The Acra (alt: Akra,
Hebrew: חקרא or חקרה,
Greek: Aκρα), was a fortified compound in
Jerusalem of the 2nd century
BCE, although the exact location of the Acra remains a matter of ongoing discussion. Because the
ancient Greek term acra was used to describe other fortified structures during the Hellenistic period, the Acra is often called the Seleucid Acra to distinguish it from references to the
Ptolemaic Baris as an acra and from the later quarter in Jerusalem which inherited the name Acra. The Acra was built by
Antiochus Epiphanes, ruler of the
Seleucid Empire, following his sack of the city in 168 BCE, the fortress played a significant role in the events surrounding the
Maccabean Revolt and the formation of the
Hasmonean Kingdom. It was destroyed by
Simon Maccabeus during this struggle.
The Courageous class comprised three
battlecruisers known as "large light cruisers" built for the
Royal Navy during
World War I. The first two ships,
HMS Courageous and
HMS Glorious, were commissioned in 1917 and spent the war patrolling the North Sea. They participated in the
Second Battle of Heligoland Bight in November 1917 and were present when the
High Seas Fleet surrendered a year later. Their
half-sisterHMS Furious was modified during construction to take a flying-off deck and hangar in lieu of her forward
turret and
barbette. After some patrols in the North Sea, her rear turret was removed and another flight deck added. All three ships were
laid up after the end of the war, but were rebuilt as
aircraft carriers during the 1920s. Glorious and Courageous were sunk early in
World War II and Furious was sold for
scrap in 1948.
A midshipman is an
officer cadet, or a
commissioned officer of the lowest
rank, in the
Royal Navy,
United States Navy, and many
Commonwealth navies. During the 19th century, changes in the training of naval officers in both the Royal Navy and the United States Navy led to the replacement of apprenticeship aboard ships with formal schooling in a
naval college. Ranks equivalent to midshipman exist in many other navies, especially in those whose officer training structures resemble that of Britain's Royal Navy. Today, these ranks all refer to young naval officer cadets, but historically they were selected by the monarchy, and were trained mostly on land as soldiers.
The Raid at Cabanatuan was a rescue of
Allied prisoners of war (POWs) and civilians from a Japanese camp near
Cabanatuan City, in the Philippines. On January 30, 1945, during World War II,
United States Army Rangers,
Alamo Scouts, and
Filipinoguerrillas liberated more than 500 from the
POW camp. In a nighttime raid, under the cover of darkness and a distraction by a
P-61 Black Widow, the group surprised and killed hundreds of Japanese troops in a 30-minute coordinated attack. The rescue allowed the prisoners to tell of the death march and prison camp atrocities, which sparked a new rush of resolve for the war against Japan.
The Siege of Godesberg, 18 November – 17 December 1583, was the first major siege of the
Cologne War (1583–1589). The Godesburg's strategic position commanded the roads leading to and from
Bonn, the
Elector of Cologne's capital city, and
Cologne, the region's economic powerhouse; By the mid-16th century, the Godesburg was considered nearly impregnable. The Godesburg came under attack from Bavarian forces in November 1583. It resisted a lengthy cannonade by the attacking army; finally,
sappers tunneled into the
basalt core of the mountain, placed 1,500 pounds (680 kg) of powder into the tunnel and blew up a significant part of the fortifications. Ultimately, the Godesburg's commander and a number of surviving defenders took refuge in the
keep; the commander eventually negotiated safe passage for himself, his wife and his lieutenant, while the others who were left in the keep—men, women and children—were killed.
SMS König was the first of four
König classdreadnought battleships of the
German Imperial Navy (Kaiserliche Marine) during
World War I. She was named in honor of
Kaiser Wilhelm II of
Germany, who was the king of
Prussia as well as the
German Emperor. Along with her three
sister ships,
Grosser Kurfürst,
Markgraf, and
Kronprinz, König took part in most of the fleet actions during the war. As the leading ship in the German
line on 31 May 1916 in the
Battle of Jutland, König was heavily engaged by several British battleships and suffered ten large-caliber shell hits. In October 1917, she forced the Russian
pre-dreadnought battleship
Slava to scuttle itself during
Operation Albion. König was interned, along with the majority of the High Seas Fleet, in
Scapa Flow in November 1918 following the Armistice, and was scuttled at Scapa Flow while the British guard ships were out of the harbor on exercises.
