| Macro-Siouan | |
|---|---|
| (controversial) | |
| Geographic distribution | eastern North America |
| Linguistic classification | Proposed language family |
| Subdivisions | |
| Glottolog | None |
 Pre-contact distribution of the proposed Macro-Siouan language family | |
The Macro-Siouan languages are a proposed language family that includes the Siouan, Iroquoian, and Caddoan families. Most linguists remain unconvinced that these languages share a genetic relationship, and the existence of a Macro-Siouan language family remains a subject of debate.
In the 19th century, Robert Latham suggested that the Siouan languages are related to the Caddoan and Iroquoian languages. In 1931, Louis Allen presented the first list of systematic correspondences between a set of 25 lexical items in Siouan and Iroquoian. In the 1960s and 1970s, Wallace Chafe further explored the link between Siouan and Caddoan languages. In the 1990s, Marianne Mithun compared the morphology and syntax of all the three families. At present, the Macro-Siouan hypothesis based on relations among Siouan, Caddoan, and Iroquoian is not universally accepted as proven. [1]
Vocabulary
Below is a comparison of selected basic vocabulary items in Proto-Siouan, Proto-Iroquoian, and Pawnee (a Caddoan language).
- Abbreviations
- N = Proto-Northern Iroquoian
gloss Proto-Siouan [2] Proto-Iroquoian [3] Pawnee [4] head *r膮-i拧煤路 *-hsk史- p谩ksu蕯 hair *r膮路t懦虂 *-ki蓙晒h- 煤藧su蕯 eye *i拧t谩 N *-kah晒- kir铆藧ku蕯 ear *r膮虂路tpa; *r膮xu路- N *-(a)h玫ht- nose *hpa-s煤路 *-蓙nj玫藧hs- ic煤藧su蕯 tooth *i-h铆路; *铆路h-Sa (?) N *-no蓙ts-, *-no蓙tsj- 谩藧ru蕯 tongue *i-r茅路拧i h谩藧tu蕯 mouth *蕯铆路he h谩藧kau蕯 hand *r膮p茅 > *i-r膮pe; *懦虂路ke (?) *-o蓙nj- 铆ksu蕯 foot *i-s铆 *-a藧hs-, *-a藧hsi蓙t- 谩su蕯 breast *谩路si *-n玫蓙t- 茅藧tu蕯 meat *i-y贸路 k铆sacki blood *(wa-)蕯铆路(-re) N *-nk玫-, *-nk史岷絟s- p谩藧tu蕯 bone *wa-h煤路(-re) N *-蓙n岷絡-; *-hsk岷缴伾- k铆藧su蕯 person *w膮虂路ke N *-玫k史eh, *-玫k史ehs晒-, *-玫k史e蓙t- (v.) c谩hriks name *y谩路拧e N *-hs岷絥- dog *wa拧懦虂ke, *wi-拧懦虂路ke *ki藧晒 谩sa藧ki fish *wi-h贸路 *-tsj玫蓙t- kac铆藧ki louse *(w-)h茅路 < **(wa-)h茅路 tree N *ka晒hit, *ke晒hit, *ke晒hi蓙, *k晒ahe藧t, *k晒ahit raha藧pe leaf *谩路pe N *-n晒aht- ku藧tik flower *xy谩; *xy茅he N *-岷絟- (Iroquoia) water *yo; *wa-r寞虂路 *aw岷缴 k铆藧cu蕯 fire *(wa-)hp茅路te *-tsi藧晒 ke藧kau蕯 鈥榝lame鈥 stone *(wa-)蕯寞虂路(-re); *r寞虂路sV; *寞虂-x蕯e *-n岷剿恓- kar铆tki earth *aw膮虂路- N *-玫hw岷絫sj- hur谩藧ru蕯 salt N *-tsikhe蓙t- road *y膮虂路ku N *-ah-, *-(a)hah- hat煤藧ru蕯 eat *r煤路tE *-k- wa藧wa-a die *t蕯茅路(-re) N *-ihej- hurahac I *w- *hsk史i (2:1.SG) -t- you *yi路- ~ *y寞路- *k玫藧 (1:2.SG); N *i藧ts -s-
Notes
- ^ Mithun, Marianne. 1999. The languages of native North America. p.305. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Rankin, Robert L., Carter, Richard T., Jones, A. Wesley, Koontz, John E., Rood, David S. & Hartmann, Iren (eds.). (2015). Comparative Siouan Dictionary. Leipzig, Germany: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
- ^ Julian, Charles (2010). A History of the Iroquoian Languages (PDF) (PhD thesis). University of Manitoba.
- ^ Parks, Douglas R. 1979. The Northern Caddoan Languages: Their Subgrouping and Time Depths. Nebraska History 60: 197-213.
