From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Overview of the events of 1955 in science
The year 1955 in
science and
technology included many events, some of which are listed below.
Astronomy and space sciences
Biochemistry
Chemistry
Climatology
August 9 –
Gilbert Plass submits his seminal article "The Carbon Dioxide Theory of Climate Change".
[15]
Computer science
Earth sciences
History of science and technology
Mathematics
Physics
Physiology and medicine
Technology
January 5 –
Strömsund Bridge in
Sweden completed, the first significant
cable-stayed bridge of the modern era.
[42]
July 17 – The first atomic-generated electrical power is sold commercially, partially powering
Arco, Idaho , from the U.S.
National Reactor Testing Station ; on July 18,
Schenectady, New York , receives power from a prototype nuclear submarine reactor at
Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory .
[5]
August 24 – The first accurate
atomic clock , a
caesium standard based on a certain transition of the
caesium-133 atom, is built by
Louis Essen with J. V. L. Parry at the
National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom) .
[20]
[43]
December 12 –
Christopher Cockerell is granted a United Kingdom patent for his design of
hovercraft .
Swiss
electrical engineer
George de Mestral is granted a patent for the
Velcro fabric hook-and-loop fastener.
[44]
Tappan introduce the first domestic
microwave oven , in the United States.
[5]
American electrical engineer
Eugene Polley invents the
Zenith Flash-Matic, the first wireless television
remote control .
[45]
[46]
Zoology
Events
Publications
Awards
Births
Steve Jobs and
Bill Gates
January 1 –
Simon Schaffer , English historian of science.
January 6 –
Susan B. Horwitz (died
2014 ), American computer scientist and academic.
January 17 –
Katalin Karikó , Hungarian-born biochemist, winner of the 2023
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine .
[48]
January 24 –
Alan Sokal , American
mathematical physicist and proponent of
scientific objectivity .
February 3 –
Sue Ion , born Susan Burrows, English
nuclear scientist .
February 24 –
Steve Jobs (died
2011 ), American computing entrepreneur.
April 11 –
Piers Sellers (died
2016 ), English-born astronaut and climate scientist.
April 20 –
Svante Pääbo , Swedish
evolutionary geneticist , winner of the 2022 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
April 30 –
Francis Muguet (died
2009 ), French
chemist and advocate of
open access to information.
May 30 –
Jacqueline McGlade , British-born marine biologist and pioneer of
environmental informatics .
June 8 –
Tim Berners-Lee , English creator of the
World Wide Web .
[49]
June 11 –
Duncan Steel , English/Australasian
space scientist .
October 2 –
Nancy Rothwell , English
physiologist .
October 28 –
Bill Gates , American software designer and entrepreneur.
November 4 –
David Julius , American physiologist, winner of the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
December 22 –
Thomas C. Südhof , German-born
biochemist , winner of the 2013 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
Luis Álvarez-Gaumé , Spanish theoretical physicist.
Deaths
February 2 –
Oswald Avery (born
1877 ), Canadian-American
bacteriologist .
March 11 – Sir
Alexander Fleming (born
1881 ), British bacteriologist, winner of the 1945
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine .
March 15 –
Michele Besso (born
1873 ), Swiss engineer, confidant of Einstein.
April 10 –
Pierre Teilhard de Chardin ,
SJ (born 1881), French-born
paleontologist and
philosopher .
April 17 –
Eduard Pernkopf (born
1888 ), Austrian
anatomist .
April 18 –
Albert Einstein (born
1879 ), German-born theoretical physicist, winner of the 1921
Nobel Prize in Physics .
June 12 –
Redcliffe N. Salaman (born
1874 ), English
botanist .
July 21 –
J. B. Christopherson (born
1868 ), English
physician .
August 11 –
Robert W. Wood (born 1868), American optical
physicist .
August 12 –
James B. Sumner (born
1887 ), American winner of the 1946
Nobel Prize in Chemistry .
November 25 – Sir
Arthur Tansley (born
1871 ), English botanist and
ecologist .
December 13 –
Antonio Egas Moniz (born 1874), Portuguese
neurologist , winner of the 1949 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
References
^ Hoyle, F.; Schwarzschild, M. (1955). "On the Evolution of Type II Stars". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series . 2 : 1–40.
Bibcode :
1955ApJS....2....1H .
doi :
10.1086/190015 .
^ Burbidge, E. Margaret (1999). "Hoyle & Schwarzschild's Analysis of the Evolution of Population II Stars". The Astrophysical Journal . 525C : 639.
Bibcode :
1999ApJ...525C.639B .
^ Burke, B. F.; Franklin, K. L. (1955). "Observations of a variable radio source associated with the planet Jupiter".
Journal of Geophysical Research . 60 (2): 213–217.
Bibcode :
1955JGR....60..213B .
doi :
10.1029/JZ060i002p00213 .
