the changing markets. Busterclark ( talk) 17:19, 23 March 2020 (UTC)
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I want to add methamphetamine decompsotion temperature https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15538957ttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15538957 It's starts at 315 C 185.211.158.179 ( talk) 21:15, 13 May 2020 (UTC)
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Under "Epigenetic factors in methamphetamine addiction": "chronic methamphetamine use caused methylation of the lysine in position 4 of histone 3"
-that is H3K4me1, H3K4me3 (or possible H3K4me2). That should be linked.
It should say like "5-60mg was a reported typical dose." The sentence that's there makes no sense at all. Quote from the currently cited source (source #41) "The dose used is about 5-60 mg of methamphetamine while the lethal dose reported is 200 mg." morsontologica ( talk) 15:55, 24 October 2020 (UTC)
So far there seems to be no material on Hitler's use of Pervitin, as documented in "The Hitler Book'. Since I have just finished reading this book, I would like to add some material on this subject (not that I'm asking permission.) Sardaka ( talk) 08:42, 1 June 2021 (UTC)
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The sentence below (last sentence, Neonatal Exposure section) requests a medical citation in support this claim. >>"She said drug exposure could interfere with the child's working memory and their ability to control impulses and think
flexibly. [1] medical citation needed"
I (dleitner97) did NOT write this line, nor do I support it, however there does exist peer-reviewed research into the subject. A 2009 article from the Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics states: "In conclusion, we showed that differences in activation during verbal memory are evident despite similar levels of performance and IQ between methamphetamine-exposed and alcohol-exposed children." ( link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2745202/ ).
Therefore, I am of the opinion that this statement is supported by contemporary research, and should be cited as such. This evidence should replace the ABC news source. Dleitner97 ( talk) 01:50, 29 May 2021 (UTC)
It seems there is currently no extensive information on the process of manufacturing or creation of Methamphetamine. I think some details additions about this subject could be added to the article. IdontLikeMormons223 ( talk) 00:50, 1 August 2021 (UTC)
Hi!
This January, a study was published that supports the use of a combination of buprenorphine and injectable naltrexone as a treatment for methamphetamine dependence.
Would someone like to add this info to the "addictive" section, 3.5?
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2020214
Psychdoctah (
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13:56, 3 August 2021 (UTC)
Under neonatal affects the last paragraph has a sentence about 330 children repeated twice TheDrD1ng3r ( talk) 17:13, 4 August 2021 (UTC)
Doktor habilitowany nauk społecznych Łukasz Kamieński. https://nauka-polska.pl/#/profile/scientist?id=127662&_k=0i10fc
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Change "Soldiers would only receive a couple tablets at a time" to "Soldiers would only receive a couple of tablets at a time" 87.74.188.194 ( talk) 19:39, 4 November 2021 (UTC)
This is an archive of past discussions. Do not edit the contents of this page. If you wish to start a new discussion or revive an old one, please do so on the current talk page. |
Archive 1 | ← | Archive 4 | Archive 5 | Archive 6 | Archive 7 |
Hi, I think the first sentence should instead read like: "Methamphetamine[note 1] (pronunciation: /mɛθæmˈfɛtəmin/; contracted from N-methyl-alpha-methylphenethylamine) is a neurotoxin and potent psychostimulant of the phenethylamine and amphetamine classes, that is used medically, in some countries, to treat resistant cases of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obesity, but is better known for its role as an infamous drug of abuse."
Note: I have ignored much of the formatting in this sentence, the bolding and hyperlinking of the words and letters I think is fine the way it is.
Now my reasoning for this suggested change is that most people don't know it's used to treat ADHD or obesity, even there it's only used in some countries (mostly North American countries) and even then only in resistant cases, hence it might be more helpful to mention this and the fact it is well-known drug of abuse. I would just edit it myself, but I felt as this is a good article a consensus should be reached on something as important as the first sentence. Thoughts and opinions will be welcome by anyone. Even people I tend to ruffle the feathers of as I do still value their opinions as Wikipedia is still a democracy. Brenton ( contribs · email · talk · uploads) 14:29, 20 July 2014 (UTC)
@
Fuse809: I'm fairly certain that levomethamphetamine doesn't have a USAN, since it has never been a pharmaceutical drug in the United States. I've read elsewhere that manufacturers (e.g., Vicks) use the INN on their packaging primarily to avoid the stigma associated with the term "methamphetamine". In any event, I'd normally just remove a clause I find dubious, but I figured I'd ask first: do you have a ref for the levmetamfetamine USAN? Nevermind, it's apparently in the very same ref I used to cite the INN... I'm clearly very perceptive. >.>
Seppi333 (
Insert 2¢ |
Maintained)
23:45, 6 October 2014 (UTC)
It's obvious to me why the melting point is listed as 3*C but that's likely to seem very weird for the majority of the population. Should it be made clearer that many of the chemical properties are referring to the freebase oil and not the more commonly seen hydrochloride salt?
