About 830 an Arabian
dhow sinks on its journey from China to Arabia near the Indonesian island of Belitung, carrying some 60,000 trade items, the largest collection of Tang dynasty artifacts outside of China (
Belitung shipwreck).
Fall – Muslim Arabs reinvade
Sicily, and lay
siege to
Palermo. Symeon, Byzantine commander of the imperial bodyguard (spatharios), surrenders the city in exchange for a safe departure.
An
UyghurTurk sues the son of a Chinese general, who had failed to repay a debt of 11 million government-issued
copper coins. Emperor
Wenzong hears the news, and is so upset that he not only banishes the general, but attempts to ban all
trade between Chinese and foreigners except for goods and
livestock. This ban is unsuccessful, and trade with foreigners resumes, especially in maritime affairs overseas.
Mojmir I, Moravian duke, expels Prince
Pribina from his homeland (western part of modern
Slovakia). He unifies
Great Moravia and becomes the first known ruler of the Moravian
Slavs, who founds the
House of Mojmir (approximate date).
December 14 –
Sweet Dew Incident: Emperor
Wen Zong plots to free the court from the influence of his palace
eunuchs. In the
northeast sector of the capital
Chang'an, after the failure of the emperor's chancellor
Li Zhongyan to subdue the eunuchs' influence, troops under the eunuchs' command slaughter many officials and other associates.
Driven by tensions between his favoured
Turkish guard and the populace of
Baghdad,
Abbasidcaliphal-Mu'tasim moves his residence to the new city of
Samarra, 130 km north of Baghdad. With brief interruptions, the city will remain the seat of the Abbasid caliphs until
892.
Malamir, ruler (khan) of the
Bulgarian Empire, dies after a 4-year reign and is succeeded by his nephew
Presian I. Because of his young age and inexperience, the Bulgarian state affairs are dominated by his minister and commander-in-chief
Isbul.
July 22 –
Battle of Dazimon: Caliph
Al-Mu'tasim launches a major punitive expedition against the
Byzantine Empire, targeting the two major Byzantine fortress cities of central
Anatolia (
Ancyra and
Amorium). He mobilises a vast army (80,000 men) at
Tarsus, which is divided into two main forces. The northern force, under commander
Al-Afshin, invades the
Armeniac Theme from the region of
Melitene, joining up with the forces of the city's emir,
Umar al-Aqta. The southern, main force, under Al-Mu'tasim, passes the
Cilician Gates into
Cappadocia. Emperor
Theophilos attacks the
Abbasids, inflicting 3,000 casualties, but is later heavily defeated by a counter-attack of 10,000 Turkish
horse archers. Theophilos and his guard are encircled, and barely manage to break through and escape.[14][15][16]
August –
Siege of Amorium: The Abbasids besiege the Byzantine fortress city of
Amorium, which is protected by 44 towers, according to the contemporary geographer
Ibn Khordadbeh. Both besiegers and besieged have many
siege engines, and for several days both sides exchange missile fire. However, a Muslim prisoner defects to Al-Mu'tasim, and informs him about a place in the wall which has been badly damaged by heavy rainfall. The Abbasids concentrate their hits on this section, and after two days manage to breach the
city wall. After two weeks of repeated attacks, the Byzantine defenders surrender. The city is sacked and plundered, 70,000 inhabitants are slaughtered, and the survivors are sold as
slaves.
A conspiracy is discovered, led by General
'Ujayf ibn 'Anbasa, to assassinate Al-Mu'tasim while he is campaigning, and place his nephew
Al-Abbas ibn al-Ma'mun on the throne. A widespread purge of the army follows, which cements the leading role of the
Turkish slave-soldiers (ghilman) in the Abbasid military establishment.
Babak Khorramdin, an Iranian military leader, is executed by order of al-Mu'tasim.[19]
The
Yezidi rise up against the Abbasids (approximate date).[20]
By topic
Religion
The oldest known mention is made of the city of
Rheine, on the
Ems River (modern
Germany).
The
Khazars are converted to
Judaism (approximate date).
^M. Th. Houtsma, 1993, E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936: Volume 4 - p. 1136, Brill.
^Kreutz, Barbara M (1991). Before the Normans: Southern Italy in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries, p. 23 (University of Pennsylvania, Press: Philadelphia).
^Bóna, István (2000). The Hungarians and Europe in the 9th-10th centuries. Budapest: Historia - MTA Történettudományi Intézete, p. 11.
ISBN963-8312-67-X.