Her Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress, more commonly known as the Tower of London, is a historic
castle on the north bank of the
River Thames in
central London, England. It lies within the
London Borough of Tower Hamlets, separated from the eastern edge of the
City of London by the open space known as
Tower Hill. It was founded towards the end of 1066 as part of the
Norman Conquest of England. The
White Tower, which gives the entire castle its name, was built by
William the Conqueror in 1078, and was a resented symbol of oppression, inflicted upon London by the new ruling elite. Since at least 1100, the castle has been used as a prison, although that was not its primary purpose; a grand palace early in its history, it served as a royal residence. The general layout established by the late 13th century remains despite later activity on the site.
The
Austro-Hungarian Navy built a series of
battleships between the early 1900s and 1917. To defend its
Adriatic coast in wartime, Austria-Hungary had previously built a series of smaller
ironclad warships, including
coastal defense ships, and armored
cruisers. The appointment of Admiral Hermann von Spaun to the post of State Secretary of the Navy in 1897 accelerated naval construction and under the command of
Franz Joseph I of Austria, the k.u.k. Kriegsmarine began a program of naval expansion at the beginning of the 20th century. All of the ships built for Austro-Hungarian Navy saw service in World War I, although the diversion of coal, which was scarce, to the newer classes limited the service of the remaining battleships. Following the defeat of Austria-Hungary in World War I, the empire was dismantled and all of the battleships were handed over to France, Great Britain, the United States, and Italy.
On February 19, 1965, some units of the
Army of the Republic of Vietnam commanded by General
Lam Van Phat and Colonel
Pham Ngoc Thao launched a coup against General
Nguyen Khanh, the head of
South Vietnam's ruling military junta. Their aim was to install General
Tran Thien Khiem, a Khanh rival who had been sent to
Washington DC as Ambassador to the United States to prevent him from seizing power. The attempted coup reached a stalemate however, and although the trio did not take power, a group of officers led by General
Nguyen Chanh Thi and Air Marshal
Nguyen Cao Ky hostile to both the plot and to Khanh himself, were able to force a leadership change and take control themselves with the support of American officials, who had lost confidence in Khanh.
The Action of 1 January 1800 was naval battle of the
Quasi-War that took place off the present day Haitian island of
Gonâve in the Bight of Leogane. The battle was fought between an American
convoy consisting of four merchant vessels escorted by the
United States naval schooner
USS Experiment and a
squadron of armed
barges manned by Haitian
picaroons. A French aligned Haitian general,
André Rigaud, had instructed his forces to attack all foreign shipping within their grasp. Thus the picaroons attacked the American convoy, capturing two of the schooners before retiring. Experiment managed to defend the other two ships in her convoy and escort them to a friendly port. Although the picaroons took heavy losses after their engagement with Experiment they still remained strong enough to wreak havoc among American shipping in the region until Rigaud was forced out of power by the forces of
Toussaint L'Ouverture.
The Armed Forces of Liberia (AFL) was constituted in 1962 from the original
Liberian military that had been established in 1908 as the Liberian Frontier Force. For virtually all of its history, the AFL has received considerable materiel and training assistance from the United States. For most of the 1941–89 period, training was largely provided by U.S. advisors. For most of the
Cold War, the AFL saw little action, apart from a reinforced company group which was sent to
ONUC in the
Democratic Republic of the Congo in the 1960s. This changed with the advent of the
First Liberian Civil War in 1989. The AFL became entangled in the conflict, which lasted from 1989 to 1996–97, and then the
Second Liberian Civil War, which lasted from 1999 to 2003. The AFL is in the process of being reformed and retrained after being completely demobilized following the second civil war. The AFL currently consists of two infantry battalions, though the reconstitution of the Liberian Coast Guard and an air wing is planned.
