PALEOFAUNA OF THE EOCENE OKANAGAN HIGHLANDS

The paleofauna of the Eocene Okanagan Highlands consists of Early Eocene arthropods, vertebrates, plus rare nematodes and molluscs found in geological formations of the northwestern North American Eocene Okanagan Highlands. The highlands lake bed series' as a whole are considered one of the great Canadian Lagerstätten. The paleofauna represents that of a late Ypresian upland temperate ecosystem immediately after the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum, and before the increased cooling of the middle and late Eocene to Oligocene. The fossiliferous deposits of the region were noted as early as 1873, with small amounts of systematic work happening in the 1880-90s on British Columbian sites, and 1920-30s for Washington sites. Focus and more detailed descriptive work on the Okanagan Highlands site started in the last 1970's. Most of the highlands sites are preserved as compression-impression fossils in " shales", but also includes a rare permineralized biota and an amber biota.

Driftwood

Horsefly

McAbee

Hat Creek

Falkland

Quilchena

Princeton

Republic

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Major Eocene Okanagan Highlands sites

Extent

The 1,000 km (620 mi) series of lacustrine deposits are located across the Central British Columbia, Canada southeast to northern central Washington state, United States. grouped informally into "Northern", "Central", and "Southern" sites.^[1] The Northern sites consist of unnamed Ootsa Group formations which outcrop as the "Driftwood shales" near Smithers, British Columbia, the " Horsefly shales", of an unnamed formation and unnamed group which outcrop around Horsefly, British Columbia,^[1] and possibly sites now considered lost in the Quesnel, British Columbia area,^[2] The Central sites represent Kamloops Group formations with the McAbee Fossil Beds, Tranquille River site and Falkland site, all in the Tranquille Formation, the Quichena site and Stump Lake site in the Coldwater Beds and outcrops of the Chu Chua Formation near Barriere, British Columbia. The Southern sites include the Princeton Group Allenby Formation sites surrounding Princeton, British Columbia, such as "Nine Mile Creek", "One Mile Creek", "Pleasant Valley", "Thomas Ranch", "Vermilian Bluffs", and "Whipsaw Creek". The Penticton Groups Kettle River, Marama and Marron Formations in the Boundary District along the Canada-United States border are closely correlated with the Klondike Mountain Formation across the border.^[3] The most southerly of the Okanagan Highlands lakes, the Klondike Mountain Formation in Northern Ferry County, Washington include the "Boot Hill site", "Corner Lot site", "Gold Mountain site", "Knob Hill site", and "Mount Elizabeth site".^[1]

There is debate as to the affiliation of the, potentially lost, Quesnel sites with the Greater Okanagan Highlands. Archibald et al. (2018) in a monograph of the Highlands Hymenoptera families included them as part of the series.^[4] However the certainty for the placement was questioned earlier by Eberle et al. (2017)^[5] and Archibald and Cannings (2022) who opted to tentatively exclude Quesnel from the highlands while discussing the history of field colleting in the region.^[2]

Paleofauna

C. bittaciformis

C. brooksi

Cimbrophlebia species
Fur Formation (left), Okanagan Highlands (right)

The Okanagan highlands represent a snapshot of lake, wetlands, and montane forest animal life which existed approximately 15 million years ago after the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. The temperate upland lakes hosted insects, fish, birds, and mammals with the notably well preserved megafossils often retaining insect colour patterns, gnat wing membrane hairs, and whole bird feathers.^[6] In some cases the fine detail preservation of soft parts allows for the preservation of internal anatomy.^[7]

Archibald and Makarkin (2006) suggested the disjunct distribution of genera between the Danish western Limfjord coasts Fur Formation and the Okanagan highlands may have been enabled by rising crust elevations in the northern Atlantic region and subsequent increase in landmass during the Late Paleocene which linked Northern Europe with Greenland until at least the Early Eocene.^[8] Several land bridge routes may have acted as migration corridors for biotic interchange, the northern De Geer land bridge from Fennoscandia to North America via northern Greenland, and the southern Thulean land bridge from northern Britain though the Faroe Islands and then Greenland and North America. Several insect genera share disjunct distributions between the highlands and Limfjord including the mecopteran Cimbrophlebia, the giant lacewing Palaeopsychops, the green lacewing Protochrysa, the bull dog ant Ypresiomyrma.^[8]

The Hat Creek Amber deposits in the central region provide evidence for small and microbiotic elements of the Okanagan Highlands forests though entombed organisms such at terrestrial nematodes and microwasps that otherwise would likely not be preserved in the lake environments.^[9] The highlands as a whole have been described as one of the "Great Canadian Lagerstätten"^[6] based on the diversity, quality and unique nature of the biotas that are preserved. The highlands temperate biome, preserved across a large transect of lakes, recorded many of the earliest appearances of modern genera, while also documenting the last stands of ancient lines.^[6] David Grimaldi et al. (2018) during discussion of inclusions in Alaskan Chickaloon amber, noted the Okanagan Highlands record of latitudinal extinctions, specifically the modern southern hemisphere endemic groups Eomeropidae mecopterans and Myrmeciinae bulldog ants.^[10]

Lithology

The majority of the lake deposits are compression fossils in lake bed sediments noted for both the paleofauna and paleofloras, with an additional pair of important non-compression biotas. A permineralized chert flora, the Princeton Chert is found along the Similkameen River interbedded with coal deposits of the Ashnola shale unit, Allenby Formation known for anatomically preserved plants.^[11] In the Central sites, subbituminous coal of the Hat Creek Coalfield around Hat Creek hosts an entombment biota, the Hat Creek amber, which preserves highlands faunal elements that are not found in the compression biotas.^[9]^[4] Initial discussion of the amber presented by George Poinar, Jr. et al. (1999) suggested the Hat Creek amber producing tree was likely to be an araucarian tree in the genus Agathis, based on unreported magnetic resonance spectroscopic analysis and earlier reports of the genus in Mesozoic Canada.^[12] A purported occurrence of Araucaria at the McAbee site was used as additional support for the ambers origin.^[13] The Agathis origin for Canadian Mesozoic amber was later called into question by Ryan McKellar and Alexander Wolfe (2010) based on a lack of any araucarian macrofossil history in the northern hemisphere^[12] the McAbee fossils having been already reidentifed as from the cupressaceous Cunninghamia.^[13] Based on Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopic analysis and associated amber inclusion fossils, they suggested the Mesozoic ambers of Canada to be from the extinct cupressaceous genus Parataxodium.^[12] The origin of the Hat Creek ambers was further noted as likely from a cupressaceous source by Grimaldi et al. (2018) who call out a primary floral component of the host coal being Metasequoia and that the coeval Puget Group Tiger Mountain amber of Washington state is also of Metasequoia origins. They hypothesize that the major amber producing plant of the Paleocene Pacific Northwest forests as Metasequoia, but note that further investigation of Chickaloon, Hat Creek, Coalmont, and Tiger Mountain ambers would be needed.^[10]

Mollusks

Mollusks are a rare component of the highlands, usually being mentioned only in passing, such as by Mark Wilson (1977, 1978),^[14]^[15] and with fossils being reported from three sites only. A series of species were described from several Allenby Formation sites around Princeton by Russell (1957), who documented 4 gastropod species, and tentatively identified to genus another gastropod and a bivalve.^[16] Additional unidentified small bivalve fossils were mentioned from the Pleasant Valley site by Wilson (1977) and the Quilchena site by Wilson (1987),^[17] while unidentified gastropods were briefly mentioned by Kathleen Pigg et al. (2018).^[18]

Family	Genus	species	Sites	Notes	Images
Hydrobiidae	† Micropyrgus	† Micropyrgus camselli^[16]	Princeton	A hydrobiid mud snail
Lymnaeidae	Stagnicola	† Stagnicola tulameenensis^[16]	Princeton	A lymnaeine pond snail
Physidae	Aplexa	† Aplexa ricei^[16]	Princeton	An aplexine bladder snail
Physidae	Physa	† Physa saxarubrensis^[16]	Princeton	A physine bladder snail
Planorbidae	Ferrissia	† Ferrissia arionoides^[16]	Princeton	An ancylinine ramshorn snail
Planorbidae	Gyraulus?	Indeterminate^[16]	Princeton	A possible planorbinine ramshorn snail Not described to species
Sphaeriidae	Sphaerium?	Indeterminate^[16]	Princeton	A possible sphaeriine fingernail clam Not described to species
Unidentified	Unidentified	Unidentified^[14]^[17]	Quilchena Princeton	Unidentified freshwater bivalves.
Unidentified	Unidentified	Unidentified^[18]	Republic	Unidentified freshwater gastropods.	Undescribed gastropod

Nematodes

In the initial description of Hat Creek Amber, Poinar et al. make note of nematode specimens found in the deposit, with a brief commentary regarding them as the oldest terrestrial free-living nematode fossils to have been found up to that point, but did not give any specific taxonomic identification beyond that.^[9]

Family	Genus	species	Sites	Notes	Images
Unidentified	Unidentified	Unidentified^[9]	Hat Creek	Unidentified terrestrial specimens in amber

