^
abL1: 119 million in the Russian Federation (of which c. 83 million in
European Russia), 14.3 million in Ukraine, 6.67 million in Belarus, 0.67 million in Latvia, 0.38 million in Estonia, 0.38 million in Moldova. L1+L2: c. 100 million in European Russia, 39 million in Ukraine, 7 million in Belarus, 7 million in Poland, 2 million in Latvia, c. 2 million in the European portion of Kazakhstan, 1.8 million in Moldova, 1.1 million in Estonia.
Russian at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required).
^
ab2.6 million cited as estimate of all Germans who speak Platt "well or very well" (including L2; 4.3 million cited as the number of all speakers including those with "moderate" knowledge) in 2009.
Heute in Bremen. „Ohne Zweifel gefährdet". Frerk Möller im Interview, taz, 21. Februar 2009. However, Wirrer (1998) described Low German as "moribund".Jan Wirrer: Zum Status des Niederdeutschen. In: Zeitschrift für Germanistische Linguistik. 26, 1998, S. 309. The number of native speakers is unknown, estimated at 1 million by SIL Ethnologue.
Low German at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required),
Westphalian at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^About 10 million in Kazakhstan.
Kazakh at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required).
Technically, the westernmost portions of Kazakhstan (
Atyrau Region,
West Kazakhstan Region) are in Europe, with a total population of less than one million.
^Total population estimated at 1.5 million as of 1991, of which c. 40% in the Ukraine.
Yiddish at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required),
Eastern Yiddish at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required),
Western Yiddish at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^Europe, Council of (2010-01-01). Minority Language Protection in Europe: Into a New Decade. Council of Europe. p. 30.
ISBN978-92-871-6727-9. in the United Kingdom, Welsh has 750,000 speakers
^c. 130,000 in Dagestan. In addition, there are about 0.5 million speakers in immigrant communities in Russia, see
#Immigrant communities.
Azerbaijani at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^Mari at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^Occitan at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required). Includes Auvergnat, Gascon, Languedocien, Limousin, Provençal, Vivaro-Alpine. Most native speakers are in France; their number is unknown, as varieties of Occitan are treated as French dialects with no official status.
^SIL Ethnologue: "Not the dominant language for most. Formerly the main language of Sephardic Jewry. Used in literary and music contexts." ca. 100k speakers in total, most of them in Israel, small communities in the Balkans, Greece, Turkey and in Spain.
^220,000 native speakers out of an ethnic population of 550,000. Combines Komi-Permyak (koi) with 65,000 speakers and Komi-Zyrian (kpv) with 156,000 speakers.
Komi at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^Tat at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required),
Judeo-Tat at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) 2,000 speakers in the Russian Federation according to the 2010 census (including
Judeo-Tat). About 28,000 speakers in Azerbaijan; most speakers live along or just north of the Caucasus ridge (and are thus technically in Europe), with some also settling just south of the Caucasus ridge, in the
South Caucasus.
^total 22,000 native speakers (2010 Russian census) out of an ethnic population of 44,000. Most of these are in Siberia, with about 8,000 ethnic Nenets in European Russia (2010 census, mostly in
Nenets Autonomous Okrug)
^
abL1: 119 million in the Russian Federation (of which c. 83 million in
European Russia), 14.3 million in Ukraine, 6.67 million in Belarus, 0.67 million in Latvia, 0.38 million in Estonia, 0.38 million in Moldova. L1+L2: c. 100 million in European Russia, 39 million in Ukraine, 7 million in Belarus, 7 million in Poland, 2 million in Latvia, c. 2 million in the European portion of Kazakhstan, 1.8 million in Moldova, 1.1 million in Estonia.
Russian at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required).
^
ab2.6 million cited as estimate of all Germans who speak Platt "well or very well" (including L2; 4.3 million cited as the number of all speakers including those with "moderate" knowledge) in 2009.
Heute in Bremen. „Ohne Zweifel gefährdet". Frerk Möller im Interview, taz, 21. Februar 2009. However, Wirrer (1998) described Low German as "moribund".Jan Wirrer: Zum Status des Niederdeutschen. In: Zeitschrift für Germanistische Linguistik. 26, 1998, S. 309. The number of native speakers is unknown, estimated at 1 million by SIL Ethnologue.
Low German at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required),
Westphalian at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^About 10 million in Kazakhstan.
Kazakh at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required).
Technically, the westernmost portions of Kazakhstan (
Atyrau Region,
West Kazakhstan Region) are in Europe, with a total population of less than one million.
^Total population estimated at 1.5 million as of 1991, of which c. 40% in the Ukraine.
Yiddish at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required),
Eastern Yiddish at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required),
Western Yiddish at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^Europe, Council of (2010-01-01). Minority Language Protection in Europe: Into a New Decade. Council of Europe. p. 30.
ISBN978-92-871-6727-9. in the United Kingdom, Welsh has 750,000 speakers
^c. 130,000 in Dagestan. In addition, there are about 0.5 million speakers in immigrant communities in Russia, see
#Immigrant communities.
Azerbaijani at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^Mari at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^Occitan at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required). Includes Auvergnat, Gascon, Languedocien, Limousin, Provençal, Vivaro-Alpine. Most native speakers are in France; their number is unknown, as varieties of Occitan are treated as French dialects with no official status.
^SIL Ethnologue: "Not the dominant language for most. Formerly the main language of Sephardic Jewry. Used in literary and music contexts." ca. 100k speakers in total, most of them in Israel, small communities in the Balkans, Greece, Turkey and in Spain.
^220,000 native speakers out of an ethnic population of 550,000. Combines Komi-Permyak (koi) with 65,000 speakers and Komi-Zyrian (kpv) with 156,000 speakers.
Komi at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^Tat at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required),
Judeo-Tat at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) 2,000 speakers in the Russian Federation according to the 2010 census (including
Judeo-Tat). About 28,000 speakers in Azerbaijan; most speakers live along or just north of the Caucasus ridge (and are thus technically in Europe), with some also settling just south of the Caucasus ridge, in the
South Caucasus.
^total 22,000 native speakers (2010 Russian census) out of an ethnic population of 44,000. Most of these are in Siberia, with about 8,000 ethnic Nenets in European Russia (2010 census, mostly in
Nenets Autonomous Okrug)