This article may have been created or edited in return for undisclosed payments, a violation of Wikipedia's
terms of use. It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's
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neutral point of view. (August 2021) |
Kazakhstan |
Poland |
---|
KazakhstanâPoland relations refer to bilateral relations between Kazakhstan and Poland. Relations focus on growing trade and politicial cooperation. Both countries are members of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, World Trade Organization and United Nations.
Poland and Kazakhstan have a shared history rooted in the mass deportation of ethnic Poles to the former Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic of the Soviet Union. [1] Following the joint German-Soviet invasion of Poland, which started World War II in 1939, the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic was one of the destinations for the deportations of Poles from Soviet-occupied eastern Poland. [2] After the SikorskiâMayski agreement, Polish diplomatic posts were established Almaty, Semey, Shymkent, Kostanay, Astana, Pavlodar and Petropavl in 1941â1942. [3] In early 1942, a portion of the Polish Anders' Army along with civilians was relocated to southern Kazakhstan, whereas the remainder was moved to the Uzbek and Kyrgyz SSRs. [4] The 1st Uhlan Regiment, the 8th Infantry Division and 10th Infantry Division were stationed in Otar, Shokpak and Lugovoy, respectively. [5] The Poles suffered from epidemics and famine and many died. [6] In 1942, the army with many civilians was evacuated to Iran. As of 1943, there were still nearly 77,000 Polish citizens in Kazakhstan, according to Soviet data. [7] After the war, over 62,000 Poles were repatriated from the Kazakh SSR to Poland in 1946â1948. [8]
Poland and Kazakhstan established formal diplomatic relations in 1992. [9] A double tax avoidance agreement was signed between the countries in 1995. [10] Several cooperation agreements were signed between the two countries, concerning economy (2006), tourism (2007), defense (2012), education (2014) and agriculture (2016). [11] [12] [13] [14] [15]
Poland President Andrzej Duda hosted Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev in Poland in 2016 for the Polish - Kazakh Economic Forum. [16] Polish presidents KwaĆniewski and KaczyĆski visited Kazakhstan in 1999 [17] and 2007 [18] respectively.
Trade turnover between the two countries exceeded $2.2 billion in 2014. [19] More than 200 Polish businesses are operating in Kazakhstan that have invested about $130 million in Kazakhstan operations. [20] Both countries' foreign trade agencies together established the Polish-Kazakh Intergovernmental Commission on Economic Cooperation to build commercial ties between businesses. [21]
LOT Polish Airlines operates a service from Warsaw to Astana.
This article may have been created or edited in return for undisclosed payments, a violation of Wikipedia's
terms of use. It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's
content policies, particularly
neutral point of view. (August 2021) |
Kazakhstan |
Poland |
---|
KazakhstanâPoland relations refer to bilateral relations between Kazakhstan and Poland. Relations focus on growing trade and politicial cooperation. Both countries are members of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, World Trade Organization and United Nations.
Poland and Kazakhstan have a shared history rooted in the mass deportation of ethnic Poles to the former Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic of the Soviet Union. [1] Following the joint German-Soviet invasion of Poland, which started World War II in 1939, the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic was one of the destinations for the deportations of Poles from Soviet-occupied eastern Poland. [2] After the SikorskiâMayski agreement, Polish diplomatic posts were established Almaty, Semey, Shymkent, Kostanay, Astana, Pavlodar and Petropavl in 1941â1942. [3] In early 1942, a portion of the Polish Anders' Army along with civilians was relocated to southern Kazakhstan, whereas the remainder was moved to the Uzbek and Kyrgyz SSRs. [4] The 1st Uhlan Regiment, the 8th Infantry Division and 10th Infantry Division were stationed in Otar, Shokpak and Lugovoy, respectively. [5] The Poles suffered from epidemics and famine and many died. [6] In 1942, the army with many civilians was evacuated to Iran. As of 1943, there were still nearly 77,000 Polish citizens in Kazakhstan, according to Soviet data. [7] After the war, over 62,000 Poles were repatriated from the Kazakh SSR to Poland in 1946â1948. [8]
Poland and Kazakhstan established formal diplomatic relations in 1992. [9] A double tax avoidance agreement was signed between the countries in 1995. [10] Several cooperation agreements were signed between the two countries, concerning economy (2006), tourism (2007), defense (2012), education (2014) and agriculture (2016). [11] [12] [13] [14] [15]
Poland President Andrzej Duda hosted Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev in Poland in 2016 for the Polish - Kazakh Economic Forum. [16] Polish presidents KwaĆniewski and KaczyĆski visited Kazakhstan in 1999 [17] and 2007 [18] respectively.
Trade turnover between the two countries exceeded $2.2 billion in 2014. [19] More than 200 Polish businesses are operating in Kazakhstan that have invested about $130 million in Kazakhstan operations. [20] Both countries' foreign trade agencies together established the Polish-Kazakh Intergovernmental Commission on Economic Cooperation to build commercial ties between businesses. [21]
LOT Polish Airlines operates a service from Warsaw to Astana.