The four Borodino classbattlecruisers of the
Imperial Russian Navy were all laid down in December 1912 at
Saint Petersburg for service with the
Baltic Fleet. Construction of the ships was delayed as many domestic factories were already overloaded with orders and some components had to be ordered from abroad. The start of
World War I slowed their construction still further as the foreign orders were often not delivered and domestic production was diverted into things more immediately useful for the war effort. Three of the four ships were launched in 1915 and the other in 1916, but work on the
gun turrets lagged, and it became evident that Russian industry would not be able to complete the ships during the war. The outbreak of the
Russian Revolution in 1917 put a stop to their construction, which never resumed. The incomplete hulls were later sold for scrap by the
Soviet Union, although some thought was given to completing the most advanced hulls.
Before dawn on December 19, 1964, the
ruling military junta of
South Vietnam dissolved and arrested some members of the High National Council (HNC). The genesis of the removal of the HNC was a power struggle within the ruling junta. Khanh, who had been saved from an earlier
coup attempt in September 1964 by the intervention of some younger generals dubbed the Young Turks, but the Young Turks disliked a group of older officers who had been in high leadership positions and wanted to sideline them completely by forcibly retiring them. The HNC recommended against the new policy, and the younger officers, led by
I Corps commander General
Nguyen Chanh Thi and Air Marshal
Nguyen Cao Ky disbanded the HNC and arrested some of its members along with other politicians. Over the next few days, Khanh embarked on a media offensive, criticizing US policy repeatedly and decrying what he saw as an undue influence and infringement on Vietnamese sovereignty, declaring the nation's independence from "foreign manipulation"; as a result, the Americans were forced to back down on their insistence that the HNC be restored.
HMS Speedy was a 14-gun
Speedy-classbrig of the
Royal Navy. She was built during the last years of the
American War of Independence, and served with distinction during the
French Revolutionary Wars. Built at
Dover, Speedy spent most of the interwar years serving off the British coast. Transferred to the
Mediterranean after the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars, she spent the rest of her career there winning fame for herself in various engagements and often against heavy odds. She served with distinction with several squadrons, assisting in the capture of several prizes, but Speedy was lost to a superior French force on 9 June 1794. She was soon retaken, and re-entered service under
Hugh Downman, who captured a number of
privateers between 1795 and 1799. She then fought a number of actions with Spanish forces off
Gibraltar, at one point forcing the surrender of a much larger Spanish warship, the Gamo. Speedy was finally captured by a powerful French squadron and donated to the
Papal Navy by
Napoleon.
The Rivadavia class was a two-ship
group of
battleships designed by the American
Fore River Shipbuilding Company for the
Argentine Navy. Named
Rivadavia and
Moreno after important figures in Argentine history, they were Argentina's counter to Brazil's two
Minas Geraes-class battleships. During their construction, the Argentine battleships were frequently subject of rumors involving their sale to a foreign country, especially after the beginning of the
First World War. Throughout their careers, Rivadavia and Moreno were based in
Puerto Belgrano and served principally as
training ships and diplomatic envoys. They were modernized in the United States in 1924 and 1925 and were inactive for much of the
Second World War due to Argentina's neutrality.
Struck from the navy lists on 1 February 1957, Rivadavia was
scrapped in Italy beginning in 1959. Moreno was struck on 1 October 1956 and was towed to Japan in 1957 for scrapping.
Before dawn on September 13, 1964, the
ruling military junta of South Vietnam, led by General
Nguyen Khanh, was threatened by a coup attempt headed by Generals
Lam Van Phat and
Duong Van Duc, who sent dissident units into the capital
Saigon. They captured various key points and announced the overthrow of the incumbent regime over national radio. With the help of the Americans, Khanh was able to rally support and the coup collapsed the next morning without any casualties.