Is there any off-label medical uses for prescription methamphetamine other than ADHD and obesity? Probably narcolepsy, idiopathic hypersomnia and depression but without sources this is just a guess. Clr324 ( say hi) 08:24, 19 February 2015 (UTC)
@ Boghog: Hey, hope it's not too muxh to ask, but can you draw a new structure diagram for this article as well when you get a chance? I'd like to keep the Dbox images consistent across articles. Seppi333 ( Insert 2¢ | Maintained) 02:51, 4 April 2015 (UTC)
Recreationally, methamphetamine is used to increase sexual desire, lift the mood, and increase energy, allowing some users to engage in sexual activity continuously for several days straight.
LOL, who edited that one? Amphetamine of even garden variety is technically necrotic to neuron integrity DEPENDENT UPON MULTI-FACTORIAL CRITERIA - the statement "UNLIKE AMPHETAMINE..." simply stupidly fails to delve into these, unhelpfully and the simplism is brutal. As if your kid's Ritalin or Adderall was a magically different compound than Desoxyn... Someone state the facts more subtly and wisely here, rephrase things... Makes Wikipedia look retarded. Genetic polymorphisms of individuals and a million other factors determine whether amphetamine shall prove neurologically damaging, but the reality of its capacity above all these contingent factors, to obliterate Homo Sapiens axon-dendrite-ETC. connections necessary for cephalic functionality, is just a brute factum. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2602:304:B34B:A940:F051:AB0F:3A76:DE48 ( talk) 04:34, 19 June 2015 (UTC)
Should this be extended? I note this page has a long history of vandalism and the first IP edit since protection was removed was vandalism. Sizeofint ( talk) 18:45, 9 August 2015 (UTC)
Hi. I think there is an editorial mistake in the lead - paragraph 4 - line five. Cheers Myrtlegroggins ( talk) 08:52, 11 August 2015 (UTC)
The following issues should be addressed. Comments please.
In the Lead section:
In the Medical section:
Comments please. Box73 ( talk) 14:14, 1 September 2015 (UTC)
References
I like how it says that meethamphetamine is much more toxic than ritalin and amphetamine. This makes no sense. At low doses toxicity would be absolutely the same. I am not even saying that it compares meth additcs to schoolers on ritaline by 18mg. Higher toxicity is achievable only at large doses due to more powerful output capabilities of meth. Extreemator ( talk) 06:45, 31 July 2014 (UTC)
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"Unlike amphetamine, methamphetamine is directly neurotoxic to dopamine neurons.[39]" Source 39 is bogus, the authors do not cite any research to support this statement, it seems to be no more than an opinion. "Methamphetamine also inhibits VMAT1, has agonist activity at all alpha-2 adrenergic receptor and sigma receptor subtypes, and is directly toxic to dopamine neurons in humans, whereas there is no evidence of acute amphetamine toxicity in humans.[39][44][57][63]" None of the cited sources support the statement that there is no amphetamine toxicity in humans. That statement should be removed or supported by valid sources. 70.80.73.24 ( talk) 00:47, 27 December 2014 (UTC)
The guy who wrote this seems to work for pharm company, this Seppi333 is so confident and know what source is good and what is bad. Extreemator ( talk) 01:21, 16 January 2016 (UTC)
"Comparison to amphetamine pharmacodynamics": compares meth abuse with amphetamine prescription. Claims that amphetamine is good for the brain even. Since this article explicitly states that meth is neurotoxic, implying that doctors are prescribing neurotoxic medication to 6 year olds with the approval of the FDA, it should at least include evidence that patients incur methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity?
Not impressed by Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "15". In Sydor A, Brown RY. Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 370. btw, a tertiary source that doesn't list a single reference.