Arachnids

A single arachnid has been described fully from the Okanagan highlands, the Nursery web spider Palaeoperenethis thaleri, known from an adult male. This spider was likely aquatic as are the other members of the family, and based on morphological similarities, it was possibly closer in relation to African and Asian species in the Perenethis genus group then to the only modern genus in British Columbia Dolomedes.^[19] Another spider specimen, University of Alberta 5007 was noted by Wilson (1977) from the Kamloops area, while various spiders have been attributed to the McAbee fossil beds.^[20] Undescribed male and female orb-web spiders were figured by Wehr (1998) from the Princeton area.^[21] Unspecified spider compression fossils were mentioned as occurring in passing by David Greenwood et al. (2005) while discussing the increasing taxonomic richness of the highlands, but without specific site information.^[22] Additionally, undiscussed amber fossils were mentioned by Poinar et al. (1999) in their initial report of Hat Creek amber inclusions.^[9] Other arachnid evidence has been recovered in the form of fossil hymenopterans placed in families known predate or parasitize spiders. A diverse undescribed fauna of the "parasitoid" wasp family Ichneumonidae is known, some species of which are known to parasitize eggs or adult spiders. Another family, Sphecidae, which is a documented opportunistic predator of spiders and certain insets is known from a few isolated fossils at McAbee and Republic. Lastly the vespoid family Pompilidae has been found at both McAbee and Republic. This family, known as spider wasps, are behaviorally specialized as predators of spiders and a few other arachnids, provisioning newly laid eggs with a single spider as a larder to feed on while developing.^[4] Galling preserved on Acer species leaf fossils has been attributed to mites in the family Eriophyidae.^[23]

Family	Genus	species	Sites	Notes
Araneidae	Unidentified	Unidentified^[21]	Princeton	An orb-weaver spider Not described to genus/species
Pisauridae	Palaeoperenethis	Palaeoperenethis thaleri^[19]	Horsefly	A Nursery web spider
Eriophyidae	Unidentified	Unidentified^[23]	Republic	Trace fossils Eriophyid gall mite galling on Acer leaves Not described to genus/species
Unidentified	Unidentified	Unidentified^[24]^[20]	"Kamloops sites" Tranquille or Falkland McAbee	Spider Compression fossils from Kamloops area locations Not described to family/genus/species
		Unidentified^[24]	McAbee	Possible Araneidae? or Tetragnathidae? fossils Not described to family/genus/species
		Unidentified^[22]	Unspecified	Spider compression fossils from unspecified highlands locations Not described to family/genus/species
		Unidentified^[9]	Hat Creek	Spider specimens in amber Not described to family/genus/species

Crustaceans

The earliest report of Crayfish from the highlands was by Wesley Wehr and Lisa Barksdale (1995). In a short Washington Geology article they reported the first identified occurrence of feathers from the Klondike Mountain Formation and crayfish from both there and the McAbee site. At that time, the moulted carapace section from Republic was not identified further than as a freshwater crayfish. The McAbee specimen was tentatively identified, from photograph, as being a possible Procambarus species fossil by malacologist Rodney M. Feldmann.^[25] Subsequently an additional series of over ten fossils were recovered from McAbee and described in 2011 as Aenigmastacus crandalli by Feldmann, Carrie Schweitzer, and John Leahy. A. crandalli was placed in the southern hemisphere superfamily Parastacoidea based on several morphological characters, and they noted this species to be the only northern hemisphere member of the superfamily.^[26]

At the Quilchena site, brief mention was reported in 2016 of ostracod fossils, though no further discussion or description has happened.^[27]

Family	Genus	species	Sites	Notes	Images
Parastacidae	Aenigmastacus	Aenigmastacus crandalli^[26]	McAbee	A parastacid crayfish. first illustrated as Procambarus sp. (1995)^[25]^[26]
unidentified	Unidentified	unidentified^[25]	Republic	An unidentified crayfish	Crayfish moult undescribed
unidentified	Unidentified	unidentified^[28]^[27]	Quilchena	Unidentified ostracod shells

Insects

Blattodea

In the initial description of Hat Creek Amber, Poinar et al. make note of a single adult Corydiinae cockroach specimen found in the amber, with a brief commentary on the modern tropical-subtropical distribution of that subfamily and a lack of any native cockroach species in western Canada, but did not give any specific taxonomic identification for the specimen beyond that.^[9]

Family	Genus	species	Sites	Notes	Images
Blaberidae	Undescribed	Undescribed^[27]^[22]	Driftwood McAbee Quilchena Republic	Undescribed Diplopterine cockroaches.
Blattoidae	Undescribed	Undescribed^[29]	Republic	A blattoidean cockroach Not described to genus/species	Undescribed Blattoidea
Corydiidae	Unidentified	Unidentified^[9]	Hat Creek	An undescribed corydiine cockroach
Hodotermitidae	Unidentified	Unidentified^[20]	McAbee	Harvester termites Not described to genus/species
Mastotermitidae	Undescribed	Undescribed^[24]^[14]^[22]^[20]	Driftwood Falkland McAbee Horsefly Princeton	Darwin termites Not described to genus/species
undescribed	Undescribed	Undescribed^[29]	Republic	Undescribed termites of uncertain affiliation	undescribed isopteran

Coleopterans

The order Coleoptera is divided into four major lineages, Adephaga, Archostemata, Myxophaga, and Polyphaga, with the last group being the most species diverse of the four. Hat Creek amber has provided one fully described beetle species Prionocerites tattriei,^[30] which is known from a larval stage specimen first reported by Poinar et al. (1999).^[9] The species and genus were the first North American taxon from the family to be described.^[30]

Adephaga

Family	Genus	species	Sites	Notes	Images
Carabidae	Amara	† Amara paleomelas^[31]	Quilchena	A sun beetle First described as Nebria paleomelas^[32]	Amara paleomelas (1890 illustration)
	Cf. Amara	Undescribed^[27]	Quilchena	A sun beetle relative
	Undescribed	Undescribed^[29]^[33]^[27]^[20]	McAbee Quilchena Republic	Undescribed ground beetles.	Unidentified Carabidae
Dytiscidae	Undescribed	Undescribed^[29]	Republic	A diving beetle
Undescribed	Undescribed	Undescribed^[33]	Princeton	A caraboid superfamily beetle Displays traits similar to both tiger beetles and scarabs not identified to genus or species

Archostemata

Family	Genus	species	Sites	Notes	Images
Cupedidae	Undescribed	Undescribed^[20]	McAbee	Reticulated beetles Not described to genus/species

Polyphaga

Cucujiformia

Family	Genus	species	Sites	Notes	Images
Brentidae	† Eoceneithycerus	† Eoceneithycerus carpenteri^[34]	Republic	An Ithycerinae weevil	Eoceneithycerus carpenteri
Brentidae	† Ithyceroides	† Ithyceroides klondikensis^[35]	Republic	An Ithycerinae weevil
Cerambycidae	Undescribed	Undescribed^[29]^[33]^[20]	McAbee Quilchena? Republic	long-horn beetles Not described to genus/species
Chrysomelidae	† Cryptocephalites	† Cryptocephalites punctatus^[36]	Princeton	A leaf beetle	Cryptocephalites punctatus (1895 illustration)
	Galerucella	† Galerucella picea^[32]	Princeton	A leaf beetle	Galerucella picea (1890 illustration)
	Caryobruchus– Speciomerus genus group	Undescribed^[37]	Driftwood? McAbee Quilchena Republic	palm beetles, originally identified as cf. tribe Caryopemina.^[27]
	Undescribed	Undescribed^[29]^[20]	McAbee Republic	leaf beetles Not described to genus/species
Curculionidae	Undescribed	Undescribed^[29]^[33]^[27]^[20]	Horsefly McAbee Quilchena Republic	Undescribed weevils
Mordellidae	Undescribed	Undescribed^[20]	McAbee	Pintail beetles Not described to genus/species
Prionoceridae	† Prionocerites	† Prionocerites tattriei^[30]	Hat Creek	A Prionocerid beetle Desccribed from a larval specimen First reported by Poinar et al. (1999 Fig.7) as "A beetle larva"
Tenebrionidae	Tenebrio	† Tenebrio primigenius^[32]	Princeton	A darkling beetle	Tenebrio primigenius (1890 illustration)
Cf. Cleridae	Undescribed	Undescribed^[20]	McAbee	Undescribed checkered beetle relatives
Cf. Erotylidae	Undescribed	Undescribed^[27]	Quilchena	Undescribed pleasing fungus beetle relatives.
Unidentified	Undescribed	Undescribed^[33]	Republic	A cucujiform beetle not identified to family

Elateriformia

Family	Genus	species	Sites	Notes	Images
Buprestidae	Buprestis	† Buprestis saxigena^[32]^[36]	Quilchena	A jewel beetle	Buprestis saxigena (1890 illustration)
		† Buprestis sepulta^[32]	Quilchena	A jewel beetle	Buprestis sepulta (1890 illustration)
		† Buprestis tertiaria^[32]	Quilchena	A jewel beetle	Buprestis tertiaria (1890 illustration)
Cantharidae	Undescribed	Undescribed^[33]	McAbee(?) Princeton	A soldier beetle not identified to genus or species
Elateridae	Ligmargus	† Ligmargus terrestris^[38]	Quilchena	A click beetle First described as Cryptohypnus? terrestris^[32]	Ligmargus terrestris (1890 illustration)
	Limonius	† Limonius impunctus^[36]^[38]	Princeton	a click beetle	Limonius impunctus (1895 illustration)
	† Elaterites	undescribed^[36]	Quilchena	A click beetle.	Elateridae sp. indet (1890 illustration)
	Undescribed	Undescribed^[29]^[33]^[20]	McAbee Princeton Republic	undescribed click beetles

Scarabaeiformia

Family	Genus	species	Sites	Notes	Images
Lucanidae	Undescribed	Undescribed^[29]^[33]	Republic	A stag beetle
Passalidae	Undescribed	Undescribed^[20]	McAbee	Bess beetles Not described to genus/species
Trogidae	Trox	† Trox oustaleti^[32]	Princeton	A hide beetle	Trox oustaleti (1890 illustration)
Undescribed	Undescribed	Undescribed^[33]^[27]	Quilchena	Undescribed scarab superfamily beetles.

