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The 1020s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1020, and ended on December 31, 1029.
Events
1020
- Summer – Emperor Henry II conducts his third Italian military campaign. He makes plans to invade the south, but remains non-committal.
- June 15 – Byzantine troops under Catepan Basil Boioannes (supported by his ally Prince Pandulf IV) capture the fortress of Troia.
- The French city of Saint-Germain-en-Laye is founded by King Robert II (the Pious).
- King Canute the Great codifies the laws of England (approximate date).
- King Gagik I of Armenia is succeeded by Hovhannes-Smbat III.
1021
By place
Europe
- November – Emperor Henry II conducts his fourth Italian military campaign. He crosses the Brenner Pass with a 60,000-strong army, and reaches Verona, where he receives Lombard levies. Henry proceeds to Mantua and then into Ravenna, to spend Christmas there.
- The Taifa of Valencia, a Moorish kingdom in Al-Andalus (modern Spain), becomes independent from the Caliphate of Córdoba (approximate date).
Africa
- 13 February – On one of his habitual night rides in the outskirts of Cairo, the Fatimid caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah disappears, most likely assassinated by disaffected palace factions, apparently involving his sister, Sitt al-Mulk. [1]
- 26 March – On the feast of Eid al-Adha, the death of al-Hakim, kept secret for six weeks, is announced, along with the succession of his son, al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah. On the same day, al-Hakim's designated heir, Abd al-Rahim ibn Ilyas, is arrested in Damascus and brought to Egypt. [2]
- The last evidence of indigenous Christian and non- Arabophone culture in Tripolitania (modern Libya) is seen.[ vague] [3]
Asia
- Senekerim-Hovhannes Artsruni, king of Vaspurakan ( Greater Armenia), surrenders his kingdom to the Byzantine Empire. In return, he receives Sebasteia and becomes governor of Cappadocia. [4]
- Battle of Shirimni, the Byzantine Empire under Basil II defeats the Kingdom of Georgia under Giorgi I at Shirimni, at the Lake Palakazio, modern Lake Çıldır, Turkey
- Hovhannes-Smbat III, King of the Armenian kingdom of Ani, is attacked by his younger brother Ashot IV, and loses much power to him, becoming concurrent king of outlying territories.
- Emperor Rajendra Chola I extends his influence of the Chola Empire to the banks of the Ganges River ( North India) and invades Bengal.
- Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni appoints Malik Ayaz to the throne, making Lahore (modern Pakistan) the capital of the Ghaznavid Empire.
- The Chinese capital city of Kaifeng has some half a million residents by this year. Including all those present in the nine designated suburbs, the population is over a million people.
North America
- Vikings known to be occupying L'Anse aux Meadows on Newfoundland (island). [5]
1022
By place
Byzantine Empire
- Spring – Battle of Svindax: The Byzantine army under Emperor Basil II defeats the Georgians at Svindax (modern Turkey). King George I is forced to negotiate a peace treaty, ending the Byzantine–Georgian wars.
- Summer – Nikephoros Phokas Barytrachelos conspires with the Byzantine general Nikephoros Xiphias against Basil II. The rebellion collapses and Xiphias assassinates Phokas.
Europe
- Spring – Emperor Henry II divides his army into three columns and descends through Rome onto Capua after the Lombard states of Southern Italy had switched their allegiance to the Byzantinians in the wake of the battle of Cannae four years earlier. The bulk of the expeditionary force (20,000 men) led by Henry, makes its way down the Adriatic coast.
- Pilgrim, archbishop of Cologne, marches with his army down the Tyrrhenian coast to lay siege to Capua. The citizens open the gates and surrender the city to the imperial army. [6]
- Pilgrim besieges the city of Salerno for forty days. Prince Guaimar III offers to give hostages – Pilgrim accepts the prince's son and co-prince Guaimar IV, and lifts the siege. [7]
- Summer – Outbreak of the plague among the German troops forces Henry II to abandon his campaign in Italy. He reimposes his suzerainty on the Lombard principalities.
- King Olof Skötkonung dies and is succeeded by his son Anund Jakob as ruler of Sweden. He becomes the second Christian king of the Swedish realm.
Africa
- The 14-year-old Al-Mu'izz ibn Badis, with support of the Zirid nobles, takes over the government and (as a minor) ascends to the throne in Ifriqiya (modern Tunisia).
Asia
- The Chinese military has one million registered soldiers during the Song Dynasty, an increase since the turn of the 11th century (approximate date).
By topic
Religion
- After the Council of Orléans, King Robert II of France burns thirteen heretics at Orléans. These are the first burning victims for heresy.
- Pope Benedict VIII convenes a synod at Pavia. He issues decrees to restrain simony and incontinence of the clergy. [8]
- Æthelnoth, archbishop of Canterbury, travels to Rome to obtain the pallium. He is received by Benedict VIII. [9]
1023
January–March
- January 16 – (21 Shawwal 413 AH) The Grand Vizier of the Fatimid Caliphate in Egypt is executed only nine months after succeeding Khatir-al-Mulk. [10]
- January 24 – A solar eclipse is visible from London. [11]
- February 5 – At Cairo in the Fatimid Caliphate, the Caliph al-Zahir li-I'zaz Din Allah attains full power upon the death of his aunt, Sitt al-Mulk. [12]
- February 12 – (18 Dhu-I-qa'da 413 AH) In Spain Al-Ma'mun al-Qāsim ibn Ḥammud returns to Cordoba to become the new Emir, after the Emir Yaḥya ibn ʿAli ibn Ḥammud al-Muʿtali bi-llāh leaves the city and moves to Malaga. Al-Qasim reigns for 10 months before being forced out by Abd al-Rahman V. [13]
- February 23 – The Chitragupta Temple (now in India at Khajuraho at the Madhya Pradesh state) is consecrated to the Hindu god Shiva at the Maha Shivaratri celebration. [14]
- March 27 – Gebhard von Hohenwart becomes the new Bishop of Regensburg in Bavaria upon the death of Gebhard of Swabia. [15]
- March – Musharrif al-Dawla, ruler of Iraq, comes to Baghdad to see the Abbasid Caliph al-Qadir, and attempts to defy the caliphate. [16]
April–June
- April 10 – Al-Hasan ibn Muhammad ibn Thu'ban becomes the new Emir of Halab (in what is now northern Syria) after Safiyy al-Dawla is dismissed by the Caliph al-Hakim. [17]
- May 11 – In the Kingdom of León in Spain, the Abbot Oliba declines to authorize the wedding of King Alfonso V to Urraca Garcés, the sister of King Sancho of Pamplona, describing it as incesti connubii. The wedding takes place anyway. [18]
- May 16 – From his capital at Mainz in Germany, Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor, issues a grant of lands in Tragoess (now in Austria) to the Göss Abbey.
- June 15 – (17th day before the kalends of July) The body of the late Ælfheah of Canterbury, the former Archbishop of Canterbury who will later be canonized as a Roman Catholic saint and a martyr of the church, is reburied at Canterbury Cathedral on orders of England's King Canute, after being moved from St. Paul's Cathedral in London on June 12 (the 3rd day before the ides of June). King Canute, whose Danish troops had murdered Archbishop Ælfheah on April 19, 1012, during Canute's invasion of England, has ordered the reburial as an atonement for Ælfheah's death. [19] [20]
July–September
- July 20 – A partial solar eclipse, part of the Solar Saros 120 cycle, is visible to the natives of southern South America in what are now Brazil, Uruguay and Chile. [21]
- August 11 – King Robert II of France and Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor have a neutral site meeting at Ivois (now Carignan in France's département of Ardennes), and pledge to convene an assembly at Pavia to reform the clergy.
- September 14 – Rudolph III, King of Burgundy and his wife, Queen Ermengard, grant the county of Viennois to the Archbishop of Vienne.
October–December
- October 18 – Al-Mu'izz ibn Badis becomes the full ruler of Ifriqiya (modern day Tunisia) upon the death of his aunt, Umm Mallal, who had served as regent since 1016.
- November 13 – The marriage of King Alfonso V of León to Princess Urraca of Pamplona is confirmed by the Roman Catholic Church.
- December 2 – Abd al-Rahman V becomes the Muslim Caliph of Córdoba in what is now most of the southern two-thirds of Spain and Portugal by overthrowing Al-Qasim al-Ma'mun, but only serves for six weeks until his assassination by Muhammad III.
- December – Abbad I declares the Taifa of Seville independent from Córdoban rule. Abd ar-Rahman V is proclaimed Caliph at Córdoba.
By place
Europe
- The Judge-Governor of Seville in Al-Andalus (modern Spain) takes advantage of the disintegration of the Caliphate of Córdoba and seizes power as Abbad I, founding the Abbadid dynasty.
Asia
- April/May ( Jian 3, 4th month) – An epidemic in Kyoto (Japan) is so severe that there are corpses in the streets;[ citation needed] disease spreads throughout the country.