SMS Rheinland was one of four
Nassau-classbattleships, the first
dreadnoughts built for the
German Imperial Navy (Kaiserliche Marine). Rheinland mounted twelve 28 cm (11 in) main guns in six twin turrets in an unusual hexagonal arrangement. The navy built Rheinland and her
sister ships in response to the revolutionary British
HMS Dreadnought, which had been launched in 1906. Rheinland's extensive service with the
High Seas Fleet during
World War I included several fleet advances into the
North Sea, culminating in the
Battle of Jutland on 31 May – 1 June 1916. The ship also saw duty in the Baltic Sea, as part of the support force for the
Battle of the Gulf of Riga in 1915. She returned to the Baltic as the core of an expeditionary force to aid the
White Finns in the
Finnish Civil War in 1918, but ran aground shortly after arriving in the area. The damage done by the grounding was deemed too severe to merit repairs and Rheinland was decommissioned to be used as a barracks ship for the remainder of the war.
USS Massachusetts (Battleship No. 2) was an
Indiana-classbattleship and the second
United States Navy ship comparable to foreign battleships of the time.[1] Authorized in 1890 and commissioned six years later, she was a small battleship, though with heavy armor and ordnance. Massachusetts served in the
Spanish–American War (1898) as part of the
Flying Squadron and took part in the blockades of
Cienfuegos and
Santiago de Cuba, but missed the decisive
Battle of Santiago de Cuba. After the war she served with the
North Atlantic Squadron, performing training maneuvers and gunnery practice. During this period she suffered an explosion in an 8-inch
gun turret, killing nine, and
ran aground twice, requiring several months of repair both times. Although considered obsolete in 1910, the battleship was recommissioned and used for annual cruises for
midshipmen during the summers and otherwise laid up in the
reserve fleet until her decommissioning in 1914. In 1917 she was recommissioned to serve as a training ship for gun crews during
World War I. She was decommissioned for the final time in March 1919 under the name Coast Battleship Number 2 so that her name could be reused for Error: {{
USS}} invalid control parameter: 0 (
help). In 1921 she was
scuttled in shallow water off the coast of
Pensacola, Florida.
^Reilly & Scheina, American Battleships 1886–1923, p. 67.
The Acra (alt: Akra,
Hebrew: חקרא or חקרה,
Greek: Aκρα), was a fortified compound in
Jerusalem of the 2nd century
BCE, although the exact location of the Acra remains a matter of ongoing discussion. Because the
ancient Greek term acra was used to describe other fortified structures during the Hellenistic period, the Acra is often called the Seleucid Acra to distinguish it from references to the
Ptolemaic Baris as an acra and from the later quarter in Jerusalem which inherited the name Acra. The Acra was built by
Antiochus Epiphanes, ruler of the
Seleucid Empire, following his sack of the city in 168 BCE, the fortress played a significant role in the events surrounding the
Maccabean Revolt and the formation of the
Hasmonean Kingdom. It was destroyed by
Simon Maccabeus during this struggle.
The Courageous class comprised three
battlecruisers known as "large light cruisers" built for the
Royal Navy during
World War I. The first two ships,
HMS Courageous and
HMS Glorious, were commissioned in 1917 and spent the war patrolling the North Sea. They participated in the
Second Battle of Heligoland Bight in November 1917 and were present when the
High Seas Fleet surrendered a year later. Their
half-sisterHMS Furious was modified during construction to take a flying-off deck and hangar in lieu of her forward
turret and
barbette. After some patrols in the North Sea, her rear turret was removed and another flight deck added. All three ships were
laid up after the end of the war, but were rebuilt as
aircraft carriers during the 1920s. Glorious and Courageous were sunk early in
World War II and Furious was sold for
scrap in 1948.
A midshipman is an
officer cadet, or a
commissioned officer of the lowest
rank, in the
Royal Navy,
United States Navy, and many
Commonwealth navies. During the 19th century, changes in the training of naval officers in both the Royal Navy and the United States Navy led to the replacement of apprenticeship aboard ships with formal schooling in a
naval college. Ranks equivalent to midshipman exist in many other navies, especially in those whose officer training structures resemble that of Britain's Royal Navy. Today, these ranks all refer to young naval officer cadets, but historically they were selected by the monarchy, and were trained mostly on land as soldiers.
