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hi there, I want to know on what basis did the U.S. Court of Appeal conclude that Microsoft was a monopoly? What was Microsoft's market share of Intel-compatible PC operating systems? Of all operating systems, including Apple computers? What evidence did the court cite in claiming that Microsoft changed above-competitive prices? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.64.52.139 ( talk) 00:16, 13 March 2010 (UTC)
Does the OP mean "Is Microsoft a monopoly in fact?" or "Is Microsoft a monopoly under the law?" When it comes to economics, the law doesn't always coincide with reality. As far as the economic reality is concerned, it is unclear whether Microsoft is a monopoly (and many economists believe it is not). Market share isn't relevant -- what matters is market power. Given that Apple, Linux, and others exist as potential competitors, it is not possible for Microsoft to price monopolistically (in fact, Apple likely prices more like a monopoly than does Microsoft). Wikiant ( talk) 02:57, 13 March 2010 (UTC)
The answer to the OP's 4th question would require thousands of words. Here is a partial answer to his first 3 questions, from the 1999 case cited above: "Microsoft enjoys so much power in the market for Intel-compatible PC operating systems that if it wished to exercise this power solely in terms of price, it could charge a price for Windows substantially above that which could be charged in a competitive market. Moreover, it could do so for a significant period of time without losing an unacceptable amount of business to competitors. In other words, Microsoft enjoys monopoly power in the relevant market.
Viewed together, three main facts indicate that Microsoft enjoys monopoly power. First, Microsoft's share of the market for Intel-compatible PC operating systems is extremely large and stable. Second, Microsoft's dominant market share is protected by a high barrier to entry. Third, and largely as a result of that barrier, Microsoft's customers lack a commercially viable alternative to Windows.
... Microsoft possesses a dominant, persistent, and increasing share of the worldwide market for Intel-compatible PC operating systems. Every year for the last decade, Microsoft's share of the market for Intel-compatible PC operating systems has stood above ninety percent. For the last couple of years the figure has been at least ninety-five percent, and analysts project that the share will climb even higher over the next few years. Even if Apple's Mac OS were included in the relevant market, Microsoft's share would still stand well above eighty percent."
Here's 750 words of "evidence" -- if it's unforgivably too long, feel free to edit:
"... just as Microsoft's large market share creates incentives for ISVs to develop applications first and foremost for Windows, the small or non-existent market share of an aspiring competitor makes it prohibitively expensive for the aspirant to develop its PC operating system into an acceptable substitute for Windows. ... The cost to a would-be entrant of inducing ISVs to write applications for its operating system exceeds the cost that Microsoft itself has faced in inducing ISVs to write applications for its operating system products, for Microsoft never confronted a highly penetrated market dominated by a single competitor. ... The experiences of IBM and Apple, Microsoft's most significant operating system rivals in the mid- and late 1990s, confirm the strength of the applications barrier to entry. ....The inability of Apple to compete effectively with Windows provides another example of the applications barrier to entry in operation. Although Apple's Mac OS supports more than 12,000 applications, even an inventory of that magnitude is not sufficient to enable Apple to present a significant percentage of users with a viable substitute for Windows. ... The experience of the Linux operating system, ... similarly fails to refute the existence of an applications barrier to entry. ... That Microsoft's market share and the applications barrier to entry together endow the company with monopoly power in the market for Intel-compatible PC operating systems is directly evidenced by the sustained absence of realistic commercial alternatives to Microsoft's PC operating-system products. ....OEMs are the most important direct customers for operating systems for Intel- compatible PCs. .... Without significant exception, all OEMs pre-install Windows on the vast majority of PCs that they sell, and they uniformly are of a mind that there exists no commercially viable alternative to which they could switch in response