- 60th birthday and longevity ceremony of Japanese matriarch Minamoto no Rinshi, wife of Fujiwara no Michinaga.
- The Ghaznavid Empire occupies Transoxiana (approximate date).
By topic
Religion
- The Dom Church at Utrecht (modern Netherlands) is severely damaged by fire. Bishop Adalbold II begins construction of a new Romanesque style church.
1024
1025
By place
Byzantine Empire
- December 15 – Byzantine Emperor Basil II ("Bulgar Slayer") dies in Constantinople after a 50-year reign. Never married, he is succeeded by his brother and co-emperor Constantine VIII, who becomes sole ruler of the Byzantine Empire. Constantine calls the Sicilian invasion off. Catapan Basil Boioannes diverts the Byzantine expeditionary force already assembled on Calabria, to join the siege of Capua.
Europe
- April 18 – Bolesław I the Brave is crowned in Gniezno as the first king of Poland. He takes advantage of the interregnum in Germany (see 1024) and receives permission for his coronation from Pope John XIX; however, he dies on June 17.
- September – At the urging of Queen Constance of Arles, the three sons of King Robert II of France ("the Pious") revolt against their father – Hugh Magnus (heir and co-king), Henry I and Robert I, Duke of Burgundy start a civil war over power.
- December 25 – Mieszko II Lambert, son of Bolosław I, is crowned as king of Poland by archbishop Hippolytus in Gniezno Cathedral.
Africa
- Emir Al-Mu'izz ibn Badis of the Zirid dynasty in Ifriqiya (modern Tunisia) attempts to retake Sicily but is unsuccessful. [22]
Asia
- January 21 – Chifuru, daughter of powerful Japanese court official Fujiwara no Sanesuke (rival of Fujiwara no Michinaga) has her mogi ceremony. Sanesuke wants to make his daughter an imperial consort which causes the dislike of Empress Ishi (daughter of Michinaga) – eventually Kampaku (Regent) Fujiwara no Yorimichi prevents it.
- Srivijaya, a Buddhist kingdom based in Sumatra, is attacked by Emperor Rajendra I of the Chola dynasty of southern India in a dispute over trading rights in Southeast Asia. It survives but declines in importance.
- Completion and publishing of Avicenna's Canon of Medicine.
- Japanese Kampaku (Regent) Fujiwara no Yorimichi holds horse racing at his mansion; the emperor attends.
1026
By place
Europe
- Spring – King Conrad II, "the Elder", assembles an army of thousands of armored knights for an expedition into Italy. He besieges Pavia and marches to Milan, where he is crowned with the Iron Crown by Archbishop Aribert as king of the Lombards. Duke William V ("the Great") of Aquitaine, who is already en route for Italy, decides to renounce his claim to the Lombard throne and turns back. [23]
- April – Conrad II punishes the citizens of Pavia with starvation, with the help of Milanese troops, for burning down the Royal Palace. He appoints Aribert as his viceroy ("imperial vicar") in Italy and charges him to ensure that the order is complied with.
- Summer – Conrad II leaves the bulk of his army at the siege of Pavia, and marches to Ravenna. The Ravennan militias close the town gates and assault the imperial train. Conrad rallies his troops and takes Ravenna, taking bloody revenge.
- 1 June – The Basilica of Saint Maternus in Walcourt, present-day Belgium, is consecrated by Bishop Réginhard of Liège. [24]
- Conrad II proceeds to Pesaro, but a malarian outbreak forces him to withdraw back up north to the Po Valley. He subdues the March of Turin, where Count Ulric Manfred II opposes the election of Conrad.
- Autumn – Pavia falls to the imperial forces. Only the intervention of Odilo of Cluny persuades Conrad to have mercy on the city and the defeated rebels. [25]
- Battle of Helgeå (off the coast of Sweden): Naval forces of King Cnut the Great's North Sea Empire defeat the combined Swedish and Norwegian royal fleets. [26]
- 9-year-old Henry "the Black" is made duke of Bavaria by his father, Conrad II, after the death of his predecessor Henry V.
- Pietro Barbolano becomes 28th doge of Venice.
Asia
- A Zubu revolt against the Liao dynasty is suppressed, with the Zubu forced to pay an annual tribute of horses, camels and furs.
1027
By Place
Europe
- March 26 – Pope John XIX crowns Conrad II ("the Elder") and his wife Gisela of Swabia as Holy Roman Emperor and Empress, respectively, in Old St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. [27] Cnut the Great, King of Denmark and England, attends the coronation, proving his position as sole ruler of the Danish North Sea Empire.
- May 14 – King Robert II of France ("the Pious") sues for peace with his sons. Henry I is crowned co-king of France at Reims Cathedral, but has little power to rule (until 1031). [28]
- August 6 – Robert the Magnificent becomes duke of Normandy after the death of his brother Richard III.
- Duke Sergius IV of Naples donates the County of Aversa to a band of Norman mercenaries led by Rainulf Drengot, who support him in the war with Capua.
- King Sigtrygg Silkbeard of Dublin and sub-King Flannacán of Brega make a pilgrimage to Rome.
- Ealdred is appointed abbot of Tavistock Abbey in England (approximate date).
Asia
- August 16 – Bagrat IV becomes king of Georgia on the death of his father, George I. Queen Dowager Mariam becomes regent for her 9-year-old son.
- Wedding of Crown Prince Atsunaga of Japan and Imperial Princess Teishi.
- This is the first year of the first rabjyung (60-year) cycle to start in the Tibetan calendar.
By topic
Science, technology and medicine
- The Book of Healing ( Arabic: کتاب الشفاء Kitab Al-Shifaʾ, Latin: Sufficientia), a comprehensive scientific and philosophical encyclopedia written by the Persian polymath Avicenna (Abū ʿAlī ibn Sīnā), is published. [29]
- Song dynasty Chinese engineer Yan Su reinvents the 3rd-century south-pointing chariot, a mechanical-driven compass vehicle (as recorded in the Song Shi).
1028
By place
Byzantine Empire
- November 11 – Emperor Constantine VIII dies at Constantinople after a 3-year reign. [30] On his deathbed, and without a male heir, Constantine arranges that his eldest daughter, Zoë Porphyrogenita, succeeds him and marries the Byzantine nobleman, Romanos III (Argyros).
- November 15 – Zoë Porphyrogenita takes the throne as empress consort. Her husband, Romanos III (age 60) becomes emperor of the Byzantine Empire.
England
- Cnut the Great sails from England to Norway with a fleet of 50 ships. He defeats Olaf Haraldsson and is crowned king of Norway. Cnut becomes the sole ruler of England, Denmark and part of Sweden (known as the Danish North Sea Empire).
Europe
- April 14 – The 10-year-old Henry III (the Black), son of Emperor Conrad II (the Elder), is elected and crowned king of Germany in Aachen Cathedral by Pilgrim, archbishop of Cologne.
- King Sancho Garcés III (the Great) conquers Castile (modern Spain) (approximate date).
1029
By place
Europe
- Prince Pandulf IV of Capua becomes the de facto ruler of southern Italy – holding Capua and Naples himself – this in support with his powerful allies Amalfi, Salerno and Benevento. Only the Duchy of Gaeta remains out of his grasp.
- Rainulf Drengot, head of a mercenary band of Norman knights, is approached by Duke John V of Gaeta and is persuaded to change sides. With Norman help, Duke Sergius IV recovers Naples from Capuan occupation.
- Duke Bretislav I (Bohemian Achilles) of Bohemia of the Přemyslid Dynasty reconquers Moravia from Poland (approximate date).
By topic
Religion
- The seat of the Bishopric of Zeitz is moved to Naumburg ( Saxony-Anhalt) in Central Germany.