The Raid at Cabanatuan was a rescue of
Allied prisoners of war (POWs) and civilians from a Japanese camp near
Cabanatuan City, in the Philippines. On January 30, 1945, during World War II,
United States Army Rangers,
Alamo Scouts, and
Filipinoguerrillas liberated more than 500 from the
POW camp. In a nighttime raid, under the cover of darkness and a distraction by a
P-61 Black Widow, the group surprised and killed hundreds of Japanese troops in a 30-minute coordinated attack. The rescue allowed the prisoners to tell of the death march and prison camp atrocities, which sparked a new rush of resolve for the war against Japan.
The Siege of Godesberg, 18 November – 17 December 1583, was the first major siege of the
Cologne War (1583–1589). The Godesburg's strategic position commanded the roads leading to and from
Bonn, the
Elector of Cologne's capital city, and
Cologne, the region's economic powerhouse; By the mid-16th century, the Godesburg was considered nearly impregnable. The Godesburg came under attack from Bavarian forces in November 1583. It resisted a lengthy cannonade by the attacking army; finally,
sappers tunneled into the
basalt core of the mountain, placed 1,500 pounds (680 kg) of powder into the tunnel and blew up a significant part of the fortifications. Ultimately, the Godesburg's commander and a number of surviving defenders took refuge in the
keep; the commander eventually negotiated safe passage for himself, his wife and his lieutenant, while the others who were left in the keep—men, women and children—were killed.
SMS König was the first of four
König classdreadnought battleships of the
German Imperial Navy (Kaiserliche Marine) during
World War I. She was named in honor of
Kaiser Wilhelm II of
Germany, who was the king of
Prussia as well as the
German Emperor. Along with her three
sister ships,
Grosser Kurfürst,
Markgraf, and
Kronprinz, König took part in most of the fleet actions during the war. As the leading ship in the German
line on 31 May 1916 in the
Battle of Jutland, König was heavily engaged by several British battleships and suffered ten large-caliber shell hits. In October 1917, she forced the Russian
pre-dreadnought battleship
Slava to scuttle itself during
Operation Albion. König was interned, along with the majority of the High Seas Fleet, in
Scapa Flow in November 1918 following the Armistice, and was scuttled at Scapa Flow while the British guard ships were out of the harbor on exercises.
Her Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress, more commonly known as the Tower of London, is a historic
castle on the north bank of the
River Thames in
central London, England. It lies within the
London Borough of Tower Hamlets, separated from the eastern edge of the
City of London by the open space known as
Tower Hill. It was founded towards the end of 1066 as part of the
Norman Conquest of England. The
White Tower, which gives the entire castle its name, was built by
William the Conqueror in 1078, and was a resented symbol of oppression, inflicted upon London by the new ruling elite. Since at least 1100, the castle has been used as a prison, although that was not its primary purpose; a grand palace early in its history, it served as a royal residence. The general layout established by the late 13th century remains despite later activity on the site.
The
Austro-Hungarian Navy built a series of
battleships between the early 1900s and 1917. To defend its
Adriatic coast in wartime, Austria-Hungary had previously built a series of smaller
ironclad warships, including
coastal defense ships, and armored
cruisers. The appointment of Admiral Hermann von Spaun to the post of State Secretary of the Navy in 1897 accelerated naval construction and under the command of
Franz Joseph I of Austria, the k.u.k. Kriegsmarine began a program of naval expansion at the beginning of the 20th century. All of the ships built for Austro-Hungarian Navy saw service in World War I, although the diversion of coal, which was scarce, to the newer classes limited the service of the remaining battleships. Following the defeat of Austria-Hungary in World War I, the empire was dismantled and all of the battleships were handed over to France, Great Britain, the United States, and Italy.
