AlorâPantar | |
---|---|
Geographic distribution | Alor Island, Pantar Island, Indonesia |
Linguistic classification |
TransâNew Guinea ?
|
Glottolog | alor1249 |
The languages of Pantar (left) and Alor (right). The white enclaves near Blagar and Retta and Tereweng. "Western Pantar" is Lamma. Kafoa (Jafoo) is the black area between Kelon (Klon) and Abui. Kabola is merged with Adang.
Alorese is an Austronesian language. |
The AlorâPantar languages are a family of clearly related Papuan languages spoken on islands of the Alor archipelago near Timor in southern Indonesia. They may be most closely related to the Papuan languages of eastern Timor, but this is not yet clear. A more distant relationship with the TransâNew Guinea languages of the Bomberai peninsula of Western New Guinea has been proposed based on pronominal evidence, but though often cited has never been firmly established.
The family is conventionally divided into two branches, centered on the islands of Alor and Pantar.
Tereweng is sometimes considered a separate language from Blagar, Hamap sometimes separate from Adang, and Sar sometimes from Teiwa. Abui, Kamang, and Kabola may also not be unitary languages. There is a total of 71,940 speakers.[ citation needed]
It has long been recognized that the Papuan languages of the Alor archipelago (including Alor and Pantar, as well as the four small islands of Buaya, Pura, Ternate, and Tereweng in the Pantar Strait) form a well-defined group. Apparent cognates among basic vocabulary are abundant, as demonstrated for example in Stokhofâs (1975) survey of basic vocabulary, and the shape of pronominal systems is almost identical across the group. [2] The genetic relatedness of the AlorâPantar languages has been confirmed through the reconstruction of the proto-AlorâPantar language. [3] Relationships between the AlorâPantar languages and at least some (though perhaps not all) of the non-Austronesian languages of Timor Island may justify the positing of a TimorâAlorâPantar language family, however, the relationship between the AP group and the Timor languages is of second order.
Wurm et al. (1975) classified the AP languages as members of the putative Trans-New Guinea Phylum. [4] However, the authors offered little evidence for this classification and remained somewhat doubtful, noting, âwhichever way they [the TimorâAlorâPantar languages] are classified, they contain strong substratum elements of the other ⌠phyla involvedâ (Wurm et al. 1975:318).
Most recently, based on an analysis of pronominal shapes Ross (2005) assigns AP to his West Trans-New Guinea linkage, a subgroup of Trans-New Guinea. [5] Yet Rossâ proposal requires that AP pronouns be derived from pTNG via a flip-flop in which second-person pronouns trade places with the third person. Compare pTNG *Ĺga â2proâ and *(y)a â3proâ with Nedebang aĹ and gaĹ, respectively. Bottom-up reconstruction based on regular sound correspondences may shed further light on these issues.
Holton, et al. (2012) propose the following classificatory subgrouping for the AlorâPantar languages, with individual languages marked by italics. [6]
"Proto-AlorâPantar" may be synonymous with Proto- TimorâAlorâPantar, as the languages outside the Alor branch do not seem to form a valid node with it against the OirataâMakasai languages of East Timor and Bunak language on the Timorese border. However, the relationship is distant.
A 2019 phylogenetic study of Alor-Pantar by Kaiping and Klamer gives the following internal structure: [7]
Kaiping and Klamer (2019b) have found that the four major AlorâPantar subgroups, namely Pantar, Blagar, Central Alor, and East Alor, form different phylogenetic trees depending on the methodology that is applied. [8]
Ross (2005) postulates a "West Timor" group uniting AlorâPantar with Bunak. He reconstructs the pronouns as:
singular | plural | ||
---|---|---|---|
1st person | exclusive | *na | *ni |
inclusive | *pi | ||
2nd person | *[y]a | *i | |
3rd person | *ga | *gi |
3PL *gi is not attested from Bunak, and the inclusive is just i.
Language documentation efforts in the early 21st century have produced a range of published documentary materials.