Significant people
- Al-Qadir caliph of Baghdad
- Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah caliph of Cairo
- Henry I of France
- Avicenna
Births
1020
- Almodis de la Marche, French noblewoman (d. 1071)
- Beatrice of Bar, French duchess and regent (d. 1076)
- Benno II, German bishop and architect (approximate date)
- Bernard of Menthon, French priest and saint (d. 1081)
- Conrad I (or Cuno), duke of Bavaria (approximate date)
- Filarete of Calabria, Sicilian saint (approximate date)
- Gonzalo Sánchez, Spanish nobleman (approximate date)
- Gunhilda of Denmark, German queen (approximate date)
- Guo Xi, Chinese landscape painter (approximate date)
- Hallvard Vebjørnsson, Norwegian saint (approximate date)
- Kunigunde of Altdorf, German noblewoman (approximate date)
- Maria of Gaeta, Italian noblewoman (approximate date)
- Osbern Giffard, Norman nobleman (approximate date)
- Otto of Nordheim, duke of Bavaria (approximate date)
- Stephen IX, pope of the Catholic Church (approximate date)
- Su Song, Chinese statesman and scientist (d. 1101)
- Sweyn Godwinson, English nobleman (approximate date)
- Vladimir Yaroslavich, Grand Prince of Kiev (d. 1052)
- William I (the Great), count of Burgundy (d. 1087)
- William Busac, English nobleman ( jure uxoris) (d. 1076)
- William FitzOsbern, 1st Earl of Hereford (approximate date)
- William of Poitiers, French priest and writer (d. 1090)
- Wulfhild of Norway, duchess consort of Saxony (d. 1071)
- Zhang Zai, Chinese philosopher and cosmologist (d. 1077)
1021
- December 8 – Wang Anshi, Chinese chancellor (d. 1086)
- Eudokia Makrembolitissa, Byzantine empress (d. 1096)
- Fujiwara no Kanshi, Japanese empress consort (d. 1102)
- Wugunai, Chinese chieftain of the Wanyan tribe (d. 1074)
1022
- Fujiwara no Nobunaga, Japanese nobleman (d. 1094)
- Harold II, king of England (approximate date)
- Manasses III, French nobleman (d. 1065)
- Michael Attaleiates, Byzantine historian (d. 1080)
- Ordulf, duke of Saxony (approximate date)
- Rajaraja Narendra, Indian ruler (d. 1061)
1023
- Lý Thánh Tông, Vietnamese emperor (d. 1072)
- Otto I (or Odon), count of Savoy (approximate date)
- Ramon Berenguer I, count of Barcelona (d. 1076)
- William VII ("the Bold"), duke of Aquitaine (d. 1058)
1024
- May 13 – Hugh the Great, abbot of Cluny (d. 1109)
- Al-Kunduri, vizier of the Seljuk Empire (d. 1064)
- Bruno II, margrave of Friesland (d. 1057)
- Fu Yaoyu, Chinese official and politician (d. 1091)
- Iziaslav I, Grand Prince of Kiev (d. 1078)
- Magnus the Good, king of Norway (d. 1047)
1025
- August 28 – Go-Reizei, Japanese emperor (d. 1068)
- Agnes of Poitou, Holy Roman Empress (d. 1077)
- Anna Dalassene, Byzantine empress and regent
- Edith of Wessex, English queen (approximate date)
- Elisaveta Yaroslavna of Kiev, Norwegian queen
- Gerald of Sauve-Majeure, French abbot (d. 1095)
- Gertrude of Poland, Grand Princess of Kiev (d. 1108)
- John Italus, Byzantine philosopher (d. 1090)
- John of Lodi, Italian hermit and bishop (d. 1106)
- Lothair Udo II, German margrave (d. 1082)
- Nong Zhigao, Vietnamese chieftain of Nong
- Ruben I, Armenian prince (approximate date)
- Rudolf of Rheinfelden, duke of Swabia (d. 1080)
- Simon I, French nobleman (approximate date)
- Tora Torbergsdatter, Norwegian Viking queen
- William VIII, French nobleman (approximate date)
1026
- Lidanus, Lombard Benedictine abbot (d. 1118)
- Tostig Godwinson, earl of Northumbria (approximate date)
- Pope Victor III, born Dauferio, Lombard churchman (approximate date)
- William Firmatus, Norman hermit and pilgrim (d. 1103)
1027
- January 19 – Shōshi, Japanese empress consort (d. 1105)
- Albert III, count of Namur ( House of Namur) (approximate date)
- Al-Mu'tamid ibn Abbad, Abbadid ruler of Seville (d. 1095)
- Ernest the Brave, margrave of Austria (d. 1075)
- Fayun Faxiu, Chinese Chan Buddhist monk (d. 1090)
- Matilda of Franconia, German princess (d. 1034)
- Sviatoslav II, Grand Prince of Kiev (d. 1077)
- Ulrich I (or Udalrich), German bishop (d. 1121)
1028
- February 17 – Al-Juwayni, Persian scholar and imam (d. 1085)
- Burchard II (or Bucco), bishop of Halberstadt (approximate date)
- Nuño Álvarez de Carazo, Spanish nobleman and warrior (d. 1054)
- Qutb Shah, Persian Sufi religious leader and scholar (d. 1099)
- Robert of Molesme, founder of the Cistercian Order (d. 1111)
- William I (the Conqueror), king of England (approximate date) (d. 1087)
1029
- January 20 – Alp Arslan (Heroic Lion), sultan of the Seljuk Empire (d. 1072)
- July 5 – Al-Mustansir Billah, caliph of the Fatimid Caliphate (d. 1094)
- Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī, Arab astrologer and astronomer (d. 1087)
- Al-Humaydī, Andalusian scholar and writer of Islamic studies (d. 1095)
- Clement III, antipope of the Catholic Church (approximate date)
- Kaoruko (or Saien-no Kogo), Japanese empress consort (d. 1093)
- Said al-Andalusi, Moorish astronomer and mathematician (d. 1070)
- Ulrich of Zell (or Wulderic), German abbot and saint (d. 1093)
Deaths
1020
- June 12 – Lyfing, archbishop of Canterbury
- June 15 – Dattus (or Datto), Lombard rebel leader
- August 16 – Zhou Huaizheng, Chinese eunuch
- Al-Mu'ayyad Ahmad, Muslim imam (b. 944)
- Al-Sijzi, Persian mathematician (approximate date)
- Bernard I (Taillefer), Spanish nobleman
- Bouchard II (the Bearded), French nobleman (b. 975)
- Einar Sigurdsson, Norse Viking nobleman
- Ferdowsi, Persian poet and author (b. 940)
- Gagik I, king of Bagratid Armenia (approximate date)
- Gerald I (Tranche-Lion), French nobleman
- Gojslav, king of Croatia (approximate date)
- Leif Ericson, Norse Viking explorer (approximate date)
- Melus of Bari, Lombard nobleman and rebel leader
- Radim Gaudentius, Polish archbishop (b. 970)
- Stephen I of Vermandois, French nobleman
- Trdat the Architect, Armenian chief architect
1021
- February 13 – Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, Fatimid caliph (b. 985)
- March 5 – Arnulf, French archbishop and illegitimate son of Lothair III
- March 16 – Heribert, archbishop of Cologne (b. c. 970)
- July 7 – Fujiwara no Akimitsu, Japanese bureaucrat (b. 944)
- August 17 – Erkanbald, German abbot and archbishop
- August 29 – Minamoto no Yorimitsu, Japanese nobleman (b. 948)
- Fujiwara no Yoshikane, Japanese nobleman (b. 957)
- Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani, Fatimid scholar and philosopher
- Hamza ibn 'Ali ibn-Ahmad, founding leader of the Druze
- Liu Mei, Chinese official and general (approximate date)
- Mac Cú Ceanain, king of Uí Díarmata ( Ireland)
- Shams al-Dawla, Buyid emir of Hamadan ( Iran)
- Trilochanapala, king of the Kabul Shani dynasty
1022
- March 12 – Symeon the New Theologian, Byzantine monk (b. 949)
- March 23 – Zhen Zong, emperor of the Song Dynasty (b. 968)
- March 30 – Atenulf, Italian nobleman and Benedictine abbot
- June 28 – Notker III, German Benedictine monk and writer
- July 23 – Lei Yungong, Chinese palace eunuch and adviser
- August 15 – Nikephoros Phokas, Byzantine aristocrat
- September 2 – Máel Sechnaill II, High King of Ireland
- November 20 – Bernward, bishop of Hildesheim
- December 2 – Elvira Menéndez, queen of León
- Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid, Twelver Shia theologian
- Arikesarin, Indian ruler of the Shilahara Dynasty
- Aziz al-Dawla, Fatimid governor of Aleppo
- Konstantin Dobrynich, mayor of Novgorod
- Moninho Viegas, French knight (b. 950)
- Olof Skötkonung, king of Sweden
- Rededya, leader of the Kassogians
- Sidi Mahrez, Tunisian scholar (b. 951)
1023
- March 27 – Gebhard I, bishop of Regensburg
- May 28 – Wulfstan (or Lupus), archbishop of York
- October 18 – Zirid princess and regent
- October 21 – Gero, archbishop of Magdeburg