Ssscienccce (
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08:21, 5 October 2015 (UTC)
This is just a small catch, in the last line of the third paragraph:
"this damage includes adverse changes in brain structure and function, such as reductions in grey matter volume in several brain regions and adverse changes in markers of metabolic integrity.[19]"
Should read:
"This damage includes adverse changes in brain structure and function, such as reductions in grey matter volume in several brain regions and adverse changes in markers of metabolic integrity.[19]"
I'm unable to make this change myself, since this account has too few edits on Wikipedia
Rushingseas8 ( talk) 03:15, 16 November 2015 (UTC)
i'll address the specifics on the Talk Page to the main article this is copied from ("History and culture of substituted amphetamines"), but essentially this text is problematic. It is misleading, biased, lacks flow or organization, and doesn't work well as an introduction to a complex topic. This should be a general intro with a projected organization that cites primary sources, not a TV documentary focusing on a particular aspect of the phenomenon. Issues with specific communities and demographics should be addressed as separate sub-topics in the main article on meth history and culture. TheArcane03 ( talk) 10:31, 1 December 2015 (UTC)TheArcane03
What is the difference between dextromethamphetamine and enantiopure dextromethamphetamine? Dextromethamphetamine is assumed to be enantipure. When I read "two dextrorotary and levorotary enantiomers" it sounds like four isomers; it is sufficient to say "two enantiomers". IMO once we say methamphetamine is a racemate with enantiomers dextro- and levomethamphetamine, we can let go of the extra baggage unless it resolves obvious ambiguity in some sentence.
Consider the difference: While enantiopure dextromethamphetamine is a more potent drug, than racemic methamphetamine, the racemic form is sometimes produced and sold instead of dextromethamphetamine due to the relative ease of its synthesis by certain methods and the limited availability of associated chemical precursors. (I probably should have added "illicitly" before produced.)
There was an old George Carlin piece that went, "They divided the class into two halves... I think it was two halves... Uh, yea, definitely two halves." We don't need to state the obvious. Hence my edits. — Box73 ( talk) 14:27, 2 January 2016 (UTC)
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In Pharmacology->Pharmacodynamics it incorrectly says that "Activation of TAAR1, via adenylyl cyclase,". We know that GPCRs activates a effector protein like adenylyl cyclase, but the sentence says that effector protein(in this case adenylyl cyclase) activates TAAR1. So it must be "Activation of adenylyl cyclase, via TAAR1,". Ref: Lodish Molecular Cell Biology-> Chapter 15-> Last sentence of page 689. Morteza1440 ( talk) 11:59, 2 February 2016 (UTC)
Levomethamphetamine is available as an over-the-counter drug for use as an inhaled nasal decongestant in the United States.[note 3] - Vicks has discontinued this product. 199.46.199.232 ( talk) 10:37, 25 February 2016 (UTC)DLM
The image is wrong and someone must have vandalised the page — Preceding unsigned comment added by 61.69.118.118 ( talk) 10:32, 12 December 2016 (UTC)
This article seems to attribute the psychoactive effects of methamphetamine primarily to TAAR1 activation, which has not been shown. In fact the reverse transport hypothesis is still important in explaining DAT releaser mechanism of action. While there is clearly a role for TAAR1, it is not entirely well-defined, and may be involved more in sensitization than in acute psychostimulant effects. There are also other modulatory proteins involved in this process. [1] [2] ( Watchthestorm ( talk) 04:13, 7 November 2015 (UTC))
References
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One example of interest is CaMKII, which has been well characterized as an effector of Ca2+ currents downstream of L-type Ca2+ channels [21,22]. Interestingly, DAT is a CaMKII substrate and phosphorylated DAT favors the reverse transport of dopamine [48,49], constituting a possible mechanism by which electrical activity and L-type Ca2+ channels may modulate DAT states and dopamine release. ... In summary, our results suggest that pharmacologically, S(+)AMPH is more potent than DA at activating hDAT-mediated depolarizing currents, leading to L-type Ca2+ channel activation, and the S(+)AMPH-induced current is more tightly coupled than DA to open L-type Ca2+ channels.
S(+)MDMA (ecstasy) and 5HT (serotonin) induce Ca2+ mobilization in cultured muscle cells expressing hSERT. ...
The electrical coupling between hSERT and CaV1.3 takes place at physiological concentrations of 5HT.
hSERT-mediated depolarization activates voltage-gated calcium channels.
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Hello,
I respectfully propose the following changes under the Emergency treatment section.