Proto-AlorâPantar | |
---|---|
Reconstruction of | AlorâPantar languages |
Reconstructed ancestors |
A reconstruction of proto-AlorâPantar has been proposed by Holton and Robinson (2017). [15]
Proto-AlorâPantar consonants are: [16]
p | t | k | q | |
b | d | g | ||
m | n | |||
s | ||||
w | j | |||
l (r) |
In contrast, proto- Timor-Alor-Pantar does not have the voiceless uvular stop /q/. [16]
Lexical reconstructions by Holton and Robinson (2017) are: [6]
gloss | proto-Alor-Pantar |
---|---|
âbirdâ | *(a)dVl |
ânameâ | *en(i,u) |
âthatchâ | *aman |
âblackâ | *aqana |
âvaginaâ | *-ar |
âtwoâ | *araqu |
âbiteâ | *-asi |
âcrocodileâ | *bagai |
âyellowâ | *bagori |
âpigâ | *baj |
âlegâ | *-bat |
âmatâ | *bis |
âwaveâ | *bob |
âbetel nutâ | *bui |
âguardâ | *bukan |
âsmokeâ | *bunaq |
âsingâ | *dar(a) |
âslipperyâ | *dul(a) |
âthickâ | *dumV |
âratâ | *dur |
âburnâ | *ede |
âgiveâ | *-ena |
â3sgâ | *ga- |
â3genâ | *ge- |
â3plâ | *gi- |
â2sgâ | *ha- |
âfishâ | *habi |
âvillageâ | *haban |
âfire, firewoodâ | *hada |
âyawnâ | *hagur |
âbreastâ | *hami |
âexcrementâ | *has |
âemptyâ | *hasak |
âlimeâ | *hawar |
âdreamâ | *hipar |
âsugarcaneâ | *huËba |
âfruitâ | *is(i) |
âlaughâ | *jari |
âbad, brokenâ | *jasi |
âstarâ | *jibV |
âdogâ | *jibar |
âwaterâ | *jira |
âflyâ (v.) | *jira(n) |
âfiveâ | *jiwesin |
âmosquitoâ | *kin |
âfingernailâ | *kusin |
âfleaâ | *kVt |
âwalkâ | *lam(ar) |
âtongueâ | *-lebur |
âfarâ | *lete |
âcrouchâ | *luk(V) |
âbarkâ (v.) | *lVu |
âbatâ | *madel |
âhearâ | *magi |
âcomeâ | *mai |
âbetel vineâ | *mait |
âfatherâ | *-mam |
âbambooâ | *mari |
â(be) in/onâ | *mi |
âclimbâ | *mid |
ânoseâ | *-mim |
âdieâ | *min(a) |
âsitâ | *mis |
âbananaâ | *mogol |
âbody hairâ | *mudi |
âplantâ (v.) | *mudin |
âhornâ | *-muk |
ârottenâ | *mVn |
â1sgâ | *na- |
âeat/drinkâ | *nai |
âsibling (older)â | *nan(a) |
âoneâ | *nuk |
âthrowâ | *oda |
âtailâ | *-ora |
âdry in sunâ | *por |
âholdâ | *p{i,u}nV |
â1pl.inclâ | *pi- |
âspitâ | *purVn |
âscorpionâ | *pVr |
âgoannaâ | *rVsi |
âspearâ | *qaba(k) |
âtensâ | *qar- |
ânewâ | *siba |
âsharkâ | *sib(a,i)r |
âsixâ | *talam |
âsaltwaterâ | *tam |
âfatâ | *tama |
âhand/armâ | *-tan |
âpierceâ | *tapai |
âstandâ | *tas |
âtreeâ | *tei |
âbedbugâ | *temek |
âripeâ | *tena |
âwake s.o.â | *-ten |
âreclineâ | *tia |
âexpelâ | *tiara |
âcloseâ (v.) | *-tiari(n) |
âstomachâ | *-tok |
âshortâ | *tukV |
âchildâ | *-uaqal |
âearâ | *-uari |
âtoothâ | *uasin |
âkneeâ | *uku |
âmouthâ | *-wa |
âsunâ | *wadi |
âbloodâ | *wai |
âroofâ | *wai |
âstoneâ | *war |
âcoconutâ | *wata |
âbatheâ | *weli |
âmoonâ | *wur |
AlorâPantar | |
---|---|
Geographic distribution | Alor Island, Pantar Island, Indonesia |
Linguistic classification |
TransâNew Guinea ?
|
Glottolog | alor1249 |
The languages of Pantar (left) and Alor (right). The white enclaves near Blagar and Retta and Tereweng. "Western Pantar" is Lamma. Kafoa (Jafoo) is the black area between Kelon (Klon) and Abui. Kabola is merged with Adang.
