January 2 – In Germany,
Henry II becomes the ruler of the independent nation of
Mecklenburg (now encompassing the northeastern German state of
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern) upon the death of his father,
Henry the Pilgrim. Henry II had served as regent from 1290 to 1298 during Henry the Pilgrim's pilgrimage to the Holy Land, and had continued most of the administration of Mecklenburg after the return of his 68-year-old father.
January 26 – At the suggestion of France, and pursuant to the treaty signed between England and France at Asnières, King
Edward I of England ("Edward Longshanks") and the Scottish nobles led by
Robert the Bruce agree to a nine-month peace treaty at
Linlithgow, to last until St. Andrew's Day, November 30, 1302. [1]
February 8 –
Yesün Temür becomes the
Jinong (crown prince) of the Mongol Empire upon the death of his father Gammala, with authority over the Mongolian steppe north of the Gobi Desert. Yesün Temür will become the Emperor of China's
Yuan dynasty in 1323 and reign for almost five years.
March 4 – After learning of the rejection of the papal bull by King Philip of France, Pope Boniface VIII sends Cardinal
Jean Lemoine to inform King Philip of the Pope's plans for an ecclesiastical council to control the appointment of French clergy.
March – Robert the Bruce, the future King of Scotland marries the 18-year-old
Elizabeth de Burgh at
Writtle in
Essex. She is the daughter of
Richard Óg de Burgh ("the Red Earl"), a powerful Irish nobleman and close friend of King Edward I of England.
April–June
April 8 – (8 Shaban 701 AH) Sultan
Muhammad II dies after a 29-year reign and is succeeded by his son
Muhammad III as ruler of
Granada. Within two weeks of his accession, he sends a Nasrid army under
Hammu ibn Abd al-Haqq to seize
Bedmar and other neighboring strongholds from
Castile. Nasrid forces also attack
Jódar, northeast of Bedmar, and recapture
Quesada. Meanwhile, Muhammad contains friendly relations with King
James II ("James the Just").[3]
April 10 – The first meeting of the
Estates General in
France is convened King
Philip IV ("Philip the Fair") at the
Notre-Dame in
Paris. During the assembly, all three classes – the French nobles, clergy, and commons – discuss the conflict between Philip and Pope
Boniface VIII about the papal legate,
Bernard Saisset – who is accused to raise a rebellion of Occitan independence, associated with
Navarre, under the banner of the
County of Foix.[4]
April 12 –
Ghazan of the Mongol Empire's
Ilkhanate division sends a letter to Pope Boniface and announces preparations for a new campaign against the Mamluk Sultanate. [5]
April 22 – In what is now
Turkey,
Byzantine Emperor
Michael IX Palaiologos launches a military campaign against Turkish forces who have been conducting raids, and marches from
Constantinople. [6] His army travels southward as far as
Magnesia ad Maeander (the ruins of which are now near the town of
Ortaklar in what is now Turkey's
Aydin Province). Palaiologos seeks to directly confront the Turkish forces, but is dissuaded by his generals. In the meantime, the Turks resume their raids, isolating Michael at Magnesia. His army is dissolved without a battle, as the local forces are left behind to defend their homes. The Alans (Byzantine mercenaries) too leave, to rejoin their families in
Thrace. Michael is forced to withdraw by the sea, followed by another wave of refugees.[7]
May 18 – Flemish militia kill 2,000 French soldiers in the course of the
Matins of Bruges, after
Pieter de Coninck and
Jan Breydel call on soldiers to kill all of the French occupiers of the city in Flanders. The French Governor of Flanders,
Jacques de Châtillon, escapes with a handful of soldiers while disguised as a priest. He arrives in
Paris to bring the news of the massacre to King Philip the Fair, who sends an army to capture the city.[8]
June 12 – The Baltic Sea town of
Wesenberg in
Danish Estonia (now Rakvere) receives municipal self-government under the Hanseatic League doctrine of
Lübeck law.