Staphyliniformia

Family	Genus	species	Sites	Notes	Images
Hydrophilidae	Cercyon?	† Cercyon? terrigena^[32]	Quilchena	A water scavenger beetle	Cercyon? terrigena (1890 illustration)
Staphylinidae	Undescribed	Undescribed^[27]	Quilchena	Undescribed Omaliinae rove beetles.
Unidentified	Undescribed	Undescribed^[33]	Republic	A possible staphylinoid beetle not described

Dermapterans

Earwig fossils were first noted from republic by paleoentomologist Standley Lewis (1992) in his initial report of the insect diversity at Republic. He noted the fossils to be some of the oldest Eocene demapterans in North America at that time and figured one undescribed specimen consisting of a females abdomen section and cerci.^[29] Lewis (1994) tentatively identified the earwigs as members of family Forficulidae based on the shape of the cerci, and illustrated four female fossils, identified as such from the simple straight nature of the cercus. Lewis also suggested two different species were present, based on the differing lengths of the female cerci.^[39]

Family	Genus	species	Sites	Notes	Images
? Forficulidae	Undescribed	"Forficulid species 1"^[39]	Republic	A forficulid? earwig species with long cerci	"Forficulid species 1" undescribed
		"Forficulid species 2"^[39]	Republic	A forficulid? earwig species with short cerci	"Forficulidae species 2" undescribed
		Unidentified^[20]	McAbee	A possible forficulid earwig Not described to genus/species
Forficulidae	Undescribed	Undescribed^[27]	Quilchena	A forficuline earwig of undetermined placement

Dipterans

The most common animal fossils at many of the highlands sites are bibionid march flies,^[22] with over twenty species from the genera Penthetria and Plecia described.^[40] The modern diversity of the family is greatest in lower latitudes, and Plecia only reaches northward to the warm temperate areas of southeastern North America.^[22] In the initial description of Hat Creek Amber, Poinar et al. make note of dipteran inclusions found in the deposit but did not give any specific taxonomic identification of taxa or illustrate any specimen.^[9]

Brachycera

Family	Genus	species	Sites	Notes	Images
Agromyzidae	Undescribed	Undescribed^[41]	Princeton	Trace fossils Agromyzid leaf mining Not described to genus/species
Dolichopodidae	Microphor	† Microphor defunctus^[42]	Princeton	A long-legged fly First described as Microphorus defunctus ( 1910),^[43] Moved to Microphor defunctus ( 1994)^[42]	Microphor defunctus (1910 illustration)
Empididae	Undescribed	Undescribed^[24]^[33]	Driftwood Horsefly Republic	dagger flies Not described to genus/species
Pipunculidae	† Metanephrocerus	† Metanephrocerus belgardeae^[44]	Republic	A big headed fly	Metanephrocerus belgardeae
Pipunculidae	Indeterminate	indeterminate^[27]^[44]	Quilchena	Big headed flies, too incomplete to describe to genus
Rhagionidae	Undescribed	Undescribed^[33]	Quilchena	snipe flies Not described to genus/species
Syrphidae	Unidentified	Unidentified^[24]^[27]^[20]^[45]	Driftwood Horsefly McAbee Quilchena Republic	hover flies or, less likely, thick headed flies Not described to genus/species

Nematocera

The highlands have been noted for the number of Bibionid taxa named in the early work on British Columbian sites. Over 25 unique species have been ascribed to the fossils, with the current count sitting at 22, but doubt has been raised as to the true number of species present and around the generic affinities. The first species was described by Scudder ( 1879 from the Allenby Formation, while the largest number of species were named by Handlirsch ( 1910). Following the practice of the time, both Scudder and Handlirsch placed their species in the genus Penthetria. Harrington Molesworth Anthony Rice ( 1959) reviewed the British Columbian bibionids, notably deeming the majority of species as belonging to Plecia or an undescribed extinct genus and not Penthetria.^[40] This placement decision has been questioned however, with Giuseppe Gentilini (1991) asserting the majority of highlands species should be returned to Penthetria.^[46] Rice, noted to be a " splitter",^[14] also noted the large overlap between the morphology of two species groups and mused that larger collection samples may reveal each group to be single species. He called out in the species discussions the similarities between Plecia avus, P. canadensis, P. dilatata, P. pictipennis, P. pulchra, and P. transitoria, and the similarities between P. curtula, P. nana, P. pulla, and P. reducta.^[40]

Family	Genus	species	Sites	Notes	Images
Bibionidae	Penthetria?	† Penthetria? fryi^[40]	Driftwood Princeton	A possible penthetrian march fly	Penthetria (?) fryi
	Penthetria	† Penthetria intermedia^[40]	Driftwood	A plecian marchfly First described as Mycetophaetus intermedius ( 1892),^[47] moved to Plecia intermedia ( 1959)^[40] moved to Penthetria intermedia ( 1999)^[48]
	Penthetria	† Penthetria whipsawensis^[40]	Princeton	A penthetrian march fly	Penthetria whipsawensis
	Plecia	† Plecia angustipennis^[40]	Horsefly Quilchena	A plecian marchfly First described as Penthetria angustipennis ( 1910),^[43] moved to Plecia angustipennis ( 1959)^[40]	Plecia angustipennis
		† Plecia avus^[40]	Driftwood Tranquille Princeton	A plecian marchfly First described as Penthetria avus ( 1910),^[43] moved to Plecia avus ( 1959)^[40] Possibly synonymous with Pl. canadensis, Pl. dilatata, Pl. pictipennis, Pl. pulchra, and Pl. transitoria^[40]	Plecia avus
		† Plecia cairnesi^[40]	Driftwood Falkland	A plecian marchfly	Plecia cairnesi
		† Plecia canadensis^[40]	Driftwood Quilchena? Princeton Tranquille	A plecian marchfly First described as Penthetria canadensis ( 1910),^[43] moved to Plecia canadensis ( 1959)^[40] Possibly synonymous with Pl. avus Pl. dilatata, Pl. pictipennis, Pl. pulchra, and Pl. transitoria^[40]	Plecia canadensis
		† Plecia curtula^[40]	Driftwood Horsefly Princeton	A plecian marchfly First described as Penthetria curtula ( 1910),^[43] moved to Plecia curtula ( 1959)^[40] Pe. avunculus ( 1910) considered a jr synonym ( 1959) Possibly synonymous with Pl. nana, Pl. pulla, and Pl. reducta^[40]	Plecia curtula
		† Plecia dilatata^[40]	Horsefly Princeton	A plecian marchfly First described as Penthetria dilatata ( 1910),^[43] moved to Plecia dilatata ( 1959)^[40] Possibly synonymous with Pl. avus, Pl. canadensis, Pl. pictipennis, Pl. pulchra, and Pl. transitoria^[40]	Plecia dilatata
		† Plecia elatior^[40]	Princeton	A plecian marchfly First described as Penthetria elatior ( 1910),^[43] moved to Plecia elatior ( 1959)^[40]	Plecia elatior
		† Plecia kelownaensis^[40]	Driftwood Mission Creek	A plecian marchfly	Plecia kelownaensis
		† Plecia minutula^[40]	Princeton	A plecian marchfly	Plecia minutula
		† Plecia nana^[40]	Princeton	A plecian marchfly First described as Penthetria nana ( 1910),^[43] moved to Plecia nana ( 1959)^[40] Possibly synonymous with Pl. curtula, Pl. pulla, and Pl. reducta^[40]	Plecia nana
		† Plecia pictipennis^[40]	Princeton Quilchena	A plecian marchfly First described as Penthetria pictipennis ( 1910),^[43] moved to Plecia pictipennis ( 1959)^[40] Pe. lambei ( 1910), Pe. ovalis ( 1910), & Pe. separanda ( 1910) considered jr synonyms ( 1959)^[40] Possibly synonymous with Pl. avus, Pl. canadensis, Pl. dilatata, Pl. pulchra, and Pl. transitoria^[40]	Plecia pictipennis
		† Plecia platyptera^[40]	Horsefly	A plecian marchfly First described as Penthetria platyptera ( 1910),^[43] moved to Plecia platyptera ( 1959)^[40]	Plecia platyptera
		† Plecia pulchra^[40]	Princeton	A plecian marchfly First described as Penthetria pulchra ( 1910),^[43] moved to Plecia pulchra ( 1959)^[40] Possibly synonymous with Pl. avus, Pl. canadensis, Pl. dilatata, Pl. pictipennis, and Pl. transitoria^[40]	Plecia pulchra
		† Plecia pulla^[40]	Princeton	A plecian marchfly First described as Penthetria pulla ( 1910),^[43] moved to Plecia pulla ( 1959)^[40] Pe. brevipes ( 1910) considered a jr synonym ( 1959) Possibly synonymous with Pl. curtula, Pl. nana, and Pl. reducta^[40]	Plecia pulla
		† Plecia reducta^[40]	Driftwood Horsefly Princeton	A plecian marchfly First described as Penthetria reducta ( 1910),^[43] moved to Plecia reducta ( 1959)^[40] Possibly synonymous with Pl. curtula, Pl. nana, and Pl. pulla^[40]	Plecia reducta
		† Plecia similkameena^[32]	Princeton Tranquille	A plecian marchfly First described as Penthetria similkameena ( 1879)^[32] moved to Plecia similkameena ( 1885)^[49]	Plecia similkameena
		† Plecia transitoria^[40]	Driftwood Horsefly Princeton Tranquille	A plecian marchfly First described as Penthetria transitoria ( 1910),^[43] moved to Plecia transitoria ( 1959)^[40] Pe. falcatula ( 1910) & Pe. fragmentum ( 1910) considered jr synonyms ( 1959)^[40] Possibly synonymous with Pl. avus, Pl. canadensis, Pl. dilatata, Pl. pictipennis, and Pl. pulchra^[40]	Plecia transitoria
		† Plecia tulameenensis^[40]	Princeton Tranquille	A plecian marchfly	Plecia tulameenensis
	Undescribed	Undescribed^[29]	Republic	A march fly Not described to genus/species	Bibionidae undescribed
Bolitophilidae	Undescribed	Undescribed^[45]	Horsefly	A bolitophilid fungus gnat Not described to genus/species
Cecidomyiidae	Undescribed	Undescribed^[41]	Princeton Republic	Trace fossils Cecidomyiid midge galling on various host leaves Not described to genus/species	Cecidomyiidae gall on Prunus
Cylindrotomidae	Unidentified	Unidentified^[20]	McAbee	long-bodied craneflies Not described to genus/species
Keroplatidae	Undescribed	Undescribed^[45]	Horsefly	A possible keroplatid fungus gnat Not described to genus/species
Limoniidae	Unidentified	Unidentified^[20]	McAbee	Limoniid craneflies Not described to genus/species
Mycetophilidae	Undescribed	Undescribed^[45]	Horsefly	A gnoristine fungus gnat Not described to genus/species
	Undescribed	Undescribed^[45]	Horsefly	A leiine fungus gnat Not described to genus/species
	Undescribed	Undescribed^[45]	Horsefly	A mycetophiline fungus gnat Not described to genus/species
	Undescribed	Undescribed^[45]	Horsefly	A mycomyiine fungus gnat Not described to genus/species
	Undescribed	Undescribed^[45]	Horsefly	A sciophiline fungus gnat Not described to genus/species
	Undescribed	Undescribed^[24]^[29]^[33]^[27]^[20]	Driftwood McAbee Quilchena Princeton Republic	fungus gnats unplaced to subfamily Not described to genus/species
Ptychopteridae	† Etoptychoptera	† Etoptychoptera tertiaria^[50]	Princeton	A phantom cranefly	Etoptychoptera tertiaria (1910 illustration)
Sciaridae	Unidentified	Unidentified^[24]^[33]	Driftwood Horsefly Quilchena	dark-winged fungus gnats Not described to genus/species
Tipulidae	Tipula	† Tipula tulameena^[43]	Princeton	A cranefly	Tipula tulameena (1910 illustration)
Tipulidae	Undescribed	Undescribed^[24]^[29]^[33]^[27]^[20]^[45]	Driftwood Horsefly McAbee Princeton Quilchena Republic	crane flies Not described to genus/species	Undescribed Tipulidae
Trichoceridae	Unidentified	Unidentified^[20]	McAbee	winter craneflies Not described to genus/species
Unidentified	Unidentified	Unidentified^[9]	Hat Creek	Unidentified dipteran specimens in amber