Alorese is an Austronesian language. |
The AlorâPantar languages are a family of clearly related Papuan languages spoken on islands of the Alor archipelago near Timor in southern Indonesia. They may be most closely related to the Papuan languages of eastern Timor, but this is not yet clear. A more distant relationship with the TransâNew Guinea languages of the Bomberai peninsula of Western New Guinea has been proposed based on pronominal evidence, but though often cited has never been firmly established.
The family is conventionally divided into two branches, centered on the islands of Alor and Pantar.
Tereweng is sometimes considered a separate language from Blagar, Hamap sometimes separate from Adang, and Sar sometimes from Teiwa. Abui, Kamang, and Kabola may also not be unitary languages. There is a total of 71,940 speakers.[ citation needed]
It has long been recognized that the Papuan languages of the Alor archipelago (including Alor and Pantar, as well as the four small islands of Buaya, Pura, Ternate, and Tereweng in the Pantar Strait) form a well-defined group. Apparent cognates among basic vocabulary are abundant, as demonstrated for example in Stokhofâs (1975) survey of basic vocabulary, and the shape of pronominal systems is almost identical across the group. [2] The genetic relatedness of the AlorâPantar languages has been confirmed through the reconstruction of the proto-AlorâPantar language. [3] Relationships between the AlorâPantar languages and at least some (though perhaps not all) of the non-Austronesian languages of Timor Island may justify the positing of a TimorâAlorâPantar language family, however, the relationship between the AP group and the Timor languages is of second order.
Wurm et al. (1975) classified the AP languages as members of the putative Trans-New Guinea Phylum. [4] However, the authors offered little evidence for this classification and remained somewhat doubtful, noting, âwhichever way they [the TimorâAlorâPantar languages] are classified, they contain strong substratum elements of the other ⌠phyla involvedâ (Wurm et al. 1975:318).
Most recently, based on an analysis of pronominal shapes Ross (2005) assigns AP to his West Trans-New Guinea linkage, a subgroup of Trans-New Guinea. [5] Yet Rossâ proposal requires that AP pronouns be derived from pTNG via a flip-flop in which second-person pronouns trade places with the third person. Compare pTNG *Ĺga â2proâ and *(y)a â3proâ with Nedebang aĹ and gaĹ, respectively. Bottom-up reconstruction based on regular sound correspondences may shed further light on these issues.
Holton, et al. (2012) propose the following classificatory subgrouping for the AlorâPantar languages, with individual languages marked by italics. [6]
"Proto-AlorâPantar" may be synonymous with Proto- TimorâAlorâPantar, as the languages outside the Alor branch do not seem to form a valid node with it against the OirataâMakasai languages of East Timor and Bunak language on the Timorese border. However, the relationship is distant.
A 2019 phylogenetic study of Alor-Pantar by Kaiping and Klamer gives the following internal structure: [7]
Kaiping and Klamer (2019b) have found that the four major AlorâPantar subgroups, namely Pantar, Blagar, Central Alor, and East Alor, form different phylogenetic trees depending on the methodology that is applied. [8]
Ross (2005) postulates a "West Timor" group uniting AlorâPantar with Bunak. He reconstructs the pronouns as:
singular | plural | ||
---|---|---|---|
1st person | exclusive | *na | *ni |
inclusive | *pi | ||
2nd person | *[y]a | *i | |
3rd person | *ga | *gi |
3PL *gi is not attested from Bunak, and the inclusive is just i.
Language documentation efforts in the early 21st century have produced a range of published documentary materials.