- October 24 – Kou Zhun, Chinese grand chancellor
- November 24 – Eilward, bishop of Dresden-Meissen
- December 5 – Hartwig, archbishop of Salzburg
- Abū Hayyān al-Tawhīdī, Muslim intellectual (b. 923)
- Godfrey II, count and duke of Lower Lorraine (b. 965)
- Llywelyn ap Seisyll, king of Gwynedd and Powys
- Oda of Haldensleben, duchess of the Polans
- Sitt al-Mulk, Fatimid princess and regent (b. 970)
1024
- April 9 – Benedict VIII, pope of the Catholic Church
- July 13 – Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 973)
- Abd ar-Rahman V, Umayyad caliph of Córdoba
- Alpert of Metz, French Benedictine chronicler
- Brihtwine, bishop of Wells (approximate date)
- Choe Hang, civil minister of Goryeo ( Korea)
- Cúán úa Lothcháin, Irish poet and Chief Ollam
- Hugbert (or Hukbrecht), bishop of Meissen
- Sultan al-Dawla, Buyid emir of Fars (b. 993)
1025
- April 25 – Fujiwara no Seishi, Japanese empress consort (b. 972)
- May – Musharrif al-Dawla, Buyid emir of Iraq (b. 1003)
- June 17 – Bolesław I the Brave, king of Poland (b. 967)
- August 10 – Burchard of Worms, German bishop and writer
- August 11 – Kanshi, Japanese princess consort
- c. August 30 – Fujiwara no Kishi, Japanese crown princess, posthumously named empress, mother of Emperor Go-Reizei (b. 1007)
- September 17 – Hugh Magnus, king of France (b. 1007)
- September 29 – Louis I, count of Chiny and Verdun
- November
- Koshikibu no Naishi, Japanese waka poet and lady-in-waiting (b. c.999)
- Matilda, countess palatine of Lotharingia (b. 979)
- December 15 – Basil II, Byzantine emperor (b. 958)
- December 22 – Wang Qinruo, Chinese chancellor
- December – Eustathius of Constantinople, Byzantine patriarch
- Al-Qadi Abd al-Jabbar ibn Ahmad, Muslim theologian (b. 935)
- Mhic Mac Comhaltan Ua Cleirigh, Irish king
- Sabur ibn Ardashir, Persian statesman (b. 942)
- Watanabe no Tsuna, Japanese samurai (b. 953)
1026
- June 10 – Hugh II, French viscount and archbishop
- August 28 – Richard II, "the Good", duke of Normandy
- August 30 – Bononio, Lombard hermit and abbot
- September 21 – Otto-William, count of Burgundy
- November 27 – Adalbold II, bishop of Utrecht
- Adelaide-Blanche of Anjou, French queen and regent
- Frederick II, duke of Upper Lorraine ( Lotharingia)
- Henry V, duke of Bavaria ( House of Luxembourg)
- Hugh IV, lord of Lusignan (approximate date)
- Leo of Vercelli, German archdeacon and bishop
1027
- January 3 – Fujiwara no Yukinari, Japanese calligrapher (b. 972)
- August 6 – Richard III, duke of Normandy ( House of Normandy)
- August 16 – George I, king of Georgia ( House of Bagrationi)
- October 16 – Fujiwara no Kenshi, Japanese dowager empress (b. 994) [31]
- Abu'l-Qasim al-Husayn ibn Ali al-Maghribi, Arab statesman (b. 981)
- Aurelia of Regensburg, daughter of Hugh Capet and saint
- Dayang Jingxuan, Chinese Zen Buddhist monk (b. 943)
- Dogra mac Dúnadach, king of Síol Anmchadha ( Ireland)
- Gadhra Mór mac Dundach, king of Uí Maine (Ireland)
- Hippolytus, archbishop of Gniezno (approximate date)
- Sulayman al-Ghazzi, Arab poet and bishop of Gaza (approximate date) [32]
- Walter of Speyer, German bishop and poet (b. 967)
- Yazid II, Persian ruler ( shah) of Shirvan ( Azerbaijan)
1028
- January 3 – Fujiwara no Michinaga, Japanese nobleman (b. 966)
- August 7 – Alfonso V (the Noble), king of León ( Spain) (b. 994)
- November 11 – Constantine VIII, Byzantine emperor (b. 960)
- Lin Bu (or Junfu), Chinese poet and calligrapher (b. 967)
- Liu Wenzhi, Chinese official of the Song Dynasty (b. 964)
- Lý Công Uẩn, founder of the Vietnamese Lý Dynasty (b. 974)
- Qawam al-Dawla, Buyid governor and ruler of Kerman (b. 1000)
- Sayyida Shirin, Bavandid princess and wife of Fakhr al-Dawla
- William of Bellême, French nobleman ( House of Bellême)
1029
- January 20 – Heonae, Korean queen consort and regent (b. 964)
- January 27 – Unwan (or Unwin), archbishop of Hamburg- Bremen
- May 28 – Herman of Ename, count of Verdun ( Lower Lorraine)
- Abu'l-Qasim Jafar, Buyid statesman and vizier ( Fasanjas family)
- Al-Karaji, Persian mathematician and engineer (approximate date)
- Fujiwara no Kinsue, Japanese statesman and courtier (b. 957)
- Fujiwara no Tametoki, Japanese nobleman (approximate date)
- Haakon Ericsson, Norwegian Viking nobleman (approximate date)
- Ibn al-Kattani, Moorish astrologer, poet and physician (b. 951)
- Kushyar Gilani, Persian mathematician and geographer (b. 971)
- Lu Zongdao, Chinese official and politician (approximate date)
- Salih ibn Mirdas, Arab founder of the Mirdasid Dynasty
References
- ^ Halm, Heinz (2003). Die Kalifen von Kairo: Die Fāṭimiden in Ägypten, 973–1074 [The Caliphs of Cairo: The Fatimids in Egypt, 973–1074] (in German). Munich: C. H. Beck. pp. 297–302. ISBN 3-406-48654-1.
- ^ Halm, Heinz (2003). Die Kalifen von Kairo: Die Fāṭimiden in Ägypten, 973–1074 [The Caliphs of Cairo: The Fatimids in Egypt, 973–1074] (in German). Munich: C. H. Beck. pp. 307–308. ISBN 3-406-48654-1.
- ^ Bresc, Henri (2003). "La Sicile et l'espace libyen au Moyen Age" (PDF). Parte prima. Il regno normanno e il Mediterraneo. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 17 January 2012.
- ^ Hewsen, Robert H. (2001). Armenia: A Historical Atlas. The University of Chicago Press. p. 126. ISBN 0-226-33228-4.
-
^ Based on dating of a felled tree using
dendrochronology based on a timeline using the
993–994 carbon-14 spike. Kuitems, Margot; Wallace, Birgitta L.; Lindsay, Charles; Scifo, Andrea; Doeve, Petra; Jenkins, Kevin; Lindauer, Susanne; Erdil, Pınar; Ledger, Paul M.; Forbes, Véronique; Vermeeren, Caroline (2021-10-20).
"Evidence for European presence in the Americas in ad 1021".
Nature. 601 (7893): 388–391.
doi:
10.1038/s41586-021-03972-8.
ISSN
1476-4687.
PMC
8770119.
PMID
34671168.
S2CID
239051036.
Our result of AD 1021 for the cutting year constitutes the only secure calendar date for the presence of Europeans across the Atlantic before the voyages of Columbus [in 1492]. Moreover, the fact that our results, on three different trees, converge on the same year is notable and unexpected. This coincidence strongly suggests Norse activity at L'Anse aux Meadows in AD 1021.
- ^ Norwich, John Julius (1967). The Normans in the South. London: Longman, pp. 26–28.
- ^ Amatus, Dunbar & Loud (2004), p. 53. The young prince was sent to the papal court for safekeeping according to Amatus.
- ^ Walker, Williston (1921). A History of the Christian Church. Charles Scribner's Sons, p. 218.
- ^ Ortenberg. Anglo-Saxon Church and the Papacy. English Church and the Papacy, p. 49.
- ^ Yaacov Lev, State and Society in Fatimid Egypt (Brill, 2022) p.36
- ^ Samuel J. Johnson, Eclipses, Past and Future, With General Hints for Observing the Heavens (James Parker and Company, 1874) p.44
- ^ Lev, Yaacov (1987). "THE FĀTIMID PRINCESS SITT AL-MULK". Journal of Semitic Studies. XXXII (2): 319–328. doi: 10.1093/jss/XXXII.2.319. ISSN 0022-4480.
- ^ Peter C. Scales, The Fall of the Caliphate of Córdoba: Berbers and Andalus is in Conflict (E. J. Brill, 1993) p.103
- ^ Singh, Rana (2009-10-02). Cosmic Order and Cultural Astronomy: Sacred Cities of India. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 58. ISBN 978-1-4438-1607-6.
- ^ Bernhardt, John W. (2002-08-22). Itinerant Kingship and Royal Monasteries in Early Medieval Germany, C.936-1075. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-52183-3.
- ^ The Encyclopedia of Islam. Vol. 4. 1978. pp. 378–379. OCLC 871362861.
- ^ Zakkār, Suhayl (1971). The Emirate of Aleppo, 1004-1094. Dar al-Amanah. pp. 64–65.
- ^ Díez, Gonzalo Martínez (2007). Sancho III el Mayor: rey de Pamplona, Rex Ibericus (in Spanish). Marcial Pons Historia. ISBN 978-84-96467-47-7.