Ephemeropterans

Lewis (1992) listed one species of Heptageniidae and three specimens that he did not place to family from Republic.^[29] The next year Lewis and Wehr (1993) gave a slightly more detailed description of the specimens again identifying one to Heptageniidae, possibly in the genera Heptagenia or Stenonema.^[51] The specimens were later examined by Nina D. Sinitchenkova ( 1999) who described one as a squaregill mayfly and the oldest member of the genus Neoephemera, confirmed the Heptageniidae identification but that it was unidentifiable to genus. The last specimen she confirmed as an ephemeropteran, but unidentifiable below order level.^[52]

Family	Genus	species	Sites	Notes	Images
Heptageniidae	Indeterminate	Indeterminate^[52]^[20]	McAbee Republic	A flat headed mayfly not identifiable to genus	Heptageniidae incertae sedis
Neoephemeridae	Neoephemera	† Neoephemera antiqua^[52]	Republic	A squaregill mayfly

Hemipterans

Greenwood et al. (2005) briefly discussed the prevalence of Aphid fossils at highlands sites where the taphonomic factors allowed for fine detail preservation such as in the Driftwood shales.^[22] Poinar et al. (1999) made note of hemipteran specimens found in Hat Creek Amber but did not give any specific taxonomic identification or illustrate any specimens.^[9]

Auchenorrhyncha

Family	Genus	species	Sites	Notes	Images
Aphrophoridae	Aphrophora	Aphrophora angusta^[43]	Princeton	An aphrophorine spittle bug hindwing species.	Aphrophora angusta (1910 illustration)
		"Indeterminate"^[53]	Princeton	An aphrophorine spittle bug not described to species.
		Undescribed^[29]	Republic	An aphrophorid spittlebug Not described to species.	Aphrophora species
	† Palaeoptysma	† Palaeoptysma venosa^[53]	Princeton	A spittle bug	Palaeoptysma venosa (1895 illustration)
	† Palaphrodes	"Indeterminate"^[49]	Princeton	An aphrophorine spittle bug not described to species.
	† Petrolystra	Undescribed^[29]	Republic	An aphrophorid spittlebug Not described to species.
	† Ptysmaphora	† Ptysmaphora fletcheri^[53]	Princeton	A spittle bug	Ptysmaphora fletcheri (1895 illustration)
Cercopidae	Cercopis	† Cercopis grandescens^[53]	Princeton	A froghopper	Cercopis grandescens (1895 illustration)
	Cercopis	† Cercopis selwyni^[32]	Princeton	A froghopper	Cercopis selwyni (1890 illustration)
	† Cercopites	† Cercopites torpescens^[53]	Princeton	A froghopper	Cercopites torpescens (1895 illustration)
	† Dawsonites	† Dawsonites veter^[53]	Princeton	A froghopper	Dawsonites veter (1895 illustration)
	† Palecphora	Undescribed^[49]^[29]	Princeton Republic	A froghopper not described to species.
	† Stenecphora	† Stenecphora punctulata^[53]	Princeton	A froghopper	Stenecphora punctulata (1895 illustration)
	† Stenolocris	† Stenolocris venosa^[53]	Princeton	A froghopper	Stenolocris venosa (1895 illustration)
	Undescribed	Undescribed^[24]^[29]^[27]^[20]	Driftwood McAbee Quilchena Republic	cercopid froghoppers Not described to genus/species.	undescribed Cercopidae
Cicadellidae	Coelidia	† Coelidia columbiana^[32]	Princeton	A leafhopper	Coelidia columbiana (1890 illustration)
Cicadellidae	Undescribed	Undescribed^[24]^[27]^[20]	Driftwood McAbee Quilchena	leafhoppers Not described to genus/species.
Cicadidae	Undescribed	Undescribed^[20]	McAbee	True cicadas Not described to Family/genus/species
Cixiidae	Undescribed	Undescribed^[27]	Quilchena	A cixiid planthopper Not described to genus/species.
Fulgoridae	Enchophora	"Indeterminate"^[53]	Princeton	An enchophorine lantern bug not described to species.
Ricaniidae	Undescribed	Undescribed^[27]^[20]	McAbee Quilchena	A ricaniid planthopper Not described to genus/species.
Undescribed	Undescribed	Undescribed^[29]	Republic	A fulgoroidean hopper Not described to family/genus/species.
Incertae sedis	† Planophlebia	† Planophlebia gigantea^[54]	Princeton	A hemipteran^[32] of uncertain placement	Planophlebia gigantea (1890 illustration)

Heteroptera

Family	Genus	species	Sites	Notes	Images
Cf. Coreidae	Undescribed	Undescribed^[20]	McAbee	Relatives of leaf-footed bugs Not described to Family/genus/species
Cydnidae	Undescribed	Undescribed^[27]	Quilchena	A cydnid burrowing bug Not described to genus/species.
Dinidoridae	Megymenum	Undescribed^[27]^[22]	Quilchena	A dinidorid shield bug Not described to genus/species.
Gerridae	Gerris	Undescribed^[20]	McAbee	gerrine water striders Not described to genus/species
	Limnoporus	† Limnoporus wilsoni^[27]^[55]	Driftwood	A gerrine water strider^[56]
	† Telmatrechus	† Telmatrechus defunctus^[27]^[56]	Quilchena	A gerrine water strider First described as " Gerris" defunctus ( 1910)^[43]	Telmatrechus defunctus (1910 illustration)
	† Telmatrechus	† Telmatrechus stali^[27]^[56]	Princeton	A gerrine water strider First described as " Hygrotrechus" stali ( 1879),^[32] later moved to " Gerris" stali ( 1910)^[43]	Telmatrechus stali (1890 illustration)
Pentatomidae	Undescribed	Undescribed^[24]^[29]	Princeton Republic	A Shield or stink bug Not described to genus/species	undescribed Pentatomidae
Cf. Pentatomidae	Undescribed	Undescribed^[27]	Quilchena	Pentatomoid shield bugs of uncertain familial placement Not described to genus/species.