to a substantial and sustained price increase or its equivalent by Microsoft. ... Microsoft did not consider the prices of other Intel-compatible PC operating systems when it set the price of Windows 98.... The license for one of Microsoft's operating system products prohibits the user from transferring the operating system to another machine, so there is no legal secondary market in Microsoft operating systems. This means that any consumer who buys a new Intel-compatible PC and wants Windows must buy a new copy of the operating system. ... while consumers might one day turn to network computers, or Linux, or a combination of middleware and some other operating system, as an alternative to Windows, the fact remains that they are not doing so today. Nor are consumers likely to do so in appreciable numbers any time in the next few years. Unless and until that day arrives, no significant percentage of consumers will be able to abandon Windows without incurring substantial costs. Microsoft can therefore set the price of Windows substantially higher than that which would be charged in a competitive market ... without losing so much business as to make the action unprofitable. ...Microsoft's actual pricing behavior is consistent with the proposition that the firm enjoys monopoly power in the market for Intel-compatible PC operating systems. The company's decision not to consider the prices of other vendors' Intel-compatible PC operating systems when setting the price of Windows 98, for example, is probative of monopoly power. ... Another indication of monopoly power is the fact that Microsoft raised the price that it charged OEMs for Windows 95, with trivial exceptions, to the same level as the price it charged for Windows 98 just prior to releasing the newer product. ...Finally, it is indicative of monopoly power that Microsoft felt that it had substantial discretion in setting the price of its Windows 98 upgrade product .... A Microsoft study from November 1997 reveals that the company could have charged $49 for an upgrade to Windows 98 — there is no reason to believe that the $49 price would have been unprofitable — but the study identifies $89 as the revenue-maximizing price. Microsoft thus opted for the higher price. ... Given the size and stability of its market share, Microsoft stands to reap almost all of the future rewards if there are yet more consumers of Intel-compatible PC operating systems. ...Furthermore, Microsoft expends a significant portion of its monopoly power, which could otherwise be spent maximizing price, on imposing burdensome restrictions on its customers — and in inducing them to behave in ways — that augment and prolong that monopoly power. ...Microsoft's monopoly power is also evidenced by the fact that, over the course of several years, Microsoft took actions that could only have been advantageous if they operated to reinforce monopoly power. ...."
63.17.60.8 (
talk) 05:00, 13 March 2010 (UTC)
It's perhaps worth remembering that being a monopoly isn't in itself illegal in the vast majority of jurisdictions. It's only when you abuse your monopoly in some way according to the laws of the country you're operating that you get into trouble. Even when a monopoly is broken up, it only happens because the monopoly was considered to be abusing their monopoly, not because the monopoly existed. BTW, in terms of Apple, remember the case was in 1998. Apple Inc launched the iMac which started their recovery but this was after they'd had a massive decline and so were still a very minor player at the time even in the US. For example [1] "Market share of personal computers in the USA during October to December: ... Apple Computer 4.5%." (they were 3.4% or 4.3% in the last quarter of 1997 [2]) Nil Einne ( talk) 07:11, 14 March 2010 (UTC)
Usually, whenever I come across someone I know, I and the other person simultaneously say "How are you?". It's really embarrassing and weird. One person should say that while the other person is listening, but that just doesn't happen for me. I don't think something like this happens so often for other people. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 142.58.129.94 ( talk) 02:33, 13 March 2010 (UTC)
The same similar thing happens to me when you are walking towards someone else going the opposite way in the street, and both you and the other person try and move the same way to try and get out of their way, it can be mega embarrassing! Chevymontecarlo. 09:20, 13 March 2010 (UTC)
"Hey, how are you?"
"I know you're good, but how are you?" DOR (HK) ( talk) 03:49, 14 March 2010 (UTC)
Firstly, excuse my ignorance of the American political system.