On February 19, 1965, some units of the
Army of the Republic of Vietnam commanded by General
Lam Van Phat and Colonel
Pham Ngoc Thao launched a coup against General
Nguyen Khanh, the head of
South Vietnam's ruling military junta. Their aim was to install General
Tran Thien Khiem, a Khanh rival who had been sent to
Washington DC as Ambassador to the United States to prevent him from seizing power. The attempted coup reached a stalemate however, and although the trio did not take power, a group of officers led by General
Nguyen Chanh Thi and Air Marshal
Nguyen Cao Ky hostile to both the plot and to Khanh himself, were able to force a leadership change and take control themselves with the support of American officials, who had lost confidence in Khanh.
The Action of 1 January 1800 was naval battle of the
Quasi-War that took place off the present day Haitian island of
Gonâve in the Bight of Leogane. The battle was fought between an American
convoy consisting of four merchant vessels escorted by the
United States naval schooner
USS Experiment and a
squadron of armed
barges manned by Haitian
picaroons. A French aligned Haitian general,
André Rigaud, had instructed his forces to attack all foreign shipping within their grasp. Thus the picaroons attacked the American convoy, capturing two of the schooners before retiring. Experiment managed to defend the other two ships in her convoy and escort them to a friendly port. Although the picaroons took heavy losses after their engagement with Experiment they still remained strong enough to wreak havoc among American shipping in the region until Rigaud was forced out of power by the forces of
Toussaint L'Ouverture.
The Armed Forces of Liberia (AFL) was constituted in 1962 from the original
Liberian military that had been established in 1908 as the Liberian Frontier Force. For virtually all of its history, the AFL has received considerable materiel and training assistance from the United States. For most of the 1941–89 period, training was largely provided by U.S. advisors. For most of the
Cold War, the AFL saw little action, apart from a reinforced company group which was sent to
ONUC in the
Democratic Republic of the Congo in the 1960s. This changed with the advent of the
First Liberian Civil War in 1989. The AFL became entangled in the conflict, which lasted from 1989 to 1996–97, and then the
Second Liberian Civil War, which lasted from 1999 to 2003. The AFL is in the process of being reformed and retrained after being completely demobilized following the second civil war. The AFL currently consists of two infantry battalions, though the reconstitution of the Liberian Coast Guard and an air wing is planned.
The four Borodino classbattlecruisers of the
Imperial Russian Navy were all laid down in December 1912 at
Saint Petersburg for service with the
Baltic Fleet. Construction of the ships was delayed as many domestic factories were already overloaded with orders and some components had to be ordered from abroad. The start of
World War I slowed their construction still further as the foreign orders were often not delivered and domestic production was diverted into things more immediately useful for the war effort. Three of the four ships were launched in 1915 and the other in 1916, but work on the
gun turrets lagged, and it became evident that Russian industry would not be able to complete the ships during the war. The outbreak of the
Russian Revolution in 1917 put a stop to their construction, which never resumed. The incomplete hulls were later sold for scrap by the
Soviet Union, although some thought was given to completing the most advanced hulls.
Before dawn on December 19, 1964, the
ruling military junta of
South Vietnam dissolved and arrested some members of the High National Council (HNC). The genesis of the removal of the HNC was a power struggle within the ruling junta. Khanh, who had been saved from an earlier
coup attempt in September 1964 by the intervention of some younger generals dubbed the Young Turks, but the Young Turks disliked a group of older officers who had been in high leadership positions and wanted to sideline them completely by forcibly retiring them. The HNC recommended against the new policy, and the younger officers, led by
I Corps commander General
Nguyen Chanh Thi and Air Marshal
Nguyen Cao Ky disbanded the HNC and arrested some of its members along with other politicians. Over the next few days, Khanh embarked on a media offensive, criticizing US policy repeatedly and decrying what he saw as an undue influence and infringement on Vietnamese sovereignty, declaring the nation's independence from "foreign manipulation"; as a result, the Americans were forced to back down on their insistence that the HNC be restored.