Sternorrhyncha

Family	Genus	species	Sites	Notes
Aphididae	Undescribed	Undescribed^[29]^[27]^[20]	McAbee Quilchena Republic	Aphids Not described to genus/species.
Aphididae	Undescribed	Undescribed^[41]	Republic	Trace fossils Woolly aphid leaf rolling on Ulmus leaves Not described to genus/species
Unidentified	Unidentified	Unidentified	Driftwood	aphidoid specimens Not described to genus/species

Unidentified

Family	Genus	species	Sites	Notes	Images
Unidentified	Unidentified	Unidentified^[9]	Hat Creek	Hemipterans in amber Not identified in any finer taxonomic detail

Hymenopterans

Archibald, Mathewes, & Aase (2023) reported a Titanomyrma species ant queen from Allenby Formation, and noted the range extension for Formiciinae into the highlands, as the subfamily was previously considered a strictly thermophilic ant group. Due to complications arising from preservational distortion during diagenesis, they were unable to determine the correct size of the queen in life. If the distortion was lateral, then compression to bilateral symmetry yielded an adult length of approximately 3.3 cm (1.3 in), placing it the same range as Formicium berryi and F. brodiei, known only from wings, and suggested as possible males. Conversely stretching the fossil to bilateral symmetry results in a larger 5 cm (2.0 in) length estimate, placing it as comparable to queens of T. lubei and T. simillima.^[57]

Symphyta

Family	Genus	species	Sites	Notes	Images
Cephidae	† Cuspilongus	† Cuspilongus cachecreekensis^[4]	McAbee	A cuspilongine cephid sawfly
Cephidae	Undescribed	"Undescribed^[4]	Horsefly	A cephine cephid sawfly Not described to genus/species
Cimbicidae^[4]	† Allenbycimbex^[58]	† Allenbycimbex morrisae^[58]	Princeton	A cenocimbicine cimbicid sawfly.
	† Leptostigma^[58]	† Leptostigma alaemacula^[58]	Republic	A cenocimbicine cimbicid sawfly.
		† Leptostigma brevilatum^[58]	McAbee Republic	A cenocimbicine cimbicid sawfly.	Leptostigma brevilatum?
		† Leptostigma fasciatum^[58]	McAbee	A cenocimbicine cimbicid sawfly.
		† Leptostigma longiclava^[58]	McAbee	A cenocimbicine cimbicid sawfly.
		† Leptostigma longipallidum^[58]	McAbee	A cenocimbicine cimbicid sawfly.
		† Leptostigma longitenebricum^[58]	McAbee	A cenocimbicine cimbicid sawfly.
		† Leptostigma proxivena^[58]	McAbee	A cenocimbicine cimbicid sawfly.
	Unidentified	Unidentified^[58]	McAbee	A cimbicid sawfly of indeterminate subfamily.
Pamphiliidae	† Ulteramus	† Ulteramus republicensis^[59]	Republic	A parasitic wasp
Siricidae	† Eourocerus	† Eourocerus anguliterreus^[60]	Republic	A siricid horntail.	Eourocerus anguliterreus
Siricidae	† Ypresiosirex	† Ypresiosirex orthosemos^[4]	McAbee	A siricine siricid sawfly
Tenthredinidae	Eriocampa	† Eriocampa tulameenensis^[61]^[4]	Princeton	An allantine tenthredinid sawfly	Eriocampa tulameenensis
	Pseudosiobla	† Pseudosiobla campbelli^[61]^[4]	Horsefly	An allantine tenthredinid sawfly	Pseudosiobla campbelli
	Undescribed	Undescribed^[4]	McAbee	Sawflys of the tenthredinid subfamily Allantinae Not described
		Undescribed^[4]	McAbee	Sawflys of the tenthredinid subfamily Blennocampinae Not described
		Undescribed^[4]	McAbee	Sawflys of the tenthredinid subfamily Nematinae Not described
		Undescribed^[4]	McAbee	Sawflys of the tenthredinid subfamily Tenthredininae Not described
		Undescribed^[4]	Driftwood Horsefly McAbee Quilchena Republic	Sawflys of the family Tenthredinidae, unplaced to subfamily Not described

Parasitoida

Family	Genus	species	Sites	Notes	Images
Braconidae	Bracon	Undescribed^[32]	Princeton	A Bracon sensu lato species wasp.	Bracon sp. specimen 69&78 (1890 illustration)
Braconidae	Undescribed	Undescribed^[4]	Driftwood Horsefly McAbee Quilchena Republic	braconid parasitic wasps unplaced to subfamily Not described to genus/species	Unidentified Braconidae
Cynipidae	Undescribed	Undescribed^[41]	Princeton Republic	Trace fossils cynipid Cynipoid gallwasp galling on various host leaves Not described to genus/species	Cynipidae gall on Prunus
Cynipidae (?)	Undescribed	Undescribed^[33]^[4]	Horsefly Quilchena	cynipid Cynipoid gallwasps Not described to species
Diapriidae	Undescribed	Undescribed^[4]	Driftwood Horsefly McAbee Republic	diapriid diaprioid wasps Not described to genus/species
Figitidae	Undescribed	Undescribed^[4]	McAbee	figitid cynipoid wasps Not described to genus/species
Heloridae	Undescribed	Undescribed^[4]	McAbee	helorid proctotrupoid wasps Not described
Ichneumonidae	Xorides	† Xorides lambei^[43]	Princeton	A xoridine ichneumon parasitic wasp First described as Xylonomus lambei.	Xorides lambei (1910 illustration)
Ichneumonidae	Undescribed	Undescribed^[33]^[4]	Driftwood Horsefly McAbee Quilchena Princeton Republic	ichneumonid parasitic wasps unplaced to subfamily Not described	Undescribed Ichneumonidae
Megaspilidae	Undescribed	Undescribed^[4]	Hat Creek	ceraphronoid Megaspilid parasitic wasps Not described
Monomachidae	Undescribed	Undescribed^[4]	McAbee	monomachid diaprioid wasps Not described
Peradeniidae	Undescribed	Undescribed^[4]	McAbee	peradeniid proctotrupoid wasps Not described
Proctotrupidae	Undescribed	Undescribed^[4]	Driftwood Horsefly McAbee Republic	proctotrupid parasitic wasps Not described
Roproniidae	Undescribed	Undescribed^[4]	Republic	roproniid (sensu lato) proctotrupoid wasps Not described
incertae sedis^[4]	Undescribed	Undescribed	Driftwood Hat Creek McAbee	Chalcidoid superfamily wasps Not described to family/genus/species
incertae sedis^[4]	Undescribed	Undescribed^[4]	Hat Creek	mymarommatoid microhymenopterans Not described to family/genus/species

Non-apoidean Aculeates

Family	Genus	species	Sites	Notes
Chrysididae	Undescribed	Undescribed^[4]	McAbee	Chrysidoid wasps of the chrysidid subfamily Chrysidinae Not described to genus/species
Pompilidae	Undescribed	Undescribed^[33]^[4]	McAbee Republic	pompilid spider wasps Not described
Scoliidae	Undescribed	Undescribed^[33]^[4]	Princeton Republic	Scoliid wasps of the subfamily Archaeoscoliinae Not described
Trigonalidae	Undescribed	Undescribed^[4]	Falkland Quilchena	trigonalid parasitic wasps Not described
Vespidae	Undescribed	Undescribed^[4]	Driftwood McAbee Princeton Quilchena Republic	Vespid wasps Not described

