Strobilanthes tonkinensis | |
---|---|
![]() | |
Seedlings of S. tonkinensis | |
Scientific classification
![]() | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Asterids |
Order: | Lamiales |
Family: | Acanthaceae |
Genus: | Strobilanthes |
Species: | S. tonkinensis
|
Binomial name | |
Strobilanthes tonkinensis | |
Varieties [3] | |
![]() | |
Countries and territories where S. tonkinensis is found | |
Synonyms [3] | |
Nutritional value per 100 g | |
---|---|
Dietary fibre | 11.3 g |
5.2 g | |
21.8 g | |
Threonine | 0.67 g |
Isoleucine | 0.66 g |
Leucine | 1.26 g |
Lysine | 0.83 g |
Cystine | 0.05 g |
Phenylalanine | 0.89 g |
Tyrosine | 0.49 g |
Valine | 0.82 g |
Arginine | 0.73 g |
Histidine | 0.34 g |
Alanine | 1.00 g |
Aspartic acid | 1.50 g |
Glutamic acid | 1.37 g |
Glycine | 1.02 g |
Serine | 0.66 g |
Minerals | Quantity
%DV† |
Calcium | 178% 2314 mg |
Copper | 13244% 119.2 mg |
Iron | 4397% 791.5 mg |
Magnesium | 202% 849 mg |
Manganese | 131487% 3024.2 mg |
Phosphorus | 14% 174 mg |
Potassium | 70% 2110 mg |
Zinc | 18283% 2011.1 mg |
Other constituents | Quantity |
Water | 63% |
†Percentages estimated using
US recommendations for adults,
[10] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from
the National Academies.
[11] Source: [9] |
Strobilanthes tonkinensis is a species of herbaceous plant native to Southeast Asia. It is used as a flavoring for tea and other food.
Many sources still refer to the plant by the synonym Semnostachya menglaensis, but this name is not a validly published name as that herbarium where the type specimen is located was not specified. [7]
The genus name Strobilanthes can be broken down into στροβιλοϛ (strobilus) meaning 'pine cone', [12] and ανϑοϛ (anthos) meaning 'flower'. [13] The specific epithet tonkinensis refers to the type locality of Tonkin (Northern Vietnam). [1] The epither nivea derives from the latin niveum meaning 'snow white', [14] perhaps referring to the white flowers. The epithet menglaensis refers to Mengla County in China. [6]
In Chinese it is called 糯米香 (nuò mǐ xiāng " glutinous rice fragrance"), [7] because it smells and tastes like sticky rice. [9] In Thai, it is called เนียมหอม [15] (niamhom). [16] The Vietnamese names for the plant include chuỳ hoa bắc bộ and cơm nếp. [17] [18] Chuỳ hoa refers to members of Strobilanthes as a whole, [19] and Bắc Bộ refers to Northern Vietnam. The sarmentosus variety is called chuỳ hoa bắc bộ có lỏng. [17] Khmu language speakers in Laos call it pl̀tàap. [20]
The aroma evokes sticky rice, but has also been compared to pandan. [16] Dried leaves of S. tonkinensis are used to flavor black tea and pu'er tea to impart its fragrance and flavor. [21] [22] These teas use no actual rice, unlike genmaicha. [22] The use of the leaves in tea has a long tradition among the Dai people. [23] It can also be used as a flavoring for jiuqu, cookies, ice cream, and dim sum. [24] The herb is also mixed with slaked lime for betel nut chewing or added to tobacco to make those strong flavors more palatable. [25]
Outside of food or drink, leaves can be use to give laundry a fresh scent. [25]
NCBI genome ID | MW525447 |
---|---|
Sequenced organelle | chloroplast genome [8] |
Organelle size | 0.144765 |
Year of completion | 2021 |
S. tonkinensis appears related to S. maculatus, but has much larger flowers, leaves, and bracts; as well as having denser trichomes. [1] S. spathulatibracteata also is morphologically similar. [26]
S. tonkinensis was briefly in the Strobilanthes subgenus Sympagis. [5] The subgenus was subsequently elevated to genus status, [5] before being determined to be a synonym of Strobilanthes, [27] which now has no subgenera.