HMS Speedy was a 14-gun
Speedy-classbrig of the
Royal Navy. She was built during the last years of the
American War of Independence, and served with distinction during the
French Revolutionary Wars. Built at
Dover, Speedy spent most of the interwar years serving off the British coast. Transferred to the
Mediterranean after the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars, she spent the rest of her career there winning fame for herself in various engagements and often against heavy odds. She served with distinction with several squadrons, assisting in the capture of several prizes, but Speedy was lost to a superior French force on 9 June 1794. She was soon retaken, and re-entered service under
Hugh Downman, who captured a number of
privateers between 1795 and 1799. She then fought a number of actions with Spanish forces off
Gibraltar, at one point forcing the surrender of a much larger Spanish warship, the Gamo. Speedy was finally captured by a powerful French squadron and donated to the
Papal Navy by
Napoleon.
The Rivadavia class was a two-ship
group of
battleships designed by the American
Fore River Shipbuilding Company for the
Argentine Navy. Named
Rivadavia and
Moreno after important figures in Argentine history, they were Argentina's counter to Brazil's two
Minas Geraes-class battleships. During their construction, the Argentine battleships were frequently subject of rumors involving their sale to a foreign country, especially after the beginning of the
First World War. Throughout their careers, Rivadavia and Moreno were based in
Puerto Belgrano and served principally as
training ships and diplomatic envoys. They were modernized in the United States in 1924 and 1925 and were inactive for much of the
Second World War due to Argentina's neutrality.
Struck from the navy lists on 1 February 1957, Rivadavia was
scrapped in Italy beginning in 1959. Moreno was struck on 1 October 1956 and was towed to Japan in 1957 for scrapping.
Before dawn on September 13, 1964, the
ruling military junta of South Vietnam, led by General
Nguyen Khanh, was threatened by a coup attempt headed by Generals
Lam Van Phat and
Duong Van Duc, who sent dissident units into the capital
Saigon. They captured various key points and announced the overthrow of the incumbent regime over national radio. With the help of the Americans, Khanh was able to rally support and the coup collapsed the next morning without any casualties.
SMS Rheinland was one of four
Nassau-classbattleships, the first
dreadnoughts built for the
German Imperial Navy (Kaiserliche Marine). Rheinland mounted twelve 28 cm (11 in) main guns in six twin turrets in an unusual hexagonal arrangement. The navy built Rheinland and her
sister ships in response to the revolutionary British
HMS Dreadnought, which had been launched in 1906. Rheinland's extensive service with the
High Seas Fleet during
World War I included several fleet advances into the
North Sea, culminating in the
Battle of Jutland on 31 May – 1 June 1916. The ship also saw duty in the Baltic Sea, as part of the support force for the
Battle of the Gulf of Riga in 1915. She returned to the Baltic as the core of an expeditionary force to aid the
White Finns in the
Finnish Civil War in 1918, but ran aground shortly after arriving in the area. The damage done by the grounding was deemed too severe to merit repairs and Rheinland was decommissioned to be used as a barracks ship for the remainder of the war.
USS Massachusetts (Battleship No. 2) was an
Indiana-classbattleship and the second
United States Navy ship comparable to foreign battleships of the time.[1] Authorized in 1890 and commissioned six years later, she was a small battleship, though with heavy armor and ordnance. Massachusetts served in the
Spanish–American War (1898) as part of the
Flying Squadron and took part in the blockades of
Cienfuegos and
Santiago de Cuba, but missed the decisive
Battle of Santiago de Cuba. After the war she served with the
North Atlantic Squadron, performing training maneuvers and gunnery practice. During this period she suffered an explosion in an 8-inch
gun turret, killing nine, and
ran aground twice, requiring several months of repair both times. Although considered obsolete in 1910, the battleship was recommissioned and used for annual cruises for
midshipmen during the summers and otherwise laid up in the
reserve fleet until her decommissioning in 1914. In 1917 she was recommissioned to serve as a training ship for gun crews during
World War I. She was decommissioned for the final time in March 1919 under the name Coast Battleship Number 2 so that her name could be reused for Error: {{
USS}} invalid control parameter: 0 (
help). In 1921 she was
scuttled in shallow water off the coast of
Pensacola, Florida.
^Reilly & Scheina, American Battleships 1886–1923, p. 67.