July 11 – The
Battle of the Golden Spurs takes place as France retaliates against Flanders for the May 18
Matins of Bruges massacre. Flemish forces led by
William of Jülich ("William the Younger") and Pieter de Coninck defeat the French army (some 9,000 men) at
Kortrijk in Flanders. The cavalry charges of the French prove unable to defeat the untrained Flemish infantry militia, consisting mainly of members of the craft guilds. Many French nobles (some 500 knights) are killed, like the commander
Robert II of Artois, and forced to retreat.[9]
July 27 –
Battle of Bapheus: To counter the Turkish threat at
Nicomedia, Emperor
Andronikos II Palaiologos sends a Byzantine force (some 2,000 men) to cross over the
Bosporus to relieve the city. On the plain, Turkish forces (some 5,000 light cavalry) led by Sultan
Osman I defeat the Byzantines, who are forced to withdraw to Nicomedia. After the battle, Andronikos loses control of the countryside of
Bithynia, withdrawing to the forts. Meanwhile, Turkish forces capture Byzantine settlements, such as the coastal city of
Gemlik.[10][11]
August 5 –
John Segrave is appointed to the custody of
Berwick Castle, leaving him in charge with an English force of some 20,000 men. Robert, along with other nobles, gives his allegiance to Edward.[12]
September 3 – (1 Muharram 702 AH) At the start of the new Muslim year 702 AH, Mamluk Sultan
Al-Nasir Muhammad sends a fleet of 20 galleys) to
Tripoli of Lebanon, where Mamluk forces led by Kahardash al-Zarraq al-Mansuri, begin a blockade and siege. [14]
September 26 – (28 Muharram 702 AH)
Fall of Ruad: The
Knights Templar, European Crusaders to the Holy Land, surrender their control of the island of
Ruad (now Arwad, off of the coast of Syria) to the Mamluk Sultanate. [15] Hugh Dampierre negotiates a promise that the Europeans will be allowed safe conduct to a Christian-ruled land of their choice, but Knights are attacked as soon as they emerge from the garrison. Templar Grand Master
Barthélemy de Quincy is killed in battle, all of the Syrian Christian bowmen and footsoldiers are executed, and the surviving Knights Templar are taken as prisoners of war and incarcerated in Cairo.
October 4 – Andronikos II Palaiologos, Byzantine Emperor, signs a peace treaty with the
Republic of Venice, ending the
Byzantine–Venetian War. The Venetians return most of their conquests – but keep the islands of
Kea,
Santorini,
Serifos and
Amorgos – which are retained by the
privateers who have captured them. Andronikos agrees to repay the Venetians for their losses sustained during the massacre of Venetian residents (see
1296).[16]
November 18 – Boniface VIII issues the papal bull Unam sanctam, which asserts the superiority of the papacy's spiritual power over secular rulers.[17]
^John Mackintosh, The History of Civilisation in Scotland (Alexander Gardner, 1892) p. 274
^"Boniface VIII", by Thomas Oestreich, in The Catholic Encyclopedia, ed. by Charles G. Herbermann (The Encyclopedia Press, 1907) p.666
^Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011). The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait, p. 118. University of Pennsylvania Press.
ISBN978-0-8122-2302-6.
^Andrew Latham (2019). "Medieval Geopolitics: The Conflict between Pope Boniface VIII and King Philip IV of France". Medievalists.net.
^"Why Did the West Fail to Recover the Holy Land Between 1291 and 1320?", by Malcolm Barber, in Crusading and Warfare in the Middle Ages, ed. by Simon John and Nicholas Morton (Taylor & Francis, 2016)
^Savvas Kyriakidis, Warfare in Late Byzantium, 1204-1453 (Brill, 2011)
^Nicol, Donald M. (1993). The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453, pp. 125–126. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
ISBN978-0-521-43991-6.
^Tucker, Spencer C. (2010). A Global Chronology of Conflict, p. 294. Vol. 1.
ISBN978-1-85-109667-1.
^Verbruggen, J. F. (2002). The Battle of the Golden Spurs: Courtrai, 11 July 1302, p. 192. Woodbridge: Boydell Press.
ISBN978-0-85115-888-4.
^Bartusis, Mark C. (1997). The Late Byzantine Army: Arms and Society 1204–1453, pp. 76–77. University of Pennsylvania Press.
ISBN978-0-8122-1620-2.
^Laiou, Angeliki E. (1972). Constantinople and the Latins: Foreign Policy of Andronicus II, 1282–1328, pp. 90–91. Harvard University Press.
ISBN978-0-674-16535-9.
^Lee, Sidney (1897). "Segrave, John de". Dictionary of National Biography. Vol 51. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
^Amir Mazor, The Rise and Fall of a Muslim Regiment: The Manṣūriyya in the First Mamluk Sultanate, 678/1279 –741/1341 (V&R Unipress, 2015) p.131
^Malcolm Barber, The Trial of the Templars (Cambridge University Press, 2006) p.22
ISBN0-521-85639-6
^Nicol, Donald M. (1988). Byzantium and Venice: A Study in Diplomatic and Cultural Relations, pp. 217–221. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
ISBN0-521-34157-4.
^Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History, p. 153. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
ISBN0-304-35730-8.