- ^ "Who was St Alfege?", St Alfege Church Greenwich
- ^ "Ælfheah (d. 1012)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (October 2006 ed.)(Oxford University Press, 2006)
- ^ "Partial Solar Eclipse of 1023 Jul 20", by Fred Espenak, EclipseWise.com]
- ^ Meynier, Gilbert (2010). L'Algérie cœur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518). Paris: La Découverte. p.50.
- ^ Jonathan Riley-Smith (2004). The New Cambridge Medieval History. Volume IV c.1024–c.1198. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-521-41411-1.
- ^ Josis–Roland, Françoise (1970). "La basilique Notre-Dame de Walcourt" [The basilica of Our Lady in Walcourt] (PDF). Bulletin de la Commission Royale des Monuments et des Sites (in French): 65. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 20 June 2021.
- ^ Lucy Margaret Smith (1920). The Early History of the Monastery of Cluny. Oxford University Press.
- ^ Dated 1025 by the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, which gives the victory to Sweden.
- ^ Wolfram, Herwig (2006). Conrad II, 990-1039: Emperor of Three Kingdoms. Pennsylvania State University Press. p. 102. ISBN 0-271-02738-X.
- ^ Clark, William W. (2006). Medieval Cathedrals. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-313-32693-6.
- ^ Goodman, Lenn Evan (1992). Avicenna. London: Routledge. p. 31. ISBN 0-415-01929-X.
- ^ Ladner, Gerhart B. Images and Ideas in the Middle Ages: Selected Studies in History and Art, Volume 1. Ed. di Storia e Letteratura, 1983. 315.
- ^ Izumi Shikibu writes a poem to her memory.
- ^ Noble, Samuel (17 December 2010). "Sulayman al-Ghazzi". In Thomas, David; Mallett, Alexander (eds.). Christian-Muslim Relations. A Bibliographical History. Volume 2 (900-1050). BRILL. p. 617. ISBN 978-90-04-21618-1. Retrieved 16 January 2024.
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The 1020s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1020, and ended on December 31, 1029.
Events
1020
- Summer – Emperor Henry II conducts his third Italian military campaign. He makes plans to invade the south, but remains non-committal.
- June 15 – Byzantine troops under Catepan Basil Boioannes (supported by his ally Prince Pandulf IV) capture the fortress of Troia.
- The French city of Saint-Germain-en-Laye is founded by King Robert II (the Pious).
- King Canute the Great codifies the laws of England (approximate date).
- King Gagik I of Armenia is succeeded by Hovhannes-Smbat III.
1021
By place
Europe
- November – Emperor Henry II conducts his fourth Italian military campaign. He crosses the Brenner Pass with a 60,000-strong army, and reaches Verona, where he receives Lombard levies. Henry proceeds to Mantua and then into Ravenna, to spend Christmas there.
- The Taifa of Valencia, a Moorish kingdom in Al-Andalus (modern Spain), becomes independent from the Caliphate of Córdoba (approximate date).
Africa
- 13 February – On one of his habitual night rides in the outskirts of Cairo, the Fatimid caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah disappears, most likely assassinated by disaffected palace factions, apparently involving his sister, Sitt al-Mulk. [1]
- 26 March – On the feast of Eid al-Adha, the death of al-Hakim, kept secret for six weeks, is announced, along with the succession of his son, al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah. On the same day, al-Hakim's designated heir, Abd al-Rahim ibn Ilyas, is arrested in Damascus and brought to Egypt. [2]
- The last evidence of indigenous Christian and non- Arabophone culture in Tripolitania (modern Libya) is seen.[ vague] [3]
Asia
- Senekerim-Hovhannes Artsruni, king of Vaspurakan ( Greater Armenia), surrenders his kingdom to the Byzantine Empire. In return, he receives Sebasteia and becomes governor of Cappadocia. [4]
- Battle of Shirimni, the Byzantine Empire under Basil II defeats the Kingdom of Georgia under Giorgi I at Shirimni, at the Lake Palakazio, modern Lake Çıldır, Turkey
- Hovhannes-Smbat III, King of the Armenian kingdom of Ani, is attacked by his younger brother Ashot IV, and loses much power to him, becoming concurrent king of outlying territories.
- Emperor Rajendra Chola I extends his influence of the Chola Empire to the banks of the Ganges River ( North India) and invades Bengal.
- Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni appoints Malik Ayaz to the throne, making Lahore (modern Pakistan) the capital of the Ghaznavid Empire.
- The Chinese capital city of Kaifeng has some half a million residents by this year. Including all those present in the nine designated suburbs, the population is over a million people.
North America
- Vikings known to be occupying L'Anse aux Meadows on Newfoundland (island). [5]
1022
By place
Byzantine Empire
- Spring – Battle of Svindax: The Byzantine army under Emperor Basil II defeats the Georgians at Svindax (modern Turkey). King George I is forced to negotiate a peace treaty, ending the Byzantine–Georgian wars.
- Summer – Nikephoros Phokas Barytrachelos conspires with the Byzantine general Nikephoros Xiphias against Basil II. The rebellion collapses and Xiphias assassinates Phokas.
Europe
- Spring – Emperor Henry II divides his army into three columns and descends through Rome onto Capua after the Lombard states of Southern Italy had switched their allegiance to the Byzantinians in the wake of the battle of Cannae four years earlier. The bulk of the expeditionary force (20,000 men) led by Henry, makes its way down the Adriatic coast.
- Pilgrim, archbishop of Cologne, marches with his army down the Tyrrhenian coast to lay siege to Capua. The citizens open the gates and surrender the city to the imperial army. [6]
- Pilgrim besieges the city of Salerno for forty days. Prince Guaimar III offers to give hostages – Pilgrim accepts the prince's son and co-prince Guaimar IV, and lifts the siege. [7]
- Summer – Outbreak of the plague among the German troops forces Henry II to abandon his campaign in Italy. He reimposes his suzerainty on the Lombard principalities.
- King Olof Skötkonung dies and is succeeded by his son Anund Jakob as ruler of Sweden. He becomes the second Christian king of the Swedish realm.
Africa
- The 14-year-old Al-Mu'izz ibn Badis, with support of the Zirid nobles, takes over the government and (as a minor) ascends to the throne in Ifriqiya (modern Tunisia).
Asia
- The Chinese military has one million registered soldiers during the Song Dynasty, an increase since the turn of the 11th century (approximate date).
By topic
Religion
- After the Council of Orléans, King Robert II of France burns thirteen heretics at Orléans. These are the first burning victims for heresy.
- Pope Benedict VIII convenes a synod at Pavia. He issues decrees to restrain simony and incontinence of the clergy. [8]
- Æthelnoth, archbishop of Canterbury, travels to Rome to obtain the pallium. He is received by Benedict VIII. [9]
1023
January–March
- January 16 – (21 Shawwal 413 AH) The Grand Vizier of the Fatimid Caliphate in Egypt is executed only nine months after succeeding Khatir-al-Mulk. [10]
- January 24 – A solar eclipse is visible from London. [11]
- February 5 – At Cairo in the Fatimid Caliphate, the Caliph al-Zahir li-I'zaz Din Allah attains full power upon the death of his aunt, Sitt al-Mulk. [12]
- February 12 – (18 Dhu-I-qa'da 413 AH) In Spain Al-Ma'mun al-Qāsim ibn Ḥammud returns to Cordoba to become the new Emir, after the Emir Yaḥya ibn ʿAli ibn Ḥammud al-Muʿtali bi-llāh leaves the city and moves to Malaga. Al-Qasim reigns for 10 months before being forced out by Abd al-Rahman V. [13]
- February 23 – The Chitragupta Temple (now in India at Khajuraho at the Madhya Pradesh state) is consecrated to the Hindu god Shiva at the Maha Shivaratri celebration. [14]
- March 27 – Gebhard von Hohenwart becomes the new Bishop of Regensburg in Bavaria upon the death of Gebhard of Swabia. [15]
- March – Musharrif al-Dawla, ruler of Iraq, comes to Baghdad to see the Abbasid Caliph al-Qadir, and attempts to defy the caliphate. [16]
April–June
- April 10 – Al-Hasan ibn Muhammad ibn Thu'ban becomes the new Emir of Halab (in what is now northern Syria) after Safiyy al-Dawla is dismissed by the Caliph al-Hakim. [17]
- May 11 – In the Kingdom of León in Spain, the Abbot Oliba declines to authorize the wedding of King Alfonso V to Urraca Garcés, the sister of King Sancho of Pamplona, describing it as incesti connubii. The wedding takes place anyway. [18]
- May 16 – From his capital at Mainz in Germany, Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor, issues a grant of lands in Tragoess (now in Austria) to the Göss Abbey.