Sincerely,
John R. Richards, MD, Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA
______________________________________
Replace the last two sentences "Chlorpromazine may be useful in decreasing the stimulant and CNS effects of a methamphetamine overdose.[21] The use of a nonselective beta blocker may be required to control increased heart rate.[7]"
with
Antipsychotics such as Haloperidol are useful in decreasing the stimulant and CNS effects of methamphetamine overdose.[new reference 1] Beta blockers with lipophilic properties and CNS penetration such as Metoprolol and Labetalol may be useful for treating CNS and cardiovascular toxicity.[new reference 2] The mixed beta/alpha blocker Labetalol is especially useful for treatment of concomitant tachycardia and hypertension induced by methamphetamine.[new reference 3] The phenomenon of "unopposed alpha stimulation" has not been reported with the use of beta-blockers for treatment of methamphetamine toxicity.[new reference 3]
1) Richards JR, Derlet RW, Duncan DR. Methamphetamine toxicity: treatment with a benzodiazepine versus a butyrophenone. Eur J Emerg Med. 1997 Sep;4(3):130-5. PubMed PMID: 9426992.
2) http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/820918-treatment#d10
3) Richards JR, Albertson TE, Derlet RW, Lange RA, Olson KR, Horowitz BZ. Treatment of toxicity from amphetamines, related derivatives, and analogues: a systematic clinical review. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015 May 1;150:1-13. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.01.040. Epub 2015 Feb 18. Review. PubMed PMID: 25724076.
Jrrichards ( talk) 13:10, 20 April 2016 (UTC)
I believe it is important to factor in the influence of confirmation bias, media campaigns, politics, public perception and the influence of pharmaceutical companies when vetting sources for this article. In the last ten to fifteen years in the USA there has been a push by anti-drug advocates to vilify methamphetamine versus drugs of similar percieved danger, ie heroin or cocaine. At the same time pharmaceutical stimulants have had their risks minimized in public perception, despite many having nearly identical pharmacological profiles.
The "Faces of Meth" campaign is a good example. These "before and after" photos used were hand picked out of hundreds of choices, and no attempt was made to control for poverty, homelessness, malnutrition, other diseases or polysubstance usage, and many other factors. As well "meth mouth" and "meth bugs" have been popularized as a common occurrence when in reality they are rare.
Even on wikipedia, methamphetamine's dependence likelihood is "very high" versus a tame "moderate" for its extremely close pharmacological cousin, lisdexamphetamine. There is even a claim that methamphetamine is neurotoxic, while amphetamine is not. This claim is outrageous. To suggest any psychoactive substance does not have potentially toxic properties is extremely misleading.
One might argue that self-reports by users are sufficient evidence of meth's greater danger, but sadly users are notoriously unreliable, are as vulnerable to public perceptions, media bias and the placebo effect as the rest of us, and have relatively small overlap between those who use illegal versus prescription stimulants.
Lastly I want to point out that other developed countries, the UK and Nederlands especially, only recognize that meth is only slightly more addictive than amphetamine. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Toomanybigwords ( talk • contribs) 07:14, 14 May 2016 (UTC)
Just butting in here, there is some rigorous analysis of these very issues in this paper : " https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/sites/default/files/methamphetamine-dangers-exaggerated-20140218.pdf" The comparison of neurotoxicity between methamphetamine and amphetamine may be generally accepted, but it may also be wrong. I too am only pro-truth- check out the citation.
Apologies for the current lack of references, though a quick google search can verify the majority of my claims. I will try to add them in the future, and feel free to ask for any particular one. I am not pro-meth only pro-truth, and am open to criticism. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Toomanybigwords ( talk • contribs) 05:10, 14 May 2016 (UTC)
Sorry rather new to editing wikipedia, appreciate any pointers!§
Apologies for any breach of protocol, I'm new to editing wikipedia.
Hi, thank you for responding. I am new at this (editing wikipedia) so please forgive me for breaking any decorum. Thank you for the formidable and well thought out response. §
First and foremost I think I should emphasize my comments were aimed at "desanctifying" the value of scientific references (which are more or less the gold standard) as evidence in support of one's position, especially on controversial topics like this one. §
Anyone who has ever done any sort of lab work knows that often the slightest mistake in an experiment's process may lead to different results, and as well a perfectly executed experiment that yields unexpected results may be discounted by a researcher. Lets not forget the influence of a scientist's own theories, as well as the interests of his or her benefactor, in determining what actually gets published.§
Now the "scientific consensus" argument, this one is tricky because on one hand this is usually how "facts" ie global warming, are determined, but on the other hand the number of false ideas held in scientific consensus is historically enormous and thanks to man's hubris will likely continue as such.