About 830 an Arabian
dhow sinks on its journey from China to Arabia near the Indonesian island of Belitung, carrying some 60,000 trade items, the largest collection of Tang dynasty artifacts outside of China (
Belitung shipwreck).
Fall – Muslim Arabs reinvade
Sicily, and lay
siege to
Palermo. Symeon, Byzantine commander of the imperial bodyguard (spatharios), surrenders the city in exchange for a safe departure.
An
UyghurTurk sues the son of a Chinese general, who had failed to repay a debt of 11 million government-issued
copper coins. Emperor
Wenzong hears the news, and is so upset that he not only banishes the general, but attempts to ban all
trade between Chinese and foreigners except for goods and
livestock. This ban is unsuccessful, and trade with foreigners resumes, especially in maritime affairs overseas.
Mojmir I, Moravian duke, expels Prince
Pribina from his homeland (western part of modern
Slovakia). He unifies
Great Moravia and becomes the first known ruler of the Moravian
Slavs, who founds the
House of Mojmir (approximate date).
December 14 –
Sweet Dew Incident: Emperor
Wen Zong plots to free the court from the influence of his palace
eunuchs. In the
northeast sector of the capital
Chang'an, after the failure of the emperor's chancellor
Li Zhongyan to subdue the eunuchs' influence, troops under the eunuchs' command slaughter many officials and other associates.
Driven by tensions between his favoured
Turkish guard and the populace of
Baghdad,
Abbasidcaliphal-Mu'tasim moves his residence to the new city of
Samarra, 130 km north of Baghdad. With brief interruptions, the city will remain the seat of the Abbasid caliphs until
892.
Malamir, ruler (khan) of the
Bulgarian Empire, dies after a 4-year reign and is succeeded by his nephew
Presian I. Because of his young age and inexperience, the Bulgarian state affairs are dominated by his minister and commander-in-chief
Isbul.
July 22 –
Battle of Dazimon: Caliph
Al-Mu'tasim launches a major punitive expedition against the
Byzantine Empire, targeting the two major Byzantine fortress cities of central
Anatolia (
Ancyra and
Amorium). He mobilises a vast army (80,000 men) at
Tarsus, which is divided into two main forces. The northern force, under commander
Al-Afshin, invades the
Armeniac Theme from the region of
Melitene, joining up with the forces of the city's emir,
Umar al-Aqta. The southern, main force, under Al-Mu'tasim, passes the
Cilician Gates into
Cappadocia. Emperor
Theophilos attacks the
Abbasids, inflicting 3,000 casualties, but is later heavily defeated by a counter-attack of 10,000 Turkish
horse archers. Theophilos and his guard are encircled, and barely manage to break through and escape.[14][15][16]
August –
Siege of Amorium: The Abbasids besiege the Byzantine fortress city of
Amorium, which is protected by 44 towers, according to the contemporary geographer
Ibn Khordadbeh. Both besiegers and besieged have many
siege engines, and for several days both sides exchange missile fire. However, a Muslim prisoner defects to Al-Mu'tasim, and informs him about a place in the wall which has been badly damaged by heavy rainfall. The Abbasids concentrate their hits on this section, and after two days manage to breach the
city wall. After two weeks of repeated attacks, the Byzantine defenders surrender. The city is sacked and plundered, 70,000 inhabitants are slaughtered, and the survivors are sold as
slaves.
A conspiracy is discovered, led by General
'Ujayf ibn 'Anbasa, to assassinate Al-Mu'tasim while he is campaigning, and place his nephew
Al-Abbas ibn al-Ma'mun on the throne. A widespread purge of the army follows, which cements the leading role of the
Turkish slave-soldiers (ghilman) in the Abbasid military establishment.
Babak Khorramdin, an Iranian military leader, is executed by order of al-Mu'tasim.[19]
The
Yezidi rise up against the Abbasids (approximate date).[20]
By topic
Religion
The oldest known mention is made of the city of
Rheine, on the
Ems River (modern
Germany).
The
Khazars are converted to
Judaism (approximate date).
^M. Th. Houtsma, 1993, E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936: Volume 4 - p. 1136, Brill.
^Kreutz, Barbara M (1991). Before the Normans: Southern Italy in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries, p. 23 (University of Pennsylvania, Press: Philadelphia).
^Bóna, István (2000). The Hungarians and Europe in the 9th-10th centuries. Budapest: Historia - MTA Történettudományi Intézete, p. 11.
ISBN963-8312-67-X.