The variety Strobilanthes tonkinensis var. sarmentosus is so named because it has sarmentose (long and slender) branches. [2]
When the chloroplast genome was sequenced, it was compared to other species within Acanthaceae and the below maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree was produced. [8] The numbers on the nodes are the bootstrap values. [8]
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The plant is herbaceous with a woody base and shrubby, roughly four-sided, pubescent branches. [1] [7] When dry the plant is fragrant. [7]
The leaves are ~23×12 cm or a little smaller and egg-shaped, starting wide and narrowing quickly to the acuminate apex (tip). The margins are nearly entire, with irregular sinuous 'teeth'. The leaf epidermal cells are hexagonal with straight cell walls. [28] The leaf stomata are hypostomatic (on the abaxial side) and solely diacytic. [28] The non-glandular leaf trichomes tend to be simple, composed of two cells, and cone-shaped. [28] The leaf petioles are 3–4 cm long. [1] Adaxially there are prominent striated cystoliths [1] [7] with a point on one end. [28]
S. tonkinensis has white flowers that are opposite, arising from pedunculate, tomentose spikelets in the upper axils. [1] The flowers are in lax, terminal spikes similar to Strobilanthes collina. [29] The bracts are 10×3 mm, slightly spathulate, obtuse, and densely tomentose. [1] Bracteoles are 6×1 mm in size, lanceolate, obtuse, and densely tomentose. [1] The calyx is also obtuse and tomentose, and about 8.5×1.4 mm. [1] The corolla lobes are short and 6x6 mm with a subacute and sinuate apex. [1] The stamen filaments are hairy and laterally bifurcated at the base with a pubescent line running down. [1] Anthers are 3.5 mm long. [1] The pollen grains are 85×60 μm. [1] The stylus 20 mm long and glabrous with a 3 mm stigma. [1]
The capsule is 15 mm long and 4 mm wide, with a compressed base and acute apex. [1] It's minutely glandular-pubescentand contains four glabrous seeds. [1] The glabrous seed is unusual among Strobilanthes of East Asia. [30] The seeds have no trichomes on their areoles, only annular thickenings. [30]
The plant can typically be found in tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests at 200–1500 m in elevation in Vietnam, Thailand, China ( Yunnan and Guangxi), [7] Laos, [31] Indonesia ( Sumatra), [28] and Myanmar ( Chin State and Tanintharyi Region). [32]
S. tonkinensis cannot grow in direct sunlight, nor in conditions that are too shaded or moist. [16]
The type was found by Benjamin Balansa in Tonkin (Northern Vietnam) in the forests of the Ba Vì mountain range at 400 m in elevation. [1]
Dried S. tonkinensis leaves contains abundant minerals and trace elements, particularly high levels of calcium, potassium, magnesium, and phosphorus. [9] Additionally, it contains essential trace elements such as iron, copper, manganese, and zinc, which are necessary for human health. [9] The plant is rich in nutrients such as crude protein, crude fiber, and amino acids, with a high content of essential amino acids that meets the Food and Agriculture Organization and World Health Organization's recommended ratio. [9]
The volatile molecules the contribute to the aroma include α-ionone, trans-β-ionone, linalool oxide ( pyranoid), isophorone, formic acid dodecyl ester, acetophenone, 6-methyl-pentadecane, 4-chloro-2-methyl-1-phenyl-3-buten-1-ol, 3-octanol, 3-hexenyl ester, 3-carene, 3,6,6-trimethyl-bicyclo(3.1.1)hept-2-ene, 2-hydroxy-benzoic acid ethyl ester, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, 1-phenyl-1,2-propanediol, 1-octen-3-ol, 1-nonanol, 1-dodecanol, 1,7,7-trimethyl-bicyclo(2.2.1)hept-2-ene, and (Z)-butanoic acid. [21]
S. tonkinensis flowers from April–June and in December, and fruits in June and July. [7]
pl̀tàap nuomixiang, Strobilanthes tonkinensis F
Those in which the flowers are in lax terminal spikes, particularly Strobilanthes collina Nees and S. tonkinensis Lindau.
Strobilanthes tonkinensis Lindau (1897: 651). distribution. Myanmar: Chin State (Natma Taung, Mindat, Law Shein 088320 [FHO, MBK]); Tanintharyi Region (Parkinson s.n. [CAL]). Thailand; Vietnam; China.