As for your comments on chemical similarity, I agree completely with what you said (and I think propylene glycol vs. ethylene glycol might be a better example). But notice I said "pharmacological profiles" not "structural profiles". I was referring to the similarity in receptor interactions between meth and amphetamine, ie that with DAT, SERT, TAAR1 blah blah blah. Though if you know a key difference please share.§
The last issue I'd like to presently cover is that of neurotoxicity. Presently this is not a well defined term. "The death of neurons/synapses" might be a good starting place, but how does this reconcile with the fact that, in terms of numbers of neurons and synapses, and adult human has far LESS than a toddler. Clearly killing brain cells isn't all bad. "Toxicity" in this case too often means a change the researcher views as bad. E.g., a researcher might see a loss of DA neurons and immediately think "anhedonia" when really the result could be "increased caution" or another potentially positive or neutral result.§
Thank you for your time§ — Preceding unsigned comment added by Toomanybigwords ( talk • contribs)
Allow me to bring an interesting analogy to your attention, one that cuts to heart of what I'm getting at. It is that of the "colorblind scientist who studies color:" she knows virtually all there is to know about color, ie wavelengths and other light properties, how the brain perceives colors etc etc. What she lacks is the experience of actually seeing color. Since there is virtually no overlap between scientists who study meth and individuals who take it we are stuck with research produced by individuals much like the colorblind scientist. Other good analogies might be, "a mechanic who has never driven a car," "a doctor who has never been sick." Or consider all of all the positive findings on the health effects of coffee; considering most scientists like coffee, I be willing to bet if meth was their drug of choice, we'd be seeing all kinds of articles extolling meth. §
Lolz for the last part, I'm not surprised. Thanks for the references will definitely check them out. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Toomanybigwords ( talk • contribs) 22:24, 16 May 2016 (UTC)
The article on dentistry I have seen before (abstract only, too poor for the whole thing), if it has a statistic on the prevalence of "meth mouth" I would appreciate if you could post it perhaps along with the methods used to determine that statistic. I know the phenomenon is real, and likely caused by a combination of dry mouth, vasoconstriction, bruxism, poor hygiene, etc. Most of these can be offset with regular hydration, gum chewing, holding the mouth piece past one's teeth/exhaling through the nose. §
I take it that these glutamine transports you reference are indirectly affected by dopamine release, causing excitotoxicity. EAAT3 corresponds to amphetamine, yes? As to why 3 would lack cytotoxic effects, I am not sure I understand. I would guess your theory is 3 is only expressed in glia while 2 and 1 are expressed in neurons? Correct?§
References
Since then, a family of five high-affinity glutamate transporters has been characterized that is responsible for the precise regulation of glutamate levels at both synaptic and extrasynaptic sites, although the glutamate transporter 1 (GLT1) is responsible for more than 90% of glutamate uptake in the brain.3 The importance of GLT1 is further highlighted by the large number of neuropsychiatric disorders associated with glutamate-induced neurotoxicity.
Clarification of nomenclature
The major glial glutamate transporter is referred to as GLT1 in the rodent literature and excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2) in the human literature.
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The dependence of EAAT3 internalization on the DAT also suggests that the two transporters might be internalized together. We found that EAAT3 and DAT are expressed in the same cells, as well as in axons and dendrites. However, the subcellular co-localization of the two neurotransmitter transporters remains to be established definitively by high resolution electron microscopy.
Note to self: add a direct pathway for methamphetamine → phenylacetone ( FMO3). Added Seppi333 ( Insert 2¢) 22:25, 18 September 2016 (UTC)
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image file are reflected in the image file for this template; the associated enzyme/reaction type annotations from the amphetamine template could then be easily adjusted for use in the meth template.
Seppi333 (
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03:46, 25 September 2016 (UTC)Metabolic pathways of methamphetamine
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Reviews to add (at some point)...
Seppi333 ( Insert 2¢) 03:45, 13 July 2015 (UTC); Updated: 13:09, 16 January 2016 (UTC)
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The primary target of psychostimulants such as amphetamine and methamphetamine is the dopamine transporter (DAT), the major regulator of extracellular dopamine levels in the brain. However, the behavioral and neurophysiological correlates of methamphetamine and amphetamine administration are unique from one another, thereby suggesting these two compounds impact dopaminergic neurotransmission differentially. ... The intracellular application of methamphetamine, but not amphetamine, prevented the dopamine-induced increase in the spontaneous firing of dopaminergic neurons and the corresponding DAT-mediated inward current. The results reveal a new mechanism for methamphetamine-induced dysregulation of dopaminergic neurons.