January 2 – In Germany,
Henry II becomes the ruler of the independent nation of
Mecklenburg (now encompassing the northeastern German state of
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern) upon the death of his father,
Henry the Pilgrim. Henry II had served as regent from 1290 to 1298 during Henry the Pilgrim's pilgrimage to the Holy Land, and had continued most of the administration of Mecklenburg after the return of his 68-year-old father.
January 26 – At the suggestion of France, and pursuant to the treaty signed between England and France at Asnières, King
Edward I of England ("Edward Longshanks") and the Scottish nobles led by
Robert the Bruce agree to a nine-month peace treaty at
Linlithgow, to last until St. Andrew's Day, November 30, 1302. [1]
February 8 –
Yesün Temür becomes the
Jinong (crown prince) of the Mongol Empire upon the death of his father Gammala, with authority over the Mongolian steppe north of the Gobi Desert. Yesün Temür will become the Emperor of China's
Yuan dynasty in 1323 and reign for almost five years.
March 4 – After learning of the rejection of the papal bull by King Philip of France, Pope Boniface VIII sends Cardinal
Jean Lemoine to inform King Philip of the Pope's plans for an ecclesiastical council to control the appointment of French clergy.
March – Robert the Bruce, the future King of Scotland marries the 18-year-old
Elizabeth de Burgh at
Writtle in
Essex. She is the daughter of
Richard Óg de Burgh ("the Red Earl"), a powerful Irish nobleman and close friend of King Edward I of England.
April–June
April 8 – (8 Shaban 701 AH) Sultan
Muhammad II dies after a 29-year reign and is succeeded by his son
Muhammad III as ruler of
Granada. Within two weeks of his accession, he sends a Nasrid army under
Hammu ibn Abd al-Haqq to seize
Bedmar and other neighboring strongholds from
Castile. Nasrid forces also attack
Jódar, northeast of Bedmar, and recapture
Quesada. Meanwhile, Muhammad contains friendly relations with King
James II ("James the Just").[3]
April 10 – The first meeting of the
Estates General in
France is convened King
Philip IV ("Philip the Fair") at the
Notre-Dame in
Paris. During the assembly, all three classes – the French nobles, clergy, and commons – discuss the conflict between Philip and Pope
Boniface VIII about the papal legate,
Bernard Saisset – who is accused to raise a rebellion of Occitan independence, associated with
Navarre, under the banner of the
County of Foix.[4]
April 12 –
Ghazan of the Mongol Empire's
Ilkhanate division sends a letter to Pope Boniface and announces preparations for a new campaign against the Mamluk Sultanate. [5]
April 22 – In what is now
Turkey,
Byzantine Emperor
Michael IX Palaiologos launches a military campaign against Turkish forces who have been conducting raids, and marches from
Constantinople. [6] His army travels southward as far as
Magnesia ad Maeander (the ruins of which are now near the town of
Ortaklar in what is now Turkey's
Aydin Province). Palaiologos seeks to directly confront the Turkish forces, but is dissuaded by his generals. In the meantime, the Turks resume their raids, isolating Michael at Magnesia. His army is dissolved without a battle, as the local forces are left behind to defend their homes. The Alans (Byzantine mercenaries) too leave, to rejoin their families in
Thrace. Michael is forced to withdraw by the sea, followed by another wave of refugees.[7]
May 18 – Flemish militia kill 2,000 French soldiers in the course of the
Matins of Bruges, after
Pieter de Coninck and
Jan Breydel call on soldiers to kill all of the French occupiers of the city in Flanders. The French Governor of Flanders,
Jacques de Châtillon, escapes with a handful of soldiers while disguised as a priest. He arrives in
Paris to bring the news of the massacre to King Philip the Fair, who sends an army to capture the city.[8]
June 12 – The Baltic Sea town of
Wesenberg in
Danish Estonia (now Rakvere) receives municipal self-government under the Hanseatic League doctrine of
Lübeck law.