- June 15 – (17th day before the kalends of July) The body of the late Ælfheah of Canterbury, the former Archbishop of Canterbury who will later be canonized as a Roman Catholic saint and a martyr of the church, is reburied at Canterbury Cathedral on orders of England's King Canute, after being moved from St. Paul's Cathedral in London on June 12 (the 3rd day before the ides of June). King Canute, whose Danish troops had murdered Archbishop Ælfheah on April 19, 1012, during Canute's invasion of England, has ordered the reburial as an atonement for Ælfheah's death. [19] [20]
July–September
- July 20 – A partial solar eclipse, part of the Solar Saros 120 cycle, is visible to the natives of southern South America in what are now Brazil, Uruguay and Chile. [21]
- August 11 – King Robert II of France and Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor have a neutral site meeting at Ivois (now Carignan in France's département of Ardennes), and pledge to convene an assembly at Pavia to reform the clergy.
- September 14 – Rudolph III, King of Burgundy and his wife, Queen Ermengard, grant the county of Viennois to the Archbishop of Vienne.
October–December
- October 18 – Al-Mu'izz ibn Badis becomes the full ruler of Ifriqiya (modern day Tunisia) upon the death of his aunt, Umm Mallal, who had served as regent since 1016.
- November 13 – The marriage of King Alfonso V of León to Princess Urraca of Pamplona is confirmed by the Roman Catholic Church.
- December 2 – Abd al-Rahman V becomes the Muslim Caliph of Córdoba in what is now most of the southern two-thirds of Spain and Portugal by overthrowing Al-Qasim al-Ma'mun, but only serves for six weeks until his assassination by Muhammad III.
- December – Abbad I declares the Taifa of Seville independent from Córdoban rule. Abd ar-Rahman V is proclaimed Caliph at Córdoba.
By place
Europe
- The Judge-Governor of Seville in Al-Andalus (modern Spain) takes advantage of the disintegration of the Caliphate of Córdoba and seizes power as Abbad I, founding the Abbadid dynasty.
Asia
- April/May ( Jian 3, 4th month) – An epidemic in Kyoto (Japan) is so severe that there are corpses in the streets;[ citation needed] disease spreads throughout the country.
- 60th birthday and longevity ceremony of Japanese matriarch Minamoto no Rinshi, wife of Fujiwara no Michinaga.
- The Ghaznavid Empire occupies Transoxiana (approximate date).
By topic
Religion
- The Dom Church at Utrecht (modern Netherlands) is severely damaged by fire. Bishop Adalbold II begins construction of a new Romanesque style church.
1024
1025
By place
Byzantine Empire
- December 15 – Byzantine Emperor Basil II ("Bulgar Slayer") dies in Constantinople after a 50-year reign. Never married, he is succeeded by his brother and co-emperor Constantine VIII, who becomes sole ruler of the Byzantine Empire. Constantine calls the Sicilian invasion off. Catapan Basil Boioannes diverts the Byzantine expeditionary force already assembled on Calabria, to join the siege of Capua.
Europe
- April 18 – Bolesław I the Brave is crowned in Gniezno as the first king of Poland. He takes advantage of the interregnum in Germany (see 1024) and receives permission for his coronation from Pope John XIX; however, he dies on June 17.
- September – At the urging of Queen Constance of Arles, the three sons of King Robert II of France ("the Pious") revolt against their father – Hugh Magnus (heir and co-king), Henry I and Robert I, Duke of Burgundy start a civil war over power.
- December 25 – Mieszko II Lambert, son of Bolosław I, is crowned as king of Poland by archbishop Hippolytus in Gniezno Cathedral.
Africa
- Emir Al-Mu'izz ibn Badis of the Zirid dynasty in Ifriqiya (modern Tunisia) attempts to retake Sicily but is unsuccessful. [22]
Asia
- January 21 – Chifuru, daughter of powerful Japanese court official Fujiwara no Sanesuke (rival of Fujiwara no Michinaga) has her mogi ceremony. Sanesuke wants to make his daughter an imperial consort which causes the dislike of Empress Ishi (daughter of Michinaga) – eventually Kampaku (Regent) Fujiwara no Yorimichi prevents it.
- Srivijaya, a Buddhist kingdom based in Sumatra, is attacked by Emperor Rajendra I of the Chola dynasty of southern India in a dispute over trading rights in Southeast Asia. It survives but declines in importance.
- Completion and publishing of Avicenna's Canon of Medicine.
- Japanese Kampaku (Regent) Fujiwara no Yorimichi holds horse racing at his mansion; the emperor attends.
1026
By place
Europe
- Spring – King Conrad II, "the Elder", assembles an army of thousands of armored knights for an expedition into Italy. He besieges Pavia and marches to Milan, where he is crowned with the Iron Crown by Archbishop Aribert as king of the Lombards. Duke William V ("the Great") of Aquitaine, who is already en route for Italy, decides to renounce his claim to the Lombard throne and turns back. [23]
- April – Conrad II punishes the citizens of Pavia with starvation, with the help of Milanese troops, for burning down the Royal Palace. He appoints Aribert as his viceroy ("imperial vicar") in Italy and charges him to ensure that the order is complied with.
- Summer – Conrad II leaves the bulk of his army at the siege of Pavia, and marches to Ravenna. The Ravennan militias close the town gates and assault the imperial train. Conrad rallies his troops and takes Ravenna, taking bloody revenge.
- 1 June – The Basilica of Saint Maternus in Walcourt, present-day Belgium, is consecrated by Bishop Réginhard of Liège. [24]
- Conrad II proceeds to Pesaro, but a malarian outbreak forces him to withdraw back up north to the Po Valley. He subdues the March of Turin, where Count Ulric Manfred II opposes the election of Conrad.
- Autumn – Pavia falls to the imperial forces. Only the intervention of Odilo of Cluny persuades Conrad to have mercy on the city and the defeated rebels. [25]
- Battle of Helgeå (off the coast of Sweden): Naval forces of King Cnut the Great's North Sea Empire defeat the combined Swedish and Norwegian royal fleets. [26]
- 9-year-old Henry "the Black" is made duke of Bavaria by his father, Conrad II, after the death of his predecessor Henry V.
- Pietro Barbolano becomes 28th doge of Venice.
Asia
- A Zubu revolt against the Liao dynasty is suppressed, with the Zubu forced to pay an annual tribute of horses, camels and furs.
1027
By Place
Europe
- March 26 – Pope John XIX crowns Conrad II ("the Elder") and his wife Gisela of Swabia as Holy Roman Emperor and Empress, respectively, in Old St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. [27] Cnut the Great, King of Denmark and England, attends the coronation, proving his position as sole ruler of the Danish North Sea Empire.
- May 14 – King Robert II of France ("the Pious") sues for peace with his sons. Henry I is crowned co-king of France at Reims Cathedral, but has little power to rule (until 1031). [28]
- August 6 – Robert the Magnificent becomes duke of Normandy after the death of his brother Richard III.
- Duke Sergius IV of Naples donates the County of Aversa to a band of Norman mercenaries led by Rainulf Drengot, who support him in the war with Capua.
- King Sigtrygg Silkbeard of Dublin and sub-King Flannacán of Brega make a pilgrimage to Rome.
- Ealdred is appointed abbot of Tavistock Abbey in England (approximate date).
Asia
- August 16 – Bagrat IV becomes king of Georgia on the death of his father, George I. Queen Dowager Mariam becomes regent for her 9-year-old son.
- Wedding of Crown Prince Atsunaga of Japan and Imperial Princess Teishi.
- This is the first year of the first rabjyung (60-year) cycle to start in the Tibetan calendar.
By topic
Science, technology and medicine
- The Book of Healing ( Arabic: کتاب الشفاء Kitab Al-Shifaʾ, Latin: Sufficientia), a comprehensive scientific and philosophical encyclopedia written by the Persian polymath Avicenna (Abū ʿAlī ibn Sīnā), is published. [29]
- Song dynasty Chinese engineer Yan Su reinvents the 3rd-century south-pointing chariot, a mechanical-driven compass vehicle (as recorded in the Song Shi).
1028
By place
Byzantine Empire
- November 11 – Emperor Constantine VIII dies at Constantinople after a 3-year reign. [30] On his deathbed, and without a male heir, Constantine arranges that his eldest daughter, Zoë Porphyrogenita, succeeds him and marries the Byzantine nobleman, Romanos III (Argyros).
- November 15 – Zoë Porphyrogenita takes the throne as empress consort. Her husband, Romanos III (age 60) becomes emperor of the Byzantine Empire.
England
- Cnut the Great sails from England to Norway with a fleet of 50 ships. He defeats Olaf Haraldsson and is crowned king of Norway. Cnut becomes the sole ruler of England, Denmark and part of Sweden (known as the Danish North Sea Empire).
Europe
- April 14 – The 10-year-old Henry III (the Black), son of Emperor Conrad II (the Elder), is elected and crowned king of Germany in Aachen Cathedral by Pilgrim, archbishop of Cologne.
- King Sancho Garcés III (the Great) conquers Castile (modern Spain) (approximate date).