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d-AMPH and METH vary considerably in their toxic and addictive effects. Although d-AMPH has a higher affinity for DAT than METH (Howell and Kimmel, 2008), the latter is a more potent and also more perilous stimulant than d-AMPH. This could be as a result of their differing effects on cellular targets such as MAOs, mitochondrial electron transport chain complexes and their interactions with different signal transduction pathways. METH is more lipophilic than d-AMPH. Therefore, it readily enters the cell via diffusion in addition to DAT-dependent uptake. Furthermore, METH has been shown to release more DA and intracellular Ca2+ than d-AMPH at physiologic membrane potentials. These effects can be blocked by DAT inhibitors (Goodwin et al., 2009). This increased DA release perhaps provides an explanation for the enhanced abuse potential and the strong euphoric effects of acute METH exposure in humans. Chronic METH abuse leads to the degeneration of monoaminergic terminals (Davidson et al., 2001; Krasnova and Cadet, 2009) and reduced DAT and DA levels in the striatum of mice, rats and monkeys (Anderson and Itzhak, 2006; Graham et al., 2008; Melega et al., 2008). Similar effects have been reported in people subjected to positron emission tomography (PET) (Volkow et al., 2001). In contrast to MDMA, the metabolism of d-AMPH/METH does not appear to be significant in the manifestation of drug neurotoxicity. However, increases in DA metabolism following d-AMPH/METH-induced DA release have been implicated in the expression of amphetamine neurotoxicity, primarily through the production of oxidative stress (Krasnova and Cadet, 2009).
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The external link to "Drug Trafficking Aryan Brotherhood Methamphetamine Operation Dismantled, FBI" is dead ( https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/2015/december/drug-trafficking/). I did a search on the site and found a new link, but I can not edit a protected page. So here it is if anyone wants to correct it:
https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/aryan-brotherhood-methamphetamine-operation-dismantled
104.51.149.199 ( talk) 11:36, 8 November 2016 (UTC)
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I would like to suggest some information on the recovery of crystal-meth and its advanced brain functionality. Diffuse approx 5 bottles of Sacred Frankincense (15ml each) in a diffuser in a small room and breathe in. It will repair all damage done it is never too late or too much damage. It will take about a month to use 5 bottles, 1 every 5 days. This will give you a healthier brain that someone who has eaten a gluten free diet, multi-vitamin, and probiotic their entire life. A crystal-meth addict who does not do this recovery should not quit crystal-meth as it will leave you VERY unhappy. A normal brain has 3 new and unknown parts to it. Normally the signal enters the first brain and bounces in a specific manner a few errors and bounces back out and repeats, it is supposed to do another way, with crystal meth the signal bounces around in a more advanced way then the signal continues to the second brain and passes through no function no errors before the signal gets to the 3rd and largest brain section and a piece of dna is cloned from a piece of crystal-meth the signal enters the brain bounces off the specific spot and ricochets off the dna crystal and goes out of service and it starts over from the beginning. The advanced brain functionality is responsible for your brains health. Crystal meth is being used in the research for a cure for this brain malfunction and eternal brain health. Pebaudhi ( talk) 12:06, 16 September 2017 (UTC)
There are examples of meth use where the person reports positive changes that outlast the effects of the drug. I suspect that oral use may lead to more of these changes than snorting or smoking it.
Is there room on this site for reports of therapeutic effects? Maybe a new heading on the main methamphetamine page?
People should be informed if there are longlasting effects — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bhellos ( talk • contribs) 19:45, 11 November 2016 (UTC)
The article says " 'Meth' and 'crystal meth' redirect here." But no synonyms are given. Some slang names would we useful. 31.49.105.253 ( talk) 01:22, 15 February 2017 (UTC)
Suggested addition to Section 8 -History, society, and culture. (I'd add it myself but have not mastered footnoting.)
[Excerpt from a book review entitled] The Very Drugged Nazis by Antony Beevor
Blitzed: Drugs in the Third Reich by Norman Ohler, translated from the German by Shaun Whiteside Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 292 pp., $28.00
"By 1938, large parts of the population were using Pervitin on an almost regular basis, including students preparing for exams, nurses on night duty, businessmen under pressure, and mothers dealing with the pressures of Kinder, Küche, Kirche (children, kitchen, church—to which the Nazis thought women should be relegated)... Its consumption came to be seen as entirely normal."