Formicoidea

subfamily	Genus	species	Sites	Notes	Images
Dolichoderinae	Dolichoderus	Undescribed^[4]	Hat Creek	Dolichoderus species ants.^[4] Not described to species
Dolichoderinae	Undescribed	Undescribed^[4]	McAbee	Dolichoderine ants.^[4] Not described to genus/species
Formiciinae	† Titanomyrma	Indeterminate^[57]	Princeton	A formiciine titan ant. Unplaced to species	Titianomyrma sp.
Formicinae	† Eoecophylla	† Eoecophylla quilchenensis^[62]	Quilchena	A weaver ant related to modern Oecophylla The most abundant ants at Quilchena
	Oecophylla	† Oecophylla kraussei^[63]	Republic	A weaver ant first described as Camponotites kraussei^[64]^[4]^[62]
	Indeterminate	indeterminate^[62]	McAbee	An weaver ant tribe worker Possibly belonging to either † Eoecophylla or Oecophylla
	Undescribed	Undescribed^[4]	Hat Creek	Formicinae subfamily ants.^[4] Not described to species First published as Technomyrmex by Poinar et al., ( 1999)
Myrmeciinae	† Avitomyrmex	† Avitomyrmex elongatus^[65]^[4]	McAbee	A myrmeciine bulldog ant.^[4]
		† Avitomyrmex mastax^[65]^[4]	McAbee	A myrmeciine bulldog ant.^[4]
		† Avitomyrmex systenus^[65]^[4]	McAbee	A myrmeciine bulldog ant.^[4]
	† Macabeemyrma	† Macabeemyrma ovata^[65]^[4]	McAbee	A myrmeciine bulldog ant.^[4]
	† Myrmeciites	† Myrmeciites? goliath^[65]^[4]	McAbee	A myrmeciine bulldog ant.^[4]
		† Myrmeciites? tabanifluviensis^[65]^[4]	Horsefly	A myrmeciine bulldog ant.^[4]
		† Myrmeciites herculeanus^[65]^[4]	McAbee	A myrmeciine bulldog ant.^[4]
		"Indeterminate"^[65]^[4]	Falkland Republic	bull dog ants not distinct to species	Myrmeciities sp.
	† Propalosoma	† Propalosoma gutierrezae^[63]	Republic	A myrmeciine bulldog ant, first described as a rhopalosomatid wasp.^[4]	Propalosoma gutierrezae
	† Ypresiomyrma	† Ypresiomyrma bartletti^[65]^[4]	McAbee	A myrmeciine bulldog ant.^[4]
	† Ypresiomyrma	† Ypresiomyrma orbiculata^[65]^[4]	McAbee	A myrmeciine bulldog ant.^[4]	Ypresiomyrma orbiculata
	Undescribed	Undescribed^[4]	McAbee	Myrmeciinae ants.^[4] Not described to species
Myrmicine	Undescribed	Undescribed^[4]	Hat Creek	Myrmicine ants of either Leptothorax or Tetramorium^[4] Not described to species
Incertae sedis	† Klondikia	† Klondikia whiteae^[66]^[4]	Republic	An ant of uncertain subfamily placement^[4]
Incertae sedis	Undescribed	Undescribed^[33]^[4]	Driftwood Hat Creek Horsefly McAbee Princeton Quilchena Republic	Ants of uncertain subfamily placement.^[4]	Unidentified formicidae

Apoidea

Family	Genus	species	Sites	Notes	Images
Angarosphecidae	† Eosphecium	† Eosphecium naumanni^[4]	Quilchena	A spheciform wasp.
	† Eosphecium	Undescribed^[4]	Driftwood McAbee Republic	Spheciform wasps. Not described to species
	Undescribed	Undescribed^[4]	McAbee Princeton Republic	Spheciform wasps, likely not Eosphecium. Not described to species
Apidae	Undescribed	Undescribed^[4]	McAbee	Apid bees Not described to species
Halictidae (?)	Halictus?	† Halictus? savenyei^[4]	Quilchena	A sweat bee of uncertain generic placement
Halictidae (?)	Undescribed	Undescribed^[4]	McAbee Republic	sweat bees Not described
Megachilidae	Undescribed	Undescribed^[4]	Horsefly McAbee Republic	Megachilid leaf-cutter bee herbivory trace fossils on leaves Not described to species	Megachilidae damage on Prunus
Sphecidae	Undescribed	Undescribed^[4]	McAbee Republic	Sphecid (sensu stricto) wasps Not described

Lepidoptera

A solitary complete adult female lepidopteran fossil has been recovered, but no full descriptive work has been published on the specimen, aside from a single PhD dissertation.^[33] Early examination placed the moth in the family Geometridae, but later work has identified it as the oldest member of the tiger moth subfamily Arctiinae.^[67] Two additional isolated wing fossils have been found with one tentatively placed within Noctuidae based on the wing venation and structure,^[33] while the second has not been placed beyond order level.^[68] Laval mining and hole feeding damage on leaves has been attributed to the families Coleophoridae, Gracillariidae, Heliozelidae, Incurvariidae, and Nepticulidae^[41]^[69]

Family	Genus	species	Sites	Notes	Images
Coleophoridae	Cf. Coleophora	Undescribed^[41]^[68]	Republic	Trace fossils Coleophorid hole feeding and larval cases similar to Coleophora Not described to genus/species
Erebidae	Undescribed	Undescribed^[67]	Republic	An arctiine tiger moth Not described to genus/species	Arctiinae undescribed
Gracillariidae	Undescribed	Undescribed^[41]^[20]	McAbee	Trace fossils Gracillariid leaf mining similar to Phyllocnistinae subfamily mines Not described to genus/species
Heliozelidae	Undescribed	Undescribed^[41]^[69]	Republic	Trace fossils heliozelid leaf mining similar to Antispila mines Not described to genus/species
Incurvariidae	Aff. Incurvaria	Undescribed^[41]	Republic	Trace fossils incurvariid leaf mining similar to Incurvaria Not described to genus/species
Nepticulidae	Stigmella	Undescribed^[41]	Republic	Trace fossils nepticulid leaf mining referred to Stigmella Not described to genus/species
Pyralidae?	Stigmella	Undescribed^[41]	Republic	Trace fossils nepticulid leaf mining referred to Stigmella Not described to genus/species
Noctuidae	Undescribed	Undescribed^[33]	Quilchena	A possible owlet moth Not described to genus/species
Undescribed	Undescribed	Undescribed^[68]	Princeton chert	A lepidopteran forewing Not described to family/genus/species

Mecopterans

Family	Genus	species	Sites	Notes	Images
Bittacidae	Undescribed	Undescribed^[20]	McAbee	hangingfly specimens Not described to genus/species
† Cimbrophlebiidae	† Cimbrophlebia	† Cimbrophlebia brooksi^[70]	Republic	A Cimbrophlebiid scorpionfly	Cimbrophlebia brooksi
		† Cimbrophlebia flabelliformis^[70]	McAbee	A Cimbrophlebiid scorpionfly
		† Cimbrophlebia leahyi^[70]	McAbee	A Cimbrophlebiid scorpionfly
		† Cimbrophlebia westae^[70]	Republic	A Cimbrophlebiid scorpionfly	Cimbrophlebia westae
† Dinopanorpidae	† Dinokanaga	† Dinokanaga andersoni^[71]	Republic	A Dinopanorpid scorpion fly	Dinokanaga andersoni
		† Dinokanaga dowsonae^[71]	Falkland Horsefly McAbee Republic	A Dinopanorpid scorpion fly	Dinokanaga dowsonae
		† Dinokanaga hillsi^[71]	McAbee	A Dinopanorpid scorpion fly
		† Dinokanaga sternbergi^[71]	Republic	A Dinopanorpid scorpion fly
		† Dinokanaga webbi^[71]	Horsefly	A Dinopanorpid scorpion fly
		† Dinokanaga wilsoni^[71]	Princeton	A Dinopanorpid scorpion fly
Eomeropidae	† Eomerope	† Eomerope eonearctica^[72]	McAbee	An Eomeropid scorpionfly
		† Eomerope macabeensis^[73]	McAbee	An Eomeropid scorpionfly
		† Eomerope simpkinsae^[72]	Princeton	An Eomeropid scorpionfly
† Eorpidae	† Eorpa	† Eorpa elverumi^[74]	Republic	An eorpid scorpionfly	Eorpa elverumi
		† Eorpa jurgeni^[74]	Quilchena	An eorpid scorpionfly
		† Eorpa ypsipeda^[74]	Falkland? McAbee Republic?	An eorpid scorpionfly	Eorpa sp. possibly E. ypsipeda^[74]
† Holcorpidae	† Holcorpa	† Holcorpa dillhoffi^[75]	McAbee	A holcorpid scorpionfly
Panorpidae	Undescribed	Undescribed^[74]	McAbee Republic	Undescribed common scorpionflies Not described to genus/species

