Nuclear bodies (also known as nuclear domains, or nuclear dots) are membraneless structures found in the cell nuclei of eukaryotic cells. [1] Nuclear bodies include Cajal bodies, the nucleolus, and promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) nuclear bodies (also called PML oncogenic dots). [2] Nuclear bodies also include ND10s. ND stands for nuclear domain, and 10 refers to the number of dots seen. [3]
Nuclear bodies were first seen as prominent interchromatin structures in the nuclei of malignant or hyperstimulated animal cells [4] [5] identified using anti-sp100 autoantibodies from primary biliary cirrhosis and subsequently the promyelocytic leukemia (PML) factor, but appear also to be elevated in many autoimmune and cancerous diseases. [6] Nuclear dots are metabolically stable and resistant to nuclease digestion and salt extraction. [7]
A nuclear body subtype is a clastosome suggested to be a site of protein degradation. [8]
Simple nuclear bodies (types I and II) and the shells of complex nuclear bodies (types III, IVa and V) consist of a non-chromatinic fibrillar material which is most likely proteinaceous. [9] That nuclear bodies co-isolated with the nuclear matrix, and were linked to the fibrogranular nuclear matrix component by projections from the surface of the nuclear bodies. [9] The primary components of the nuclear dots are the proteins sp100 nuclear antigen, LYSP100(a homolog of sp100), [10] ISG20, [11] PML antigen, NDP55 and 53kDa protein associated with the nuclear matrix. [12] Other proteins, such as PIC1/SUMO-1, which are associated with nuclear pore complex also associate with nuclear dots. [13] The proteins can reorganize in the nucleus, by increasing number of dispersion in response to different stress (stimulation or heat shock, respectively). [14]
One of the nuclear body proteins appears to be involved in transcriptional active regions. [15] Expression of PML antigen and sp100 is responsive to interferons. Sp100 seems to have transcriptional transactivating properties. PML protein was reported to suppress growth and transformation, [5] and specifically inhibits the infection of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) (a rhabdovirus) and influenza A virus, [16] but not other types of viruses. The SUMO-1 ubiquitin like protein is responsible for modifying PML protein such that it is targeted to dots. [17] whereas overexpression of PML results in programmed cell death. [18]
One hypothesized function of the dots is as a 'nuclear dump' or 'storage depot'. [19] The nuclear bodies may not all perform the same function. Sp140 associates with certain bodies and appears to be involved in transcriptional activation. [20]
ND10 nuclear bodies have been shown to play a major role in chromatin regulation. [21]
These, or similar, bodies have been found increased in the presence of lymphoid cancers [22] [23] and SLE (lupus). [24] They are also observed at higher frequencies in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis; in this instance, antibodies to measles show expression in and localization to the nuclear bodies. [25]
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Nuclear bodies (also known as nuclear domains, or nuclear dots) are membraneless structures found in the cell nuclei of eukaryotic cells. [1] Nuclear bodies include Cajal bodies, the nucleolus, and promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) nuclear bodies (also called PML oncogenic dots). [2] Nuclear bodies also include ND10s. ND stands for nuclear domain, and 10 refers to the number of dots seen. [3]
Nuclear bodies were first seen as prominent interchromatin structures in the nuclei of malignant or hyperstimulated animal cells [4] [5] identified using anti-sp100 autoantibodies from primary biliary cirrhosis and subsequently the promyelocytic leukemia (PML) factor, but appear also to be elevated in many autoimmune and cancerous diseases. [6] Nuclear dots are metabolically stable and resistant to nuclease digestion and salt extraction. [7]
A nuclear body subtype is a clastosome suggested to be a site of protein degradation. [8]
Simple nuclear bodies (types I and II) and the shells of complex nuclear bodies (types III, IVa and V) consist of a non-chromatinic fibrillar material which is most likely proteinaceous. [9] That nuclear bodies co-isolated with the nuclear matrix, and were linked to the fibrogranular nuclear matrix component by projections from the surface of the nuclear bodies. [9] The primary components of the nuclear dots are the proteins sp100 nuclear antigen, LYSP100(a homolog of sp100), [10] ISG20, [11] PML antigen, NDP55 and 53kDa protein associated with the nuclear matrix. [12] Other proteins, such as PIC1/SUMO-1, which are associated with nuclear pore complex also associate with nuclear dots. [13] The proteins can reorganize in the nucleus, by increasing number of dispersion in response to different stress (stimulation or heat shock, respectively). [14]
One of the nuclear body proteins appears to be involved in transcriptional active regions. [15] Expression of PML antigen and sp100 is responsive to interferons. Sp100 seems to have transcriptional transactivating properties. PML protein was reported to suppress growth and transformation, [5] and specifically inhibits the infection of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) (a rhabdovirus) and influenza A virus, [16] but not other types of viruses. The SUMO-1 ubiquitin like protein is responsible for modifying PML protein such that it is targeted to dots. [17] whereas overexpression of PML results in programmed cell death. [18]
One hypothesized function of the dots is as a 'nuclear dump' or 'storage depot'. [19] The nuclear bodies may not all perform the same function. Sp140 associates with certain bodies and appears to be involved in transcriptional activation. [20]
ND10 nuclear bodies have been shown to play a major role in chromatin regulation. [21]
These, or similar, bodies have been found increased in the presence of lymphoid cancers [22] [23] and SLE (lupus). [24] They are also observed at higher frequencies in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis; in this instance, antibodies to measles show expression in and localization to the nuclear bodies. [25]
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cite book}}
: |journal=
ignored (
help)