Strobilanthes tonkinensis | |
---|---|
![]() | |
Seedlings of S. tonkinensis | |
Scientific classification
![]() | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Asterids |
Order: | Lamiales |
Family: | Acanthaceae |
Genus: | Strobilanthes |
Species: | S. tonkinensis
|
Binomial name | |
Strobilanthes tonkinensis | |
Varieties [3] | |
![]() | |
Countries and territories where S. tonkinensis is found | |
Synonyms [3] | |
Nutritional value per 100 g | |
---|---|
Dietary fibre | 11.3 g |
5.2 g | |
21.8 g | |
Threonine | 0.67 g |
Isoleucine | 0.66 g |
Leucine | 1.26 g |
Lysine | 0.83 g |
Cystine | 0.05 g |
Phenylalanine | 0.89 g |
Tyrosine | 0.49 g |
Valine | 0.82 g |
Arginine | 0.73 g |
Histidine | 0.34 g |
Alanine | 1.00 g |
Aspartic acid | 1.50 g |
Glutamic acid | 1.37 g |
Glycine | 1.02 g |
Serine | 0.66 g |
Minerals | Quantity
%DV† |
Calcium | 178% 2314 mg |
Copper | 13244% 119.2 mg |
Iron | 4397% 791.5 mg |
Magnesium | 202% 849 mg |
Manganese | 131487% 3024.2 mg |
Phosphorus | 14% 174 mg |
Potassium | 70% 2110 mg |
Zinc | 18283% 2011.1 mg |
Other constituents | Quantity |
Water | 63% |
†Percentages estimated using
US recommendations for adults,
[10] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from
the National Academies.
[11] Source: [9] |
Strobilanthes tonkinensis is a species of herbaceous plant native to Southeast Asia. It is used as a flavoring for tea and other food.
Many sources still refer to the plant by the synonym Semnostachya menglaensis, but this name is not a validly published name as that herbarium where the type specimen is located was not specified. [7]
The genus name Strobilanthes can be broken down into στροβιλοϛ (strobilus) meaning 'pine cone', [12] and ανϑοϛ (anthos) meaning 'flower'. [13] The specific epithet tonkinensis refers to the type locality of Tonkin (Northern Vietnam). [1] The epither nivea derives from the latin niveum meaning 'snow white', [14] perhaps referring to the white flowers. The epithet menglaensis refers to Mengla County in China. [6]
In Chinese it is called 糯米香 (nuò mǐ xiāng " glutinous rice fragrance"), [7] because it smells and tastes like sticky rice. [9] In Thai, it is called เนียมหอม [15] (niamhom). [16] The Vietnamese names for the plant include chuỳ hoa bắc bộ and cơm nếp. [17] [18] Chuỳ hoa refers to members of Strobilanthes as a whole, [19] and Bắc Bộ refers to Northern Vietnam. The sarmentosus variety is called chuỳ hoa bắc bộ có lỏng. [17] Khmu language speakers in Laos call it pl̀tàap. [20]
The aroma evokes sticky rice, but has also been compared to pandan. [16] Dried leaves of S. tonkinensis are used to flavor black tea and pu'er tea to impart its fragrance and flavor. [21] [22] These teas use no actual rice, unlike genmaicha. [22] The use of the leaves in tea has a long tradition among the Dai people. [23] It can also be used as a flavoring for jiuqu, cookies, ice cream, and dim sum. [24] The herb is also mixed with slaked lime for betel nut chewing or added to tobacco to make those strong flavors more palatable. [25]
Outside of food or drink, leaves can be use to give laundry a fresh scent. [25]
NCBI genome ID | MW525447 |
---|---|
Sequenced organelle | chloroplast genome [8] |
Organelle size | 0.144765 |
Year of completion | 2021 |
S. tonkinensis appears related to S. maculatus, but has much larger flowers, leaves, and bracts; as well as having denser trichomes. [1] S. spathulatibracteata also is morphologically similar. [26]
S. tonkinensis was briefly in the Strobilanthes subgenus Sympagis. [5] The subgenus was subsequently elevated to genus status, [5] before being determined to be a synonym of Strobilanthes, [27] which now has no subgenera.