My understanding is that for a bill to be enacted it must be approved by at least 60 senators. As there are 100 senators, this means that quite a bit more than half the senate must approve of a bill for it to be enacted. I also understand that the Vice President can cast a vote if there is a tie. However, how can there be a 50-50 tie if you need 60% of the senate to approve anyway?-- 220.253.247.165 ( talk) 04:23, 13 March 2010 (UTC)
Does anybody know what 山楂酪 is? Its a Chinese fruity snack similar to fruit leather. What is it made from and anybody know anything else-- 172.191.130.40 ( talk) 04:40, 13 March 2010 (UTC)
In the article Kingdom of Leon it says that title King of Leon was the more superior title and that modern Kings of Spain are crowned Kings of Leon in public ceremonies. If this is true, how come in the full title of Isabella II of Spain, by the grace of God Queen (King) of Castille, León..., and the modern day full style of Juan Carlos I of Spain, His (Her) Catholic Majesty, the King of Spain, King of Castile, of León..., Leon always comes after Castile. Don't tell me the obvious about how Castile the center of power and Leon wasn't; I already know those reasons. Does anybody know?-- Queen Elizabeth II's Little Spy ( talk) 06:37, 13 March 2010 (UTC)
It's understood Willie Morris traveled by sea to get to the United Kingdom so he can complete his studies at Oxford University. After he graduated, he returned to the United States of America, also by sea. But what I'm trying to find out is which ocean liner did he travel aboard? 24.90.204.234 ( talk) 09:16, 13 March 2010 (UTC)
I tried one passenger list from Southampton to New York. But that would cost me credits. I really need help in finding more information, please. Thank you. 24.90.204.234 ( talk) 07:10, 14 March 2010 (UTC)
Given this graphic, can someone please explain to me why there is more worry in the financial world concerning a default by Spain on its debt than there is for the UK? Magog the Ogre ( talk) 12:03, 13 March 2010 (UTC)
I'm quite aware of the crisis, although I understand Italy, Spain, and Portugal are considered a high risk after the Greeks. Magog the Ogre ( talk) 17:44, 13 March 2010 (UTC)
It would appear then that the left-of-center policies of reconciliation seen in the unification of the European currency merge poorly with the left-of-center policies which favor government spending. Certainly the implementation of the euro has made trade with Europe much easier, but the (all too sadly common) predilection of the continental Europeans to avoid conflict rather than confront an issue may in fact doom it - they would be much better reigning in their own members, but it would never have happened. Magog the Ogre ( talk) 23:45, 14 March 2010 (UTC)
What was the need for a tactical formation called "Regimental Combat Team" (RCT), while there were others existing like Battalion, Regiment, Brigade etc?. I was reading about the Pacific War and noticed that a RCT of one formation would be detached and sent with a different division to a different place. What size was it usually? (bigger than a battalion or smaller than it?). What rank would be the CO of a RCT normally be (in the US millitary).-- Sodabottle ( talk) 18:23, 13 March 2010 (UTC)
There's always been something I've been wondering about... When you look at maps of Kievan Rus ( Here is a good example) you see that they have control of certain ports in the Crimea and the sea of Azov even though they're separated by about 150 miles of nomadic lands from the rest of Kievan Rus. How did they keep control over those ports?. The True Wiki ( talk) 21:20, 13 March 2010 (UTC)
Article Tmutorokan... AnonMoos ( talk) 15:40, 14 March 2010 (UTC)
In the United States there are many people who wear a do-rag featuring a cape. The other day I was wondering what influenced this particular style of head covering. There is a nice article about do-rags on Wikipedia, but it doesn't discuss the cape variation. Timhoooey ( talk) 22:00, 13 March 2010 (UTC)
When someone attributes words to God, is this blasphemy? Look at this video, which has been broadcast on a TV channel in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. Here is a translation made by me.
God speaks to the Macedonians:
A divine blessing for you, My Macedonians! For thousands of years I have been waiting for you to call Me away. I populated your mother – the Earth – with three races: the white one – Macedonoids, the yellow one – Mongoloids, and the black one – Negroids. All the others are mulattoes. I conceived the white race from you, the Macedonians, the descendants of Macedon, and with you it all began – to as far as the Sea of Japan. All white people are your brothers because they carry the Macedonian gene. For thousands of years I have been sending czars for you and I now send them to you again. You give them away to everyone and keep no one of them for yourselves. The czars who are here with Me and the Macedonians are as many as the stars in the sky and the grains of sand in the sea. Now the Macedonian time has come. It is an honour and a blessing to be a Macedonian, a descendant of Macedon and a son of the God of the Universe. Amen!
Please note that Bulgaria and Greece officially do not recognise the existence of a Macedonian nation and a Macedonian language. They insist that the nation was invented in 1945 ( this comment has not been posted by me) and the language they speak is a Serbian-influenced dialect of Bulgarian. So, my question is: is that video blasphemy or mockery towards religion? -- Магьосник ( talk) 23:03, 13 March 2010 (UTC)
I am a Macedonian, but I renounce such acts of extremism. This is piteous to me too. I don't want you to associate Macedonia with this video.