1029
By place
Europe
- Prince Pandulf IV of Capua becomes the de facto ruler of southern Italy – holding Capua and Naples himself – this in support with his powerful allies Amalfi, Salerno and Benevento. Only the Duchy of Gaeta remains out of his grasp.
- Rainulf Drengot, head of a mercenary band of Norman knights, is approached by Duke John V of Gaeta and is persuaded to change sides. With Norman help, Duke Sergius IV recovers Naples from Capuan occupation.
- Duke Bretislav I (Bohemian Achilles) of Bohemia of the Přemyslid Dynasty reconquers Moravia from Poland (approximate date).
By topic
Religion
- The seat of the Bishopric of Zeitz is moved to Naumburg ( Saxony-Anhalt) in Central Germany.
Significant people
- Al-Qadir caliph of Baghdad
- Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah caliph of Cairo
- Henry I of France
- Avicenna
Births
1020
- Almodis de la Marche, French noblewoman (d. 1071)
- Beatrice of Bar, French duchess and regent (d. 1076)
- Benno II, German bishop and architect (approximate date)
- Bernard of Menthon, French priest and saint (d. 1081)
- Conrad I (or Cuno), duke of Bavaria (approximate date)
- Filarete of Calabria, Sicilian saint (approximate date)
- Gonzalo Sánchez, Spanish nobleman (approximate date)
- Gunhilda of Denmark, German queen (approximate date)
- Guo Xi, Chinese landscape painter (approximate date)
- Hallvard Vebjørnsson, Norwegian saint (approximate date)
- Kunigunde of Altdorf, German noblewoman (approximate date)
- Maria of Gaeta, Italian noblewoman (approximate date)
- Osbern Giffard, Norman nobleman (approximate date)
- Otto of Nordheim, duke of Bavaria (approximate date)
- Stephen IX, pope of the Catholic Church (approximate date)
- Su Song, Chinese statesman and scientist (d. 1101)
- Sweyn Godwinson, English nobleman (approximate date)
- Vladimir Yaroslavich, Grand Prince of Kiev (d. 1052)
- William I (the Great), count of Burgundy (d. 1087)
- William Busac, English nobleman ( jure uxoris) (d. 1076)
- William FitzOsbern, 1st Earl of Hereford (approximate date)
- William of Poitiers, French priest and writer (d. 1090)
- Wulfhild of Norway, duchess consort of Saxony (d. 1071)
- Zhang Zai, Chinese philosopher and cosmologist (d. 1077)
1021
- December 8 – Wang Anshi, Chinese chancellor (d. 1086)
- Eudokia Makrembolitissa, Byzantine empress (d. 1096)
- Fujiwara no Kanshi, Japanese empress consort (d. 1102)
- Wugunai, Chinese chieftain of the Wanyan tribe (d. 1074)
1022
- Fujiwara no Nobunaga, Japanese nobleman (d. 1094)
- Harold II, king of England (approximate date)
- Manasses III, French nobleman (d. 1065)
- Michael Attaleiates, Byzantine historian (d. 1080)
- Ordulf, duke of Saxony (approximate date)
- Rajaraja Narendra, Indian ruler (d. 1061)
1023
- Lý Thánh Tông, Vietnamese emperor (d. 1072)
- Otto I (or Odon), count of Savoy (approximate date)
- Ramon Berenguer I, count of Barcelona (d. 1076)
- William VII ("the Bold"), duke of Aquitaine (d. 1058)
1024
- May 13 – Hugh the Great, abbot of Cluny (d. 1109)
- Al-Kunduri, vizier of the Seljuk Empire (d. 1064)
- Bruno II, margrave of Friesland (d. 1057)
- Fu Yaoyu, Chinese official and politician (d. 1091)
- Iziaslav I, Grand Prince of Kiev (d. 1078)
- Magnus the Good, king of Norway (d. 1047)
1025
- August 28 – Go-Reizei, Japanese emperor (d. 1068)
- Agnes of Poitou, Holy Roman Empress (d. 1077)
- Anna Dalassene, Byzantine empress and regent
- Edith of Wessex, English queen (approximate date)
- Elisaveta Yaroslavna of Kiev, Norwegian queen
- Gerald of Sauve-Majeure, French abbot (d. 1095)
- Gertrude of Poland, Grand Princess of Kiev (d. 1108)
- John Italus, Byzantine philosopher (d. 1090)
- John of Lodi, Italian hermit and bishop (d. 1106)
- Lothair Udo II, German margrave (d. 1082)
- Nong Zhigao, Vietnamese chieftain of Nong
- Ruben I, Armenian prince (approximate date)
- Rudolf of Rheinfelden, duke of Swabia (d. 1080)
- Simon I, French nobleman (approximate date)
- Tora Torbergsdatter, Norwegian Viking queen
- William VIII, French nobleman (approximate date)
1026
- Lidanus, Lombard Benedictine abbot (d. 1118)
- Tostig Godwinson, earl of Northumbria (approximate date)
- Pope Victor III, born Dauferio, Lombard churchman (approximate date)
- William Firmatus, Norman hermit and pilgrim (d. 1103)
1027
- January 19 – Shōshi, Japanese empress consort (d. 1105)
- Albert III, count of Namur ( House of Namur) (approximate date)
- Al-Mu'tamid ibn Abbad, Abbadid ruler of Seville (d. 1095)
- Ernest the Brave, margrave of Austria (d. 1075)
- Fayun Faxiu, Chinese Chan Buddhist monk (d. 1090)
- Matilda of Franconia, German princess (d. 1034)
- Sviatoslav II, Grand Prince of Kiev (d. 1077)
- Ulrich I (or Udalrich), German bishop (d. 1121)
1028
- February 17 – Al-Juwayni, Persian scholar and imam (d. 1085)
- Burchard II (or Bucco), bishop of Halberstadt (approximate date)
- Nuño Álvarez de Carazo, Spanish nobleman and warrior (d. 1054)
- Qutb Shah, Persian Sufi religious leader and scholar (d. 1099)
- Robert of Molesme, founder of the Cistercian Order (d. 1111)
- William I (the Conqueror), king of England (approximate date) (d. 1087)
1029
- January 20 – Alp Arslan (Heroic Lion), sultan of the Seljuk Empire (d. 1072)
- July 5 – Al-Mustansir Billah, caliph of the Fatimid Caliphate (d. 1094)
- Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī, Arab astrologer and astronomer (d. 1087)
- Al-Humaydī, Andalusian scholar and writer of Islamic studies (d. 1095)
- Clement III, antipope of the Catholic Church (approximate date)
- Kaoruko (or Saien-no Kogo), Japanese empress consort (d. 1093)
- Said al-Andalusi, Moorish astronomer and mathematician (d. 1070)
- Ulrich of Zell (or Wulderic), German abbot and saint (d. 1093)
Deaths
1020
- June 12 – Lyfing, archbishop of Canterbury
- June 15 – Dattus (or Datto), Lombard rebel leader
- August 16 – Zhou Huaizheng, Chinese eunuch
- Al-Mu'ayyad Ahmad, Muslim imam (b. 944)
- Al-Sijzi, Persian mathematician (approximate date)
- Bernard I (Taillefer), Spanish nobleman
- Bouchard II (the Bearded), French nobleman (b. 975)
- Einar Sigurdsson, Norse Viking nobleman
- Ferdowsi, Persian poet and author (b. 940)
- Gagik I, king of Bagratid Armenia (approximate date)
- Gerald I (Tranche-Lion), French nobleman
- Gojslav, king of Croatia (approximate date)
- Leif Ericson, Norse Viking explorer (approximate date)
- Melus of Bari, Lombard nobleman and rebel leader
- Radim Gaudentius, Polish archbishop (b. 970)
- Stephen I of Vermandois, French nobleman
- Trdat the Architect, Armenian chief architect
1021
- February 13 – Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, Fatimid caliph (b. 985)
- March 5 – Arnulf, French archbishop and illegitimate son of Lothair III
- March 16 – Heribert, archbishop of Cologne (b. c. 970)
- July 7 – Fujiwara no Akimitsu, Japanese bureaucrat (b. 944)
- August 17 – Erkanbald, German abbot and archbishop
- August 29 – Minamoto no Yorimitsu, Japanese nobleman (b. 948)
- Fujiwara no Yoshikane, Japanese nobleman (b. 957)
- Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani, Fatimid scholar and philosopher
- Hamza ibn 'Ali ibn-Ahmad, founding leader of the Druze
- Liu Mei, Chinese official and general (approximate date)
- Mac Cú Ceanain, king of Uí Díarmata ( Ireland)
- Shams al-Dawla, Buyid emir of Hamadan ( Iran)
- Trilochanapala, king of the Kabul Shani dynasty
1022
- March 12 – Symeon the New Theologian, Byzantine monk (b. 949)
- March 23 – Zhen Zong, emperor of the Song Dynasty (b. 968)
- March 30 – Atenulf, Italian nobleman and Benedictine abbot