Cliffewiki ( talk) 15:42, 20 March 2017 (UTC)
References
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Change: Methods of ingestion are Oral, Intravenous, Anal-(rectal), Vaginal and Intra-muscular; to; "Methods of ingestion are Oral, Nasal, Intravenous, Anal-(rectal), Vaginal and Intra-muscular". Purple Chrissy ( talk) 02:06, 25 April 2017 (UTC)
The article states that methamphetamine is a Schedule 8 "prohibited substance" in Australia. This is confounded and incorrect. Schedule 8 are defined as "controlled drugs" and Schedule 9 as "prohibited substances". This point in the article needs to be verified and amended for accuracy. I'm guessing that Methamphetamine is most likely Schedule 9 as Schedule 8 drugs are regularly prescribed for medical treatment and there is no PBAC approval for methamphetamine.
Dr.khatmando ( talk) 00:46, 19 June 2017 (UTC)
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Reference 138 link is dead. Use this one instead: https://www.fda.gov/regulatoryinformation/lawsenforcedbyfda/ucm148726.htm Trobc ( talk) 18:47, 22 August 2017 (UTC)
I'm not able to edit the article (because it is semi-protected), but I don't think it expresses a neutral point of view under the "recreational" sub-heading. Methamphetamine is abused broadly across different cultures and groups, but most of the recreational uses describe sexual uses and particularly gay male "San Francisco sub-culture".
I think this section should be flagged, then edited. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Thenamestom ( talk • contribs) 14:22, 4 September 2017 (UTC)
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Change "Is a strong central nervous system (CNS) Stimulant too "Is a (Potent central nervous system (CNS) stinmulant Jmspater ( talk) 10:48, 24 February 2018 (UTC)
Hi @ Tobby72:, Good work in finding this resource. I had a *quick* look at the references for this graph, and it would be good if you could take a closer look.
I think the caption should read “US Drug overdose related fatalities in 2016 were ### (you can add the case numbers on the y axis to get the total) including 7663 of those related to Methamphetamine overdose.”
This is because epidemiological data sets are collected from research studies and reporting systems, with outcomes accounted for by multiple factors. The explanatory notes for the drug related fatalities cases can be found at the CDC WONDER portal. Some of the data is taken from sources such as death certificates, and can list multiple causes.
For example blunt force head trauma due to high impact motor vehicle accident while under the influence of alcohol (my paraphrase). While we could say the motor vehicle accident killed the victim, we could also say the same for the alcohol. However the better statistical methods we often use to get the most out of this kind of data gives us a measurement of the best “risk factors” that account for a fatality.
However Herion overdose can certainly be clearer due to lower lethal dose (LD) I.e. in a naive (someone with little tolerance) patient is doesn’t take much to overdose. I emphasise that this is even more so the an opiates related to fentanyl which is many times more potent than herion.
However it takes considerable amounts of Methamphetamine to reach a lethal toxicity, and an underlying predisposition (or prodromal) to a disease may also partially account for fatality (e.g. preexisting heart condition). Furthermore the people who use illicit substances are usually poly drug users.
I don’t want to discourage you because I think you did a stellar job in locating this information and I have no doubt it is scholarly rigorous. The graph is also suitable for the a less technically savvy ready too. But I hoped that I could help you write a more accurate caption. I think I saw you used a similar graph on another article too, so if we can work together to write well now, it will hold us in good stead later on too!
I hope this makes sense and is helpful, and please do go ahead and make those changes. I’m not here to stand on anyone’s toes.
If you think you need my help with this or something in the future, I’d be happy to help.
Good luck with this.