July 11 – The
Battle of the Golden Spurs takes place as France retaliates against Flanders for the May 18
Matins of Bruges massacre. Flemish forces led by
William of Jülich ("William the Younger") and Pieter de Coninck defeat the French army (some 9,000 men) at
Kortrijk in Flanders. The cavalry charges of the French prove unable to defeat the untrained Flemish infantry militia, consisting mainly of members of the craft guilds. Many French nobles (some 500 knights) are killed, like the commander
Robert II of Artois, and forced to retreat.[9]
July 27 –
Battle of Bapheus: To counter the Turkish threat at
Nicomedia, Emperor
Andronikos II Palaiologos sends a Byzantine force (some 2,000 men) to cross over the
Bosporus to relieve the city. On the plain, Turkish forces (some 5,000 light cavalry) led by Sultan
Osman I defeat the Byzantines, who are forced to withdraw to Nicomedia. After the battle, Andronikos loses control of the countryside of
Bithynia, withdrawing to the forts. Meanwhile, Turkish forces capture Byzantine settlements, such as the coastal city of
Gemlik.[10][11]
August 5 –
John Segrave is appointed to the custody of
Berwick Castle, leaving him in charge with an English force of some 20,000 men. Robert, along with other nobles, gives his allegiance to Edward.[12]
September 3 – (1 Muharram 702 AH) At the start of the new Muslim year 702 AH, Mamluk Sultan
Al-Nasir Muhammad sends a fleet of 20 galleys) to
Tripoli of Lebanon, where Mamluk forces led by Kahardash al-Zarraq al-Mansuri, begin a blockade and siege. [14]
September 26 – (28 Muharram 702 AH)
Fall of Ruad: The
Knights Templar, European Crusaders to the Holy Land, surrender their control of the island of
Ruad (now Arwad, off of the coast of Syria) to the Mamluk Sultanate. [15] Hugh Dampierre negotiates a promise that the Europeans will be allowed safe conduct to a Christian-ruled land of their choice, but Knights are attacked as soon as they emerge from the garrison. Templar Grand Master
Barthélemy de Quincy is killed in battle, all of the Syrian Christian bowmen and footsoldiers are executed, and the surviving Knights Templar are taken as prisoners of war and incarcerated in Cairo.
October 4 – Andronikos II Palaiologos, Byzantine Emperor, signs a peace treaty with the
Republic of Venice, ending the
Byzantine–Venetian War. The Venetians return most of their conquests – but keep the islands of
Kea,
Santorini,
Serifos and
Amorgos – which are retained by the
privateers who have captured them. Andronikos agrees to repay the Venetians for their losses sustained during the massacre of Venetian residents (see
1296).[16]
November 18 – Boniface VIII issues the papal bull Unam sanctam, which asserts the superiority of the papacy's spiritual power over secular rulers.[17]
^John Mackintosh, The History of Civilisation in Scotland (Alexander Gardner, 1892) p. 274
^"Boniface VIII", by Thomas Oestreich, in The Catholic Encyclopedia, ed. by Charles G. Herbermann (The Encyclopedia Press, 1907) p.666
^Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011). The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait, p. 118. University of Pennsylvania Press.
ISBN978-0-8122-2302-6.
^Andrew Latham (2019). "Medieval Geopolitics: The Conflict between Pope Boniface VIII and King Philip IV of France". Medievalists.net.
^"Why Did the West Fail to Recover the Holy Land Between 1291 and 1320?", by Malcolm Barber, in Crusading and Warfare in the Middle Ages, ed. by Simon John and Nicholas Morton (Taylor & Francis, 2016)
^Savvas Kyriakidis, Warfare in Late Byzantium, 1204-1453 (Brill, 2011)
^Nicol, Donald M. (1993). The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453, pp. 125–126. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
ISBN978-0-521-43991-6.
^Tucker, Spencer C. (2010). A Global Chronology of Conflict, p. 294. Vol. 1.
ISBN978-1-85-109667-1.
^Verbruggen, J. F. (2002). The Battle of the Golden Spurs: Courtrai, 11 July 1302, p. 192. Woodbridge: Boydell Press.
ISBN978-0-85115-888-4.
^Bartusis, Mark C. (1997). The Late Byzantine Army: Arms and Society 1204–1453, pp. 76–77. University of Pennsylvania Press.
ISBN978-0-8122-1620-2.
^Laiou, Angeliki E. (1972). Constantinople and the Latins: Foreign Policy of Andronicus II, 1282–1328, pp. 90–91. Harvard University Press.
ISBN978-0-674-16535-9.
^Lee, Sidney (1897). "Segrave, John de". Dictionary of National Biography. Vol 51. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
^Amir Mazor, The Rise and Fall of a Muslim Regiment: The Manṣūriyya in the First Mamluk Sultanate, 678/1279 –741/1341 (V&R Unipress, 2015) p.131
^Malcolm Barber, The Trial of the Templars (Cambridge University Press, 2006) p.22
ISBN0-521-85639-6
^Nicol, Donald M. (1988). Byzantium and Venice: A Study in Diplomatic and Cultural Relations, pp. 217–221. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
ISBN0-521-34157-4.
^Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History, p. 153. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
ISBN0-304-35730-8.