The variety Strobilanthes tonkinensis var. sarmentosus is so named because it has sarmentose (long and slender) branches. [2]
When the chloroplast genome was sequenced, it was compared to other species within Acanthaceae and the below maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree was produced. [8] The numbers on the nodes are the bootstrap values. [8]
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The plant is herbaceous with a woody base and shrubby, roughly four-sided, pubescent branches. [1] [7] When dry the plant is fragrant. [7]
The leaves are ~23×12 cm or a little smaller and egg-shaped, starting wide and narrowing quickly to the acuminate apex (tip). The margins are nearly entire, with irregular sinuous 'teeth'. The leaf epidermal cells are hexagonal with straight cell walls. [28] The leaf stomata are hypostomatic (on the abaxial side) and solely diacytic. [28] The non-glandular leaf trichomes tend to be simple, composed of two cells, and cone-shaped. [28] The leaf petioles are 3–4 cm long. [1] Adaxially there are prominent striated cystoliths [1] [7] with a point on one end. [28]
S. tonkinensis has white flowers that are opposite, arising from pedunculate, tomentose spikelets in the upper axils. [1] The flowers are in lax, terminal spikes similar to Strobilanthes collina. [29] The bracts are 10×3 mm, slightly spathulate, obtuse, and densely tomentose. [1] Bracteoles are 6×1 mm in size, lanceolate, obtuse, and densely tomentose. [1] The calyx is also obtuse and tomentose, and about 8.5×1.4 mm. [1] The corolla lobes are short and 6x6 mm with a subacute and sinuate apex. [1] The stamen filaments are hairy and laterally bifurcated at the base with a pubescent line running down. [1] Anthers are 3.5 mm long. [1] The pollen grains are 85×60 μm. [1] The stylus 20 mm long and glabrous with a 3 mm stigma. [1]
The capsule is 15 mm long and 4 mm wide, with a compressed base and acute apex. [1] It's minutely glandular-pubescentand contains four glabrous seeds. [1] The glabrous seed is unusual among Strobilanthes of East Asia. [30] The seeds have no trichomes on their areoles, only annular thickenings. [30]
The plant can typically be found in tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests at 200–1500 m in elevation in Vietnam, Thailand, China ( Yunnan and Guangxi), [7] Laos, [31] Indonesia ( Sumatra), [28] and Myanmar ( Chin State and Tanintharyi Region). [32]
S. tonkinensis cannot grow in direct sunlight, nor in conditions that are too shaded or moist. [16]
The type was found by Benjamin Balansa in Tonkin (Northern Vietnam) in the forests of the Ba Vì mountain range at 400 m in elevation. [1]
Dried S. tonkinensis leaves contains abundant minerals and trace elements, particularly high levels of calcium, potassium, magnesium, and phosphorus. [9] Additionally, it contains essential trace elements such as iron, copper, manganese, and zinc, which are necessary for human health. [9] The plant is rich in nutrients such as crude protein, crude fiber, and amino acids, with a high content of essential amino acids that meets the Food and Agriculture Organization and World Health Organization's recommended ratio. [9]
The volatile molecules the contribute to the aroma include α-ionone, trans-β-ionone, linalool oxide ( pyranoid), isophorone, formic acid dodecyl ester, acetophenone, 6-methyl-pentadecane, 4-chloro-2-methyl-1-phenyl-3-buten-1-ol, 3-octanol, 3-hexenyl ester, 3-carene, 3,6,6-trimethyl-bicyclo(3.1.1)hept-2-ene, 2-hydroxy-benzoic acid ethyl ester, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, 1-phenyl-1,2-propanediol, 1-octen-3-ol, 1-nonanol, 1-dodecanol, 1,7,7-trimethyl-bicyclo(2.2.1)hept-2-ene, and (Z)-butanoic acid. [21]
S. tonkinensis flowers from April–June and in December, and fruits in June and July. [7]
pl̀tàap nuomixiang, Strobilanthes tonkinensis F
Those in which the flowers are in lax terminal spikes, particularly Strobilanthes collina Nees and S. tonkinensis Lindau.
Strobilanthes tonkinensis Lindau (1897: 651). distribution. Myanmar: Chin State (Natma Taung, Mindat, Law Shein 088320 [FHO, MBK]); Tanintharyi Region (Parkinson s.n. [CAL]). Thailand; Vietnam; China.