Proto-AlorâPantar | |
---|---|
Reconstruction of | AlorâPantar languages |
Reconstructed ancestors |
A reconstruction of proto-AlorâPantar has been proposed by Holton and Robinson (2017). [15]
Proto-AlorâPantar consonants are: [16]
p | t | k | q | |
b | d | g | ||
m | n | |||
s | ||||
w | j | |||
l (r) |
In contrast, proto- Timor-Alor-Pantar does not have the voiceless uvular stop /q/. [16]
Lexical reconstructions by Holton and Robinson (2017) are: [6]
gloss | proto-Alor-Pantar |
---|---|
âbirdâ | *(a)dVl |
ânameâ | *en(i,u) |
âthatchâ | *aman |
âblackâ | *aqana |
âvaginaâ | *-ar |
âtwoâ | *araqu |
âbiteâ | *-asi |
âcrocodileâ | *bagai |
âyellowâ | *bagori |
âpigâ | *baj |
âlegâ | *-bat |
âmatâ | *bis |
âwaveâ | *bob |
âbetel nutâ | *bui |
âguardâ | *bukan |
âsmokeâ | *bunaq |
âsingâ | *dar(a) |
âslipperyâ | *dul(a) |
âthickâ | *dumV |
âratâ | *dur |
âburnâ | *ede |
âgiveâ | *-ena |
â3sgâ | *ga- |
â3genâ | *ge- |
â3plâ | *gi- |
â2sgâ | *ha- |
âfishâ | *habi |
âvillageâ | *haban |
âfire, firewoodâ | *hada |
âyawnâ | *hagur |
âbreastâ | *hami |
âexcrementâ | *has |
âemptyâ | *hasak |
âlimeâ | *hawar |
âdreamâ | *hipar |
âsugarcaneâ | *huËba |
âfruitâ | *is(i) |
âlaughâ | *jari |
âbad, brokenâ | *jasi |
âstarâ | *jibV |
âdogâ | *jibar |
âwaterâ | *jira |
âflyâ (v.) | *jira(n) |
âfiveâ | *jiwesin |
âmosquitoâ | *kin |
âfingernailâ | *kusin |
âfleaâ | *kVt |
âwalkâ | *lam(ar) |
âtongueâ | *-lebur |
âfarâ | *lete |
âcrouchâ | *luk(V) |
âbarkâ (v.) | *lVu |
âbatâ | *madel |
âhearâ | *magi |
âcomeâ | *mai |
âbetel vineâ | *mait |
âfatherâ | *-mam |
âbambooâ | *mari |
â(be) in/onâ | *mi |
âclimbâ | *mid |
ânoseâ | *-mim |
âdieâ | *min(a) |
âsitâ | *mis |
âbananaâ | *mogol |
âbody hairâ | *mudi |
âplantâ (v.) | *mudin |
âhornâ | *-muk |
ârottenâ | *mVn |
â1sgâ | *na- |
âeat/drinkâ | *nai |
âsibling (older)â | *nan(a) |
âoneâ | *nuk |
âthrowâ | *oda |
âtailâ | *-ora |
âdry in sunâ | *por |
âholdâ | *p{i,u}nV |
â1pl.inclâ | *pi- |
âspitâ | *purVn |
âscorpionâ | *pVr |
âgoannaâ | *rVsi |
âspearâ | *qaba(k) |
âtensâ | *qar- |
ânewâ | *siba |
âsharkâ | *sib(a,i)r |
âsixâ | *talam |
âsaltwaterâ | *tam |
âfatâ | *tama |
âhand/armâ | *-tan |
âpierceâ | *tapai |
âstandâ | *tas |
âtreeâ | *tei |
âbedbugâ | *temek |
âripeâ | *tena |
âwake s.o.â | *-ten |
âreclineâ | *tia |
âexpelâ | *tiara |
âcloseâ (v.) | *-tiari(n) |
âstomachâ | *-tok |
âshortâ | *tukV |
âchildâ | *-uaqal |
âearâ | *-uari |
âtoothâ | *uasin |
âkneeâ | *uku |
âmouthâ | *-wa |
âsunâ | *wadi |
âbloodâ | *wai |
âroofâ | *wai |
âstoneâ | *war |
âcoconutâ | *wata |
âbatheâ | *weli |
âmoonâ | *wur |