Bibliography
- Campbell, Lyle (1997). American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
| Macro-Siouan | |
|---|---|
| (controversial) | |
| Geographic distribution | eastern North America |
| Linguistic classification | Proposed language family |
| Subdivisions | |
| Glottolog | None |
|
Pre-contact distribution of the proposed Macro-Siouan language family | |
The Macro-Siouan languages are a proposed language family that includes the Siouan, Iroquoian, and Caddoan families. Most linguists remain unconvinced that these languages share a genetic relationship, and the existence of a Macro-Siouan language family remains a subject of debate.
In the 19th century, Robert Latham suggested that the Siouan languages are related to the Caddoan and Iroquoian languages. In 1931, Louis Allen presented the first list of systematic correspondences between a set of 25 lexical items in Siouan and Iroquoian. In the 1960s and 1970s, Wallace Chafe further explored the link between Siouan and Caddoan languages. In the 1990s, Marianne Mithun compared the morphology and syntax of all the three families. At present, the Macro-Siouan hypothesis based on relations among Siouan, Caddoan, and Iroquoian is not universally accepted as proven. [1]
Vocabulary
Below is a comparison of selected basic vocabulary items in Proto-Siouan, Proto-Iroquoian, and Pawnee (a Caddoan language).
- Abbreviations
- N = Proto-Northern Iroquoian
gloss Proto-Siouan [2] Proto-Iroquoian [3] Pawnee [4] head *r膮-i拧煤路 *-hsk史- p谩ksu蕯 hair *r膮路t懦虂 *-ki蓙晒h- 煤藧su蕯 eye *i拧t谩 N *-kah晒- kir铆藧ku蕯 ear *r膮虂路tpa; *r膮xu路- N *-(a)h玫ht- nose *hpa-s煤路 *-蓙nj玫藧hs- ic煤藧su蕯 tooth *i-h铆路; *铆路h-Sa (?) N *-no蓙ts-, *-no蓙tsj- 谩藧ru蕯 tongue *i-r茅路拧i h谩藧tu蕯 mouth *蕯铆路he h谩藧kau蕯 hand *r膮p茅 > *i-r膮pe; *懦虂路ke (?) *-o蓙nj- 铆ksu蕯 foot *i-s铆 *-a藧hs-, *-a藧hsi蓙t- 谩su蕯 breast *谩路si *-n玫蓙t- 茅藧tu蕯 meat *i-y贸路 k铆sacki blood *(wa-)蕯铆路(-re) N *-nk玫-, *-nk史岷絟s- p谩藧tu蕯 bone *wa-h煤路(-re) N *-蓙n岷絡-; *-hsk岷缴伾- k铆藧su蕯 person *w膮虂路ke N *-玫k史eh, *-玫k史ehs晒-, *-玫k史e蓙t- (v.) c谩hriks name *y谩路拧e N *-hs岷絥- dog *wa拧懦虂ke, *wi-拧懦虂路ke *ki藧晒 谩sa藧ki fish *wi-h贸路 *-tsj玫蓙t- kac铆藧ki louse *(w-)h茅路 < **(wa-)h茅路 tree N *ka晒hit, *ke晒hit, *ke晒hi蓙, *k晒ahe藧t, *k晒ahit raha藧pe leaf *谩路pe N *-n晒aht- ku藧tik flower *xy谩; *xy茅he N *-岷絟- (Iroquoia) water *yo; *wa-r寞虂路 *aw岷缴 k铆藧cu蕯 fire *(wa-)hp茅路te *-tsi藧晒 ke藧kau蕯 鈥榝lame鈥 stone *(wa-)蕯寞虂路(-re); *r寞虂路sV; *寞虂-x蕯e *-n岷剿恓- kar铆tki earth *aw膮虂路- N *-玫hw岷絫sj- hur谩藧ru蕯 salt N *-tsikhe蓙t- road *y膮虂路ku N *-ah-, *-(a)hah- hat煤藧ru蕯 eat *r煤路tE *-k- wa藧wa-a die *t蕯茅路(-re) N *-ihej- hurahac I *w- *hsk史i (2:1.SG) -t- you *yi路- ~ *y寞路- *k玫藧 (1:2.SG); N *i藧ts -s-
Notes
- ^ Mithun, Marianne. 1999. The languages of native North America. p.305. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Rankin, Robert L., Carter, Richard T., Jones, A. Wesley, Koontz, John E., Rood, David S. & Hartmann, Iren (eds.). (2015). Comparative Siouan Dictionary. Leipzig, Germany: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
- ^ Julian, Charles (2010). A History of the Iroquoian Languages (PDF) (PhD thesis). University of Manitoba.
- ^ Parks, Douglas R. 1979. The Northern Caddoan Languages: Their Subgrouping and Time Depths. Nebraska History 60: 197-213.
Bibliography
- Campbell, Lyle (1997). American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America. Oxford: Oxford University Press.