^
"Stand By Satellite For Take OffP" . Popular Mechanics . Hearst Magazines. July 1957. pp. 65–69, 216.
^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j "1955". Houghton Mifflin Guide to Science & Technology .
^ Franklin, Rosalind E. (1955). "Structure of Tobacco Mosaic Virus".
Nature . 175 (4452): 379–381.
Bibcode :
1955Natur.175..379F .
doi :
10.1038/175379a0 .
PMID
14356181 .
S2CID
1109700 .
^ Tjio, J.-H.; Levan, A. (1956).
"The chromosome number of man" .
Hereditas . 42 (1–2): 1–6.
doi :
10.1111/j.1601-5223.1956.tb03010.x .
PMID
345813 .
^
Harper, Peter S. (2006).
"The discovery of the human chromosome number in Lund, 1955–1956" .
Human Genetics . 119 (1–2): 226–232.
doi :
10.1007/s00439-005-0121-x .
PMID
16463025 .
S2CID
12237105 . Retrieved 2011-08-18 .
^ Schafer, W. (1955).
"Vergleichende sero-immunologische Untersuchungen über die Viren der Influenza und klassischen Geflügelpest" [Comparative sero-immunological studies on the viruses of influenza and classical avian influenza]. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung . 10 (2): 81–91.
doi :
10.1515/znb-1955-0205 .
S2CID
94565421 .
^ Lycett, Samantha J.; Duchatel, Florian; Digard, Paul (2019-06-24).
"A brief history of bird flu" . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences . 374 (1775): 20180257.
doi :
10.1098/rstb.2018.0257 .
ISSN
0962-8436 .
PMC
6553608 .
PMID
31056053 .
^ Applied for in 1953. Greenwood, David (21 February 2008).
Antimicrobial Drugs: Chronicle of a Twentieth Century Medical Triumph . Oxford University Press.
ISBN
9780199534845 – via Google Books. McFaul, Thomas R.; Brunsting, Al (2014).
God Is Here to Stay: Science, Evolution, and Belief in God . Wipf and Stock Publishers.
ISBN
9781630871802 – via Google Books.
^ Ghiorso, A.; Harvey, B.; Choppin, G.; Thompson, S.; Seaborg, G. (1955).
"New Element Mendelevium, Atomic Number 101" .
Physical Review . 98 (5): 1518–19.
Bibcode :
1955PhRv...98.1518G .
doi :
10.1103/PhysRev.98.1518 .
^
^ Calderbank, A.; et al. (1978). "Chapter 9: Bipyridylium herbicides". In Peacock, F. C. (ed.).
Jealott's Hill: Fifty years of Agricultural Research 1928-1978 . Imperial Chemical Industries. pp. 67–86.
ISBN
0901747017 .
^ Plass, Gilbert N. (May 1956). "The Carbon Dioxide Theory of Climate Change". Tellus . 8 (2): 140–54.
Bibcode :
1956Tell....8..140P .
doi :
10.1111/j.2153-3490.1956.tb01206.x .
^ Weik, Martin H. (1961).
"The ENIAC Story" . Ftp.arl.mil. Archived from
the original on 2011-08-14. Retrieved 2011-08-18 .
^ Spira, Jonathan B. (2011).
Overload! How Too Much Information is Hazardous to your Organization . Wiley. p. 51.
ISBN
978-1118064177 . Retrieved 2013-06-08 .
^ Reilly, Edwin D. (2013).
Milestones in Computer Science and Information Technology . Greenwood. p. 274.
ISBN
978-1573565219 . Retrieved 2013-06-08 .
^ Patterson, C. (1956). "Age of meteorites and the Earth".
Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta . 10 (4): 230–237.
Bibcode :
1956GeCoA..10..230P .
doi :
10.1016/0016-7037(56)90036-9 .
^
a
b
Winston, Robert , ed. (2013). "1955". Science Year by Year . London: Dorling Kindersley.
ISBN
978-1-4093-1613-8 .
^
Rix, Michael (October 1955). "Industrial Archaeology". The Amateur Historian . 2 (8): 225–9.
^ Cox, D. R. (1955). "Some Statistical Methods Connected with Series of Events".
Journal of the Royal Statistical Society . 17 (2): 129–164.
doi :
10.1111/j.2517-6161.1955.tb00188.x .
^
Brauer, R. ; Fowler, K. A. (1955). "On groups of even order". Annals of Mathematics . 2nd series. 62 (3): 565–583.
doi :
10.2307/1970080 .
ISSN
0003-486X .
JSTOR
1970080 .
MR
0074414 .
S2CID
48846261 .
^ Chevalley, Claude (1955).
"Sur certains groupes simples" . Tohoku Mathematical Journal . 2nd series. 7 (1–2): 14–66.
doi :
10.2748/tmj/1178245104 .
ISSN
0040-8735 .
MR
0073602 .