Neuropterans

Family	Genus	species	Sites	Notes	Images
Berothidae	† Microberotha	† Microberotha macculloughi^[13]	Hat Creek	A beaded lacewing
Chrysopidae	† Adamsochrysa	† Adamsochrysa aspera^[76]	McAbee	A nothochrysine green lacewing
	† Adamsochrysa	† Adamsochrysa wilsoni^[76]	Republic	A nothochrysine green lacewing	Adamsochrysa wilsoni
	† Archaeochrysa	† Archaeochrysa profracta^[76]	McAbee	A nothochrysine green lacewing
	† Archaeochrysa	† Archaeochrysa sanikwa^[77]	Driftwood	A nothochrysine green lacewing
	† Lithochrysa	† Lithochrysa borealis^[78]	Driftwood	A nothochrysine green lacewing
	† Okanaganochrysa	† Okanaganochrysa coltsunae^[76]	McAbee	A nothochrysine green lacewing
	† Protochrysa	† Protochrysa fuscobasalis^[76]	McAbee	A limaiine green lacewing
	† Pseudochrysopa	† Pseudochrysopa harveyi^[76]	Driftwood	A nothochrysine green lacewing
† Corydasialidae	† Ypresioneura	† Ypresioneura obscura^[79]	McAbee	A corydasialid lacewing First suggested to be a megalopterans, later deemed a neuropteran.
Hemerobiidae	† Archibaldia	† Archibaldia wehri^[80]^[81]^[82]	Republic	A hemerobiid lacewing originally placed in † Cretomerobius Moved to † Proneuronema ( 2016) Moved to † Archibaldia ( 2023)
	Wesmaelius	† Wesmaelius mathewesi^[80]	Quilchena	A hemerobiine brown lacewing.
	Undescribed	Undescribed^[20]	McAbee	Brown lacewing specimens Not described to genus/species
Ithonidae	† Allorapisma	† Allorapisma chuorum^[83]	Republic	An Ithonid group moth lacewing	Allorapisma chuorum
	† Palaeopsychops	† Palaeopsychops dodgeorum^[84]	Quilchena	A polystechotid group moth lacewing First mentioned by Archibald & Mathewes 2000 as cf Osmylidae or Polystoechotidae
		† Palaeopsychops douglasae^[84]	Quilchena	A polystechotid group moth lacewing
		† Palaeopsychops marringerae^[84]	Republic	A polystechotid group moth lacewing	Palaeopsychops marringerae
		† Palaeopsychops setosus^[84]	Horsefly	A polystechotid group moth lacewing
		† Palaeopsychops timmi^[84]	Republic	A polystechotid group moth lacewing	Palaeopsychops timmi
	† Polystoechotites	† Polystoechotites barksdalae^[84]	Republic	A polystechotid group moth lacewing	Polystoechotites barksdalae
		† Polystoechotites falcatus^[84]	Republic	A polystechotid group moth lacewing	Polystoechotites falcatus
		† Polystoechotites lewisi^[84]	Republic	A polystechotid group moth lacewing	Polystoechotites lewisi
	† Ricaniella	† Ricaniella antiquata^[85]	Princeton	A Polystoechotid-group moth lacewing^[86] moved from Ricania antiquata ( 1895)^[87]	Ricaniella antiquata (1895 illustration)
	Undescribed	Undescribed^[20]	McAbee	Polystoechotid-group moth lacewings Not described to genus/species
Nymphidae	† Epinesydrion	† Epinesydrion falklandensis^[88]	Falkland	A split-footed lacewing, possibly sister species to † Nymphes georgei
Nymphidae	Nymphes	† Nymphes(?) georgei^[89]	Republic	A split-footed lacewing Possibly related to Epinesydrion	Nymphes georgei
Osmylidae	† Osmylidia	† Osmylidia donnae^[90]	Quilchena	A protosmyline osmylid lacewing
		† Osmylidia glastrai^[90]	Republic	A protosmyline osmylid lacewing
		Indeterminate^[90]	Driftwood	A protosmyline osmylid lacewing, not detailed enough for species description
	Undescribed	Undescribed^[20]	McAbee	osmylid lacewing specimens Not described to genus/species
Psychopsidae?	† Ainigmapsychops	† Ainigmapsychops inexspectatus^[91]	Republic	A possible psychopsid lacewing	Ainigmapsychops inexspectatus
Undescribed	Undescribed	Undescribed^[20]	McAbee	Members of an undescribed neuropteran family

Odonata

Trace fossil evidence of damselflies has been recorded from oviposition scars on various leaves from the Klondike Mountain Formation that have been placed in the ichnogenus Paleoovoidus. Lewis and Carrol (1991) originally identified the damage on an Alnus parvifolia leaf as caused by leaf beetles of the genus Altica. This was later questioned by Conrad Labandeira who noted the scar patterns did not match modern Altica egg laying behaviour.

Family	Genus	species	Sites	Notes	Images
Aeshnidae	† Antiquiala	† Antiquiala snyderae^[92]	Republic	A darner dragonfly	Antiquiala snyderae
	† Eoshna	† Eoshna thompsonensis^[92]	McAbee	A darner dragonfly
	† Idemlinea	† Idemlinea versatilis^[92]	Republic	A darner dragonfly	Idemlinea versatilis
	† Ypshna	† Ypshna brownleei^[92]	Republic	A darner dragonfly	Ypshna brownleei
	† Ypshna	† Ypshna latipennata^[92]	McAbee	A darner dragonfly
† Dysagrionidae	† Dysagrion	† Dysagrion pruettae^[93]	Republic	A Dysagrionine cephalozygopteran odonate	Dysagrion pruettae
	† Dysagrionites	† Dysagrionites delinei^[93]	Republic	A dysagrionine cephalozygopteran odonate	Dysagrionites delinei
	† Okanagrion	† Okanagrion angustum^[93]	McAbee	A Dysagrionine cephalozygopteran odonate
		† Okanagrion beardi^[93]	McAbee	A Dysagrionine cephalozygopteran odonate
		† Okanagrion dorrellae^[93]	Republic	A Dysagrionine cephalozygopteran odonate	Okanagrion dorrellae
		† Okanagrion hobani^[93]	McAbee Republic	A Dysagrionine cephalozygopteran odonate	Okanagrion hobani
		† Okanagrion liquetoalatum^[93]	Republic	A Dysagrionine cephalozygopteran odonate	Okanagrion liquetoalatum
		† Okanagrion lochmum^[93]	McAbee	A Dysagrionine cephalozygopteran odonate
		† Okanagrion threadgillae^[93]	Republic	A Dysagrionine cephalozygopteran odonate	Okanagrion threadgillae
		† Okanagrion worleyae^[93]	Republic	A Dysagrionine cephalozygopteran odonate	Okanagrion worleyae
	† Okanopteryx	† Okanopteryx fraseri^[93]	McAbee	A Dysagrionine cephalozygopteran odonate
		† Okanopteryx jeppesenorum^[93]	Republic	A Dysagrionine cephalozygopteran odonate	Okanopteryx jeppesenorum
		† Okanopteryx macabeensis^[93]	McAbee	A Dysagrionine cephalozygopteran odonate
	† Stenodiafanus	† Stenodiafanus westersidei^[93]	Republic	A Dysagrionine cephalozygopteran odonate	Stenodiafanus westersidei
Cf. † Dysagrionidae	† Allenbya	† Allenbya holmesae^[2]	Princeton	A possible Dysagrionidae odonate. Not to be confused with the Princeton Chert waterlily Allenbya	Allenbya holmesae
Euphaeidae	† Republica	† Republica weatbrooki^[94]	Republic	A gossamerwing damselfly. Not to be confused Republica, a plant genus also from Republic	Republica weatbrooki
Gomphidae	† Auroradraco	† Auroradraco eos^[92]	McAbee	A club-tailed dragonfly
† Whetwhetaksidae	† Whetwhetaksa	† Whetwhetaksa millerae^[93]	Republic	A possible cephalozygopteran odonate	Whetwhetaksa millerae

Orthoptera

Family	Genus	species	Sites	Notes	Images
Acrididae	Unidentified	Unidentified^[20]	McAbee	Catanopine short-horned grasshopper specimens Not described to genus/species
Gryllacrididae?	Unidentified	Unidentified^[20]	McAbee	Possible leaf-rolling cricket specimens Not described to genus/species
† Promastacidae	† Promastax	† Promastax archaicus^[43]	Horsefly	A Promastacid grasshopper	Promastax archaicus (1910 illustration)
† Palaeorehniidae	† Republicopteron	† Republicopteron douseae^[95]	Republic	A palaeorehniid ensiferan.	Republicopteron douseae
† Palaeorehniidae	† Ypopteron	† Ypopteron nicola^[95]	Quilchena	A palaeorehniid ensiferan. First identified as a prophalangopsine grig^[27]
Prophalangopsidae	Unidentified	Unidentified^[20]	McAbee	grig specimens Not described to genus/species
Tettigoniidae	Unidentified	Unidentified^[20]	McAbee	katydid specimens Not described to genus/species

Phasmatodea

Family	Genus	species	Sites	Notes	Images
Susumaniidae	† Eoprephasma	† Eoprephasma hichensi^[96]	McAbee Republic	A Susumaniine susumanioid stick insect

Plecoptera

Family	Genus	species	Sites	Notes	Images
Unidentified	Unidentified	Unidentified^[20]	McAbee	stonefly specimens Not described to family/genus/species

Psocodea

The only reported Psocodea fossils from the highlands are known from Hat Creek amber. They were mentioned, as "Psocoptera", in passing by Poinar et al. (1999) who did not give any finer taxonomic detail or illustrate any specimens.^[9]

Family	Genus	species	Sites	Notes	Images
Unidentified	Unidentified	Unidentified^[9]	Hat Creek	specimens in amber Not described to genus/species

Raphidiopterans

Family	Genus	species	Sites	Notes	Images
Inocelliidae	† Paraksenocellia	† Paraksenocellia borealis^[97]	Driftwood	An inocelliid snakefly
Raphidiidae	† Archiinocellia	† Archiinocellia oligoneura^[98]	Horsefly	A Raphidiid snakefly	Archiinocellia oligoneura
	† Megaraphidia	† Megaraphidia antiquissima^[98]	McAbee	A Raphidiid snakefly
		† Megaraphidia hopkinsi^[98]	Princeton	A Raphidiid snakefly
		† Megaraphidia klondika^[98]	Republic	A raphidiid snakefly
		† Megaraphidia ootsa^[98]	Driftwood	A raphidiid snakefly

Thrysanoptera

Poinar et al. (1999) illustrated a Thrips specimen in Hat Creek amber and noted the presence of the order in the fossils they examined, however they did not provide any finer taxonomic details on the affinities of the fossils.^[9]

Family	Genus	species	Sites	Notes	Images
Unidentified	Unidentified	Unidentified^[9]	Hat Creek	specimens in amber Not described to genus/species

Trichoptera

Trichopterans are known mainly from laraval cases and occasional isolated wings.^[27]

Family	Genus	species	Sites	Notes	Images
Limnephilidae	Unidentified	unidentified^[29]	Republic	northern caddisflies Not described to genus/species
Phryganeidae	Unidentified	Unidentified^[29]^[27]	Quilchena Republic	giant caddisflies Not described to genus/species	Phryganeidae larval case
Unidentified	Unidentified	Unidentified^[24]^[27]^[20]	Driftwood Horsefly McAbee Quilchena	Isolated wings and larval cases Not described to genus/species