- June 28 – Notker III, German Benedictine monk and writer
- July 23 – Lei Yungong, Chinese palace eunuch and adviser
- August 15 – Nikephoros Phokas, Byzantine aristocrat
- September 2 – Máel Sechnaill II, High King of Ireland
- November 20 – Bernward, bishop of Hildesheim
- December 2 – Elvira Menéndez, queen of León
- Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid, Twelver Shia theologian
- Arikesarin, Indian ruler of the Shilahara Dynasty
- Aziz al-Dawla, Fatimid governor of Aleppo
- Konstantin Dobrynich, mayor of Novgorod
- Moninho Viegas, French knight (b. 950)
- Olof Skötkonung, king of Sweden
- Rededya, leader of the Kassogians
- Sidi Mahrez, Tunisian scholar (b. 951)
1023
- March 27 – Gebhard I, bishop of Regensburg
- May 28 – Wulfstan (or Lupus), archbishop of York
- October 18 – Zirid princess and regent
- October 21 – Gero, archbishop of Magdeburg
- October 24 – Kou Zhun, Chinese grand chancellor
- November 24 – Eilward, bishop of Dresden-Meissen
- December 5 – Hartwig, archbishop of Salzburg
- Abū Hayyān al-Tawhīdī, Muslim intellectual (b. 923)
- Godfrey II, count and duke of Lower Lorraine (b. 965)
- Llywelyn ap Seisyll, king of Gwynedd and Powys
- Oda of Haldensleben, duchess of the Polans
- Sitt al-Mulk, Fatimid princess and regent (b. 970)
1024
- April 9 – Benedict VIII, pope of the Catholic Church
- July 13 – Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 973)
- Abd ar-Rahman V, Umayyad caliph of Córdoba
- Alpert of Metz, French Benedictine chronicler
- Brihtwine, bishop of Wells (approximate date)
- Choe Hang, civil minister of Goryeo ( Korea)
- Cúán úa Lothcháin, Irish poet and Chief Ollam
- Hugbert (or Hukbrecht), bishop of Meissen
- Sultan al-Dawla, Buyid emir of Fars (b. 993)
1025
- April 25 – Fujiwara no Seishi, Japanese empress consort (b. 972)
- May – Musharrif al-Dawla, Buyid emir of Iraq (b. 1003)
- June 17 – Bolesław I the Brave, king of Poland (b. 967)
- August 10 – Burchard of Worms, German bishop and writer
- August 11 – Kanshi, Japanese princess consort
- c. August 30 – Fujiwara no Kishi, Japanese crown princess, posthumously named empress, mother of Emperor Go-Reizei (b. 1007)
- September 17 – Hugh Magnus, king of France (b. 1007)
- September 29 – Louis I, count of Chiny and Verdun
- November
- Koshikibu no Naishi, Japanese waka poet and lady-in-waiting (b. c.999)
- Matilda, countess palatine of Lotharingia (b. 979)
- December 15 – Basil II, Byzantine emperor (b. 958)
- December 22 – Wang Qinruo, Chinese chancellor
- December – Eustathius of Constantinople, Byzantine patriarch
- Al-Qadi Abd al-Jabbar ibn Ahmad, Muslim theologian (b. 935)
- Mhic Mac Comhaltan Ua Cleirigh, Irish king
- Sabur ibn Ardashir, Persian statesman (b. 942)
- Watanabe no Tsuna, Japanese samurai (b. 953)
1026
- June 10 – Hugh II, French viscount and archbishop
- August 28 – Richard II, "the Good", duke of Normandy
- August 30 – Bononio, Lombard hermit and abbot
- September 21 – Otto-William, count of Burgundy
- November 27 – Adalbold II, bishop of Utrecht
- Adelaide-Blanche of Anjou, French queen and regent
- Frederick II, duke of Upper Lorraine ( Lotharingia)
- Henry V, duke of Bavaria ( House of Luxembourg)
- Hugh IV, lord of Lusignan (approximate date)
- Leo of Vercelli, German archdeacon and bishop
1027
- January 3 – Fujiwara no Yukinari, Japanese calligrapher (b. 972)
- August 6 – Richard III, duke of Normandy ( House of Normandy)
- August 16 – George I, king of Georgia ( House of Bagrationi)
- October 16 – Fujiwara no Kenshi, Japanese dowager empress (b. 994) [31]
- Abu'l-Qasim al-Husayn ibn Ali al-Maghribi, Arab statesman (b. 981)
- Aurelia of Regensburg, daughter of Hugh Capet and saint
- Dayang Jingxuan, Chinese Zen Buddhist monk (b. 943)
- Dogra mac Dúnadach, king of Síol Anmchadha ( Ireland)
- Gadhra Mór mac Dundach, king of Uí Maine (Ireland)
- Hippolytus, archbishop of Gniezno (approximate date)
- Sulayman al-Ghazzi, Arab poet and bishop of Gaza (approximate date) [32]
- Walter of Speyer, German bishop and poet (b. 967)
- Yazid II, Persian ruler ( shah) of Shirvan ( Azerbaijan)
1028
- January 3 – Fujiwara no Michinaga, Japanese nobleman (b. 966)
- August 7 – Alfonso V (the Noble), king of León ( Spain) (b. 994)
- November 11 – Constantine VIII, Byzantine emperor (b. 960)
- Lin Bu (or Junfu), Chinese poet and calligrapher (b. 967)
- Liu Wenzhi, Chinese official of the Song Dynasty (b. 964)
- Lý Công Uẩn, founder of the Vietnamese Lý Dynasty (b. 974)
- Qawam al-Dawla, Buyid governor and ruler of Kerman (b. 1000)
- Sayyida Shirin, Bavandid princess and wife of Fakhr al-Dawla
- William of Bellême, French nobleman ( House of Bellême)
1029
- January 20 – Heonae, Korean queen consort and regent (b. 964)
- January 27 – Unwan (or Unwin), archbishop of Hamburg- Bremen
- May 28 – Herman of Ename, count of Verdun ( Lower Lorraine)
- Abu'l-Qasim Jafar, Buyid statesman and vizier ( Fasanjas family)
- Al-Karaji, Persian mathematician and engineer (approximate date)
- Fujiwara no Kinsue, Japanese statesman and courtier (b. 957)
- Fujiwara no Tametoki, Japanese nobleman (approximate date)
- Haakon Ericsson, Norwegian Viking nobleman (approximate date)
- Ibn al-Kattani, Moorish astrologer, poet and physician (b. 951)
- Kushyar Gilani, Persian mathematician and geographer (b. 971)
- Lu Zongdao, Chinese official and politician (approximate date)
- Salih ibn Mirdas, Arab founder of the Mirdasid Dynasty
References
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- ^ Halm, Heinz (2003). Die Kalifen von Kairo: Die Fāṭimiden in Ägypten, 973–1074 [The Caliphs of Cairo: The Fatimids in Egypt, 973–1074] (in German). Munich: C. H. Beck. pp. 307–308. ISBN 3-406-48654-1.
- ^ Bresc, Henri (2003). "La Sicile et l'espace libyen au Moyen Age" (PDF). Parte prima. Il regno normanno e il Mediterraneo. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 17 January 2012.
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^ Based on dating of a felled tree using
dendrochronology based on a timeline using the
993–994 carbon-14 spike. Kuitems, Margot; Wallace, Birgitta L.; Lindsay, Charles; Scifo, Andrea; Doeve, Petra; Jenkins, Kevin; Lindauer, Susanne; Erdil, Pınar; Ledger, Paul M.; Forbes, Véronique; Vermeeren, Caroline (2021-10-20).
"Evidence for European presence in the Americas in ad 1021".
Nature. 601 (7893): 388–391.
doi:
10.1038/s41586-021-03972-8.
ISSN
1476-4687.
PMC
8770119.
PMID
34671168.
S2CID
239051036.
Our result of AD 1021 for the cutting year constitutes the only secure calendar date for the presence of Europeans across the Atlantic before the voyages of Columbus [in 1492]. Moreover, the fact that our results, on three different trees, converge on the same year is notable and unexpected. This coincidence strongly suggests Norse activity at L'Anse aux Meadows in AD 1021.
- ^ Norwich, John Julius (1967). The Normans in the South. London: Longman, pp. 26–28.
- ^ Amatus, Dunbar & Loud (2004), p. 53. The young prince was sent to the papal court for safekeeping according to Amatus.
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- ^ Ortenberg. Anglo-Saxon Church and the Papacy. English Church and the Papacy, p. 49.
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- ^ Samuel J. Johnson, Eclipses, Past and Future, With General Hints for Observing the Heavens (James Parker and Company, 1874) p.44
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- ^ Izumi Shikibu writes a poem to her memory.
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