^
Gilbert, E. (1955), Theory of shuffling , Technical memorandum,
Bell Labs .
^
"Canadian Mathematical Bulletin" . Canadian Mathematical Society. 1967: 764.
^ Roth, K. F. (1955). "Rational approximations to algebraic numbers".
Mathematika . 2 : 1–20, 168.
doi :
10.1112/S0025579300000644 .
ISSN
0025-5793 .
MR
0072182 .
^ Taniyama, Yutaka (1956), "Problem 12", Sugaku (in Japanese), 7 : 269
^ Hopkins, H. H.; Kapany, N. S. (1955). "Transparent fibres for the transmission of optical images".
Optica Acta . 1 (4): 164–170.
Bibcode :
1955AcOpt...1..164H .
doi :
10.1080/713818685 .
^ Rotblat, Joseph (March 1955). "The Hydrogen-Uranium Bomb". Atomic Scientists Journal . 4 : 224.
^
"Early-Warning Radars (part 3)" . Lincoln Laboratory. Archived from
the original on 2013-03-12. Retrieved 2013-01-19 .
^ Müller, Erwin W.; Bahadur, Kanwar (1956). "Field Ionization of gases at a metal surface and the resolution of the field ion microscope".
Physical Review . 102 (3): 624–631.
Bibcode :
1956PhRv..102..624M .
doi :
10.1103/physrev.102.624 .
^ Jacoby, Mitch (2008-11-28).
"Atomic Imaging Turns 50" . Chemical & Engineering News . 83 (48): 13–16.
^ Haroldsen, Ray. The Story of the Borax Nuclear Reactor and the EBR-I Meltdown .
ISBN
978-1-56684-706-3 .
^ Alvarez, L. W. (1987).
Alvarez: Adventures of a Physicist .
Basic Books . pp. 185–9.
ISBN
0-465-00115-7 .
^
"Science Places Liverpool" . 2008. Retrieved 2011-03-20 .
^
Franklin D. Roosevelt is one of the most famous polio victims.) By the early 1950s, polio epidemics had been increasing in severity ...
Archived 2015-04-07 at the
Wayback Machine history1900s.about.com
^ Beecher, Henry K. (1955). "The Powerful Placebo".
Journal of the American Medical Association . 159 (17): 1602–1606.
doi :
10.1001/jama.1955.02960340022006 .
PMID
13271123 .
^ Acheson, E. D. (1959).
"The clinical syndrome variously called benign myalgic encephalomyelitis, Iceland disease and epidemic neurоmyasthaenia" (PDF) .
The American Journal of Medicine . 26 (4): 569–95.
CiteSeerX
10.1.1.534.4761 .
doi :
10.1016/0002-9343(59)90280-3 .
PMID
13637100 . Archived from
the original (PDF) on 2011-07-21. Retrieved 2011-07-29 .
^ Banoth, M.; Naru, R. R.; Inamdar, M. B.; Chowhan, A. K. (2018). "Familial Swyer syndrome: a rare genetic entity". Gynecological Endocrinology . 34 (5): 389–393.
doi :
10.1080/09513590.2017.1393662 .
PMID
29069951 .
S2CID
4452231 . {{
cite journal }}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
link )
^
"Historical timeline: 1852-1967" . Textbook of Cardiology . Retrieved 2022-10-27 .
^
"Strömsund Bridge (1955)" . Structurae . Retrieved 2010-10-02 .
^ Essen, L.; Parry, J. V. L. (13 August 1955). "An Atomic Standard of Frequency and Time Interval: A Cæsium Resonator". Nature . 176 (4476): 280–2.
Bibcode :
1955Natur.176..280E .
doi :
10.1038/176280a0 .
S2CID
4191481 .
^ Stephens, Thomas (2007-01-04).
"How a Swiss invention hooked the world" . swissinfo.ch. Retrieved 2011-12-16 .
^
"Inventor of the TV remote control dies" .
Chicago Tribune . 2012-05-22. Archived from
the original on 2012-05-23. Retrieved 2012-05-23 .
^
"TV remote control inventor Eugene Polley dies at 96" .
BBC News . 2012-05-22. Retrieved 2012-05-23 .
^ Garfield, Eugene (15 July 1955).
"Citation indexes for science: a new dimension in documentation through association of ideas" (PDF) .
Science . 122 (3159): 108–111.
Bibcode :
1955Sci...122..108G .
doi :
10.1126/science.122.3159.108 .
PMID
14385826 . Retrieved 2011-07-29 . [
permanent dead link ]
^ Gallagher, James (2023-10-02).
"Nobel Prize goes to scientists behind mRNA Covid vaccines" .
BBC News . Retrieved 2023-10-02 .
^
"Tim Berners-Lee | Biography, Education, Internet, Contributions, & Facts | Britannica" . www.britannica.com .
Archived from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 29 March 2023 .