Vertebrates

"Fish"

The first fish to be described from the Okanagan Highlands were recovered from Allenby Formation shales and subsequently studied by Edward Drinker Cope who named Amyzon brevipinne in 1894. The next descriptive work for a fish came in 1916 with the naming of "Lucious" rosei by Louis Hussakof from Tranquille Formation fossils collected at "Red point" on Kamloops Lake in 1914.^[99] "Lucious" rosei was redescribed in 1966 by Ted Cavander, who moved the species to a new genus Eohiodon placed into the mooneye family Hiodontidae. The largest body of work for fish of the Highlands was by Mark Wilson (1977) who published a monograph detailing the Canadian highlands formations fish fauna, naming four new species in three new genera, plus redescribing both "Amyzon" brevipinne and "Eohiodon" rosei. The monograph added the families Salmonidae with Eosalmo driftwoodensis, Libotoniidae with Libotonius blakeburnensis, and Moronidae with Priscacara aquilonia.^[24] A year later the first species from the Republic area, "Eohiodon" woodruffi was described by Wilson,^[100] and the second Republic species Libotonius pearsoni followed in 1979.^[101] in 1982 the final new fish species named from the highlands , Amia hesperia, was described, being initially placed by Wilson in the modern bowfin genus Amia.^[102] This placement was later questioned by Lance Grande and William Bemis (1998), who noted that due to preservational orientation of the A. hesperia holotype, generic placement of the species was problematic. Phylogenetic analysis of Amiidae fossils by Grande and Bemis found the fossil as a member of the amiinae subfamily, but with key mouth anatomy missing, were unable to determine if Amia or the extinct genus Cyclurus was correct.^[103] In 2021 fossils of "Amyzon" brevipinne were redescribed by Juan Liu based on the holotype and additional fossils from the Allenby Formation, and based on the anatomical differences between the species and the type species of Amyzon mentale determined that the Princeton fossils were part of a different genus. As such Liu moved the species to the new genus Wilsonium.^[104]

Family	Genus	species	Sites	Notes	Images
Amiidae	Amia?	† Amia? hesperia^[102]	Princeton	A bowfin of uncertain genus placement^[103]
Amiidae	Amia?	† Amia? hesperia?^[28]^[102]	Driftwood Princeton Quilchena Republic	isolated bowfin scales^[103]	Amia? scale
Catostomidae	† Amyzon	† Amyzon aggregatum^[24]^[105]	Horsefly Republic?	A sucker
	† Amyzon	Unidentified^[24]^[105]^[104]^[20]	Driftwood McAbee Republic	A sucker Republic specimens formerly identified as A. aggregatum^[24]	Amyzon sp.
	† Wilsonium	† Wilsonium brevipinne^[24]^[106]^[104]	Princeton	A catostomid sucker, first described as Amyzon brevipinne ( 1894) Moved to Wilsonium brevipinne in 2021
	† Wilsonium	Cf. † Wilsonium brevipinne^[17]^[28]^[104]	Quilchena	A catostomid sucker, Not described to species similar to Wilsonium brevipinne
Hiodontidae	Hiodon	† Hiodon rosei^[24]^[100]^[107]^[20]	Horsefly Kamloops Lake McAbee Princeton	A mooneye, first described as Lucious rosei ( 1916), Moved to Eohiodon rosei in 1966, Moved to Hiodon rosei in 2008^[100]^[107]
		† Hiodon woodruffi^[100]^[107]	Horsefly Republic	A mooneye, first described as Eohiodon woodruffi.^[100] Moved to Hiodon woodruffi in 2008^[107]	Hiodon woodruffi
		Unidentified^[28]	Quilchena	A mooneye jaw. Not identified to species
† Libotoniidae	† Libotonius	† Libotonius blakeburnensis^[24]	Princeton	A sand roller relative.
† Libotoniidae	† Libotonius	† Libotonius pearsoni^[101]	Republic	A sand roller relative.	Libotonius pearsoni
Moronidae	† Priscacara	† Priscacara aquilonia^[24]	Horsefly	A temperate bass
Salmonidae	† Eosalmo	† Eosalmo driftwoodensis^[24]^[108]^[20]	Driftwood Canyon McAbee Princeton Republic	A basal Salmon	Eosalmo driftwoodensis
Salmonidae	† Eosalmo	Cf. † Eosalmo driftwoodensis^[17]^[28]	Quilchena	A basal Salmon Not described to species Similar to E. driftwoodensis

Reptiles

The only reptile fossils known from the Okanagan highlands come from the Allenby Formation. A soft-shelled turtle is known from the "Ashnola shales" unit and unidentified turtle bone are known from the interbedded Princeton Chert. The soft shelled turtle was first discovered by James Basinger from dark shale layers above the chert and reported by Wilson (1982).^[102] The unidentified turtle bones were found preserved within the chert layers and first reported by Stockey and Pigg (1994).^[109] In his 1995 Masters thesis, G. Guthrie listed an isolated tooth from the Quilchena site as from a crocodile, which would have been the only instance of a crocodylian in the highlands.^[28] The taxonomic affinity was later revised after further examination and Mathewes et al. (2016) listed the specimen as an unidentified fish tooth.^[110]

Family	Genus	species	Sites	Notes	Images
Trionychidae	Cf. Apalone or Aspideretes	undescribed^[102]^[111]^[22]^[20]	Princeton	A soft shelled turtle Found in the Ashnola shales over the chert
Undescribed	Undescribed	undescribed^[109]	Princeton chert	A turtle, Bones preserved in the Princeton Chert

Birds

A small avifauna is known from the Okanagan Highlands, but due to the incomplete nature of the fossils, placement of studied specimens has been tentative at best.^[112] Gerald Mayr et al. (2019) published an initial overview of the fossils with descriptions and commentary of the material, noting the taxa identified were all previously unknown to Northwestern North American Eocene sites. Despite the tentative nature of the fossil identifications, the Highlands sites are the richest Paleogene avifauna described from Canada. Mayr et al. (2019) posited that the fossils likely represent the more common species in the avifauna of the Highlands, but at the same time, include taxa that are considered rare or absent in the most studied avifaunas from the same time frame.^[112] Additional evidence of birds at some sites consists of preserved egested bird pellets, which are composed of randomly grouped fish bone clumps, occasionally including multiple fish or insects.^[28]

Isolated feathers are also known from several of the sites and have not described in detail.^[112]

Order/Clade	Family	Material	Sites	Notes	Images
Cf. Coliiformes^[112]	indeterminate	partial skeleton skull, left wing, and right wing portions	Driftwood	a large possible Coliiform, too incomplete for firm identification
Cf. Gaviiformes^[112]	indeterminate	left wing and partial right wing, with feathers	McAbee	a possible gaviiform, too incomplete for firm identification
Gruiformes^[112]	Cf. † Songziidae	articulated postcranial skeleton	Driftwood	A possible songziid bird, lacking specific morphologic characters for a firm placement.
Psittacopasserae^[112]	Cf. † Zygodactylidae	complete, but poorly preserved, skeleton	McAbee	a possible zygodactylid, poor preservation of the foot prevented firm identification
indeterminate^[112]	indeterminate	partial skeletons	McAbee Princeton Republic	partial skeletons missing details for identification. Republic specimen shows unique cranial pitting.	Indeterminate skeleton McAbee site
indeterminate^[17]^[28]^[20]^[112]	indeterminate	feathers	Horsefly McAbee Quilchena Republic	isolated feathers	unidentified feather, Republic

Mammals

Eocene mammals are exclusively known from sites in, or possibly in, the Okanagan Highlands. The earliest reported mammals were of teeth from the Princeton area in 1935, with one of the fossils subsequently being "lost". More recent work in 2014 and 2017 on fossils from Driftwood and Princeton have expanded the mammal families to three, possibly four, and an undescribed Quilchena fossil being identified as a " lipotyphla".^[113]^[5] The record of Brontotheriidae is uncertain due to the split opinion regarding inclusion of the Quesnel area sediments as part of the Highlands.^[5]^[4]^[2]

Family	Genus	species	Sites	Notes
Erinaceidae	† Silvacola	† Silvacola acares^[113]	Driftwood	A hedgehog and moonrat relative
Erinaceidae	† Entomolestes	undescribed^[113]^[5]	Princeton	An unidentified hedgehog relative, specimen possibly lost.
Esthonychidae	† Trogosus	† Trogosus latidens^[114]^[102]^[5]	Princeton	A tillodont species
Esthonychidae	† Trogosus	† Trogosus sp.^[5]	Princeton	An indeterminate tillodont smaller than T. latidens
† Helaletidae	Cf. † Heptodon	indeterminate^[113]	Driftwood	A helaletid tapir relative.
undescribed	undescribed	undescribed^[5]	Quilchena	A " lipotyphlan"

Trace fossils

Pellets of fish bone and other animal material which were likely eaten by larger predators and then regurgitated have been reported from the Quilchena and Republic sites. These traces, called regurgitalites, have so far been understudied, with only a few passing mentions in Okanagan highlands literature.^[112]

Quesnelian fauna

If the Quesnel sites are included as part of the Greater Okanagan Highlands per Archibald et al. (2018) the fauna of the region is expanded by a number of insect taxa, an additional arachnid, and a brontothere.