Cheers, Dr.khatmando ( talk) 13:56, 17 August 2018 (UTC)
You sir, are correct. thanks for the clarification. Good day. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Hotshot714 ( talk • contribs) 02:05, 9 November 2018 (UTC)
The drug used for medical reasons like narcolepsy and ADHD is amphetamine, not methamphetamine. Yes it sounds the same but the methamphetamine is the illegal version because it's way more potent and dangerous than the other one. They have different chemical structures. Hotshot714 ( talk) 02:44, 29 October 2018 (UTC)
Current chembox is inconsistent as some items refer to racemate, others to dextromethamphetamine. Also note that INN names for methamphetamine refer to the single enantiomers, metamfetamine (+) and levmetamfetamine (−). — Mykhal ( talk) 18:56, 11 November 2018 (UTC)
Section looks more like a promotional guide. :/ 96.31.177.52 ( talk) 05:40, 8 May 2019 (UTC)
Melting point is 170 °C, not 3 °C. Reference source: National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Database. Methamphetamine, CID=10836, https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Methamphetamine (accessed on May 31, 2019) Marialeeg ( talk) 06:22, 31 May 2019 (UTC)
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Better source for footnote 19: http://www.nbcnews.com/id/6646180/ns/health-addictions/t/meths-aphrodisiac-effect-adds-drugs-allure/#.XXigWygzaUk 203.38.38.6 ( talk) 07:26, 11 September 2019 (UTC)
What is the lattice structure/crystal shape/crystal structure of methamphetamine hydrochloride (AKA crystal meth)? I don't think it is cubic, so is it hexagonal, monoclinic, or something else https://www.thoughtco.com/types-of-crystals-602156? This might explain it, but I'm not sure: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/pro.244 & https://journals.iucr.org/e/issues/2008/05/00/lh2608/lh2608.pdf -- User123o987name ( talk) 06:23, 28 November 2019 (UTC)
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Bingdu. Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. Hog Farm ( talk) 19:59, 2 March 2020 (UTC)
This chemical compound was actually discovered during WW2 while German chemists were searching for new drugs that radically boost intelligence in humans. At a certain level of government clearance you learn that in it's refined form, it is actually a "super drug" and it becomes legal a necessary part of staying alert and being able to process large amounts of stimuli simultaneously in the heat of the moment. Also widely used by many top level or "c-level" executives (CEO, CFO, etc...) as a way to stay at a performance level that is necessary to maximize profits and stay competitive and creative with the changing markets. Busterclark ( talk) 17:19, 23 March 2020 (UTC)
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I want to add methamphetamine decompsotion temperature https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15538957ttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15538957 It's starts at 315 C 185.211.158.179 ( talk) 21:15, 13 May 2020 (UTC)
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Under "Epigenetic factors in methamphetamine addiction": "chronic methamphetamine use caused methylation of the lysine in position 4 of histone 3"
-that is H3K4me1, H3K4me3 (or possible H3K4me2). That should be linked.
It should say like "5-60mg was a reported typical dose." The sentence that's there makes no sense at all. Quote from the currently cited source (source #41) "The dose used is about 5-60 mg of methamphetamine while the lethal dose reported is 200 mg." morsontologica ( talk) 15:55, 24 October 2020 (UTC)
So far there seems to be no material on Hitler's use of Pervitin, as documented in "The Hitler Book'. Since I have just finished reading this book, I would like to add some material on this subject (not that I'm asking permission.) Sardaka ( talk) 08:42, 1 June 2021 (UTC)
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The sentence below (last sentence, Neonatal Exposure section) requests a medical citation in support this claim. >>"She said drug exposure could interfere with the child's working memory and their ability to control impulses and think
flexibly. [1] medical citation needed"
I (dleitner97) did NOT write this line, nor do I support it, however there does exist peer-reviewed research into the subject. A 2009 article from the Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics states: "In conclusion, we showed that differences in activation during verbal memory are evident despite similar levels of performance and IQ between methamphetamine-exposed and alcohol-exposed children." ( link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2745202/ ).
Therefore, I am of the opinion that this statement is supported by contemporary research, and should be cited as such. This evidence should replace the ABC news source. Dleitner97 ( talk) 01:50, 29 May 2021 (UTC)
It seems there is currently no extensive information on the process of manufacturing or creation of Methamphetamine. I think some details additions about this subject could be added to the article. IdontLikeMormons223 ( talk) 00:50, 1 August 2021 (UTC)
Hi!
This January, a study was published that supports the use of a combination of buprenorphine and injectable naltrexone as a treatment for methamphetamine dependence.
Would someone like to add this info to the "addictive" section, 3.5?
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2020214
Psychdoctah (
talk)
13:56, 3 August 2021 (UTC)
Under neonatal affects the last paragraph has a sentence about 330 children repeated twice TheDrD1ng3r ( talk) 17:13, 4 August 2021 (UTC)
Doktor habilitowany nauk społecznych Łukasz Kamieński. https://nauka-polska.pl/#/profile/scientist?id=127662&_k=0i10fc
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Change "Soldiers would only receive a couple tablets at a time" to "Soldiers would only receive a couple of tablets at a time" 87.74.188.194 ( talk) 19:39, 4 November 2021 (UTC)