Humanities desk | ||
---|---|---|
< March 12 | << Feb | March | Apr >> | March 14 > |
Welcome to the Wikipedia Humanities Reference Desk Archives |
---|
The page you are currently viewing is an archive page. While you can leave answers for any questions shown below, please ask new questions on one of the current reference desk pages. |
hi there, I want to know on what basis did the U.S. Court of Appeal conclude that Microsoft was a monopoly? What was Microsoft's market share of Intel-compatible PC operating systems? Of all operating systems, including Apple computers? What evidence did the court cite in claiming that Microsoft changed above-competitive prices? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.64.52.139 ( talk) 00:16, 13 March 2010 (UTC)
Does the OP mean "Is Microsoft a monopoly in fact?" or "Is Microsoft a monopoly under the law?" When it comes to economics, the law doesn't always coincide with reality. As far as the economic reality is concerned, it is unclear whether Microsoft is a monopoly (and many economists believe it is not). Market share isn't relevant -- what matters is market power. Given that Apple, Linux, and others exist as potential competitors, it is not possible for Microsoft to price monopolistically (in fact, Apple likely prices more like a monopoly than does Microsoft). Wikiant ( talk) 02:57, 13 March 2010 (UTC)
The answer to the OP's 4th question would require thousands of words. Here is a partial answer to his first 3 questions, from the 1999 case cited above: "Microsoft enjoys so much power in the market for Intel-compatible PC operating systems that if it wished to exercise this power solely in terms of price, it could charge a price for Windows substantially above that which could be charged in a competitive market. Moreover, it could do so for a significant period of time without losing an unacceptable amount of business to competitors. In other words, Microsoft enjoys monopoly power in the relevant market.
Viewed together, three main facts indicate that Microsoft enjoys monopoly power. First, Microsoft's share of the market for Intel-compatible PC operating systems is extremely large and stable. Second, Microsoft's dominant market share is protected by a high barrier to entry. Third, and largely as a result of that barrier, Microsoft's customers lack a commercially viable alternative to Windows.
... Microsoft possesses a dominant, persistent, and increasing share of the worldwide market for Intel-compatible PC operating systems. Every year for the last decade, Microsoft's share of the market for Intel-compatible PC operating systems has stood above ninety percent. For the last couple of years the figure has been at least ninety-five percent, and analysts project that the share will climb even higher over the next few years. Even if Apple's Mac OS were included in the relevant market, Microsoft's share would still stand well above eighty percent."
Here's 750 words of "evidence" -- if it's unforgivably too long, feel free to edit:
"... just as Microsoft's large market share creates incentives for ISVs to develop applications first and foremost for Windows, the small or non-existent market share of an aspiring competitor makes it prohibitively expensive for the aspirant to develop its PC operating system into an acceptable substitute for Windows. ... The cost to a would-be entrant of inducing ISVs to write applications for its operating system exceeds the cost that Microsoft itself has faced in inducing ISVs to write applications for its operating system products, for Microsoft never confronted a highly penetrated market dominated by a single competitor. ... The experiences of IBM and Apple, Microsoft's most significant operating system rivals in the mid- and late 1990s, confirm the strength of the applications barrier to entry. ....The inability of Apple to compete effectively with Windows provides another example of the applications barrier to entry in operation. Although Apple's Mac OS supports more than 12,000 applications, even an inventory of that magnitude is not sufficient to enable Apple to present a significant percentage of users with a viable substitute for Windows. ... The experience of the Linux operating system, ... similarly fails to refute the existence of an applications barrier to entry. ... That Microsoft's market share and the applications barrier to entry together endow the company with monopoly power in the market for Intel-compatible PC operating systems is directly evidenced by the sustained absence of realistic commercial alternatives to Microsoft's PC operating-system products. ....OEMs are the most important direct customers for operating systems for Intel- compatible PCs. .... Without significant exception, all OEMs pre-install Windows on the vast majority of PCs that they sell, and they uniformly are of a mind that there exists no commercially viable alternative to which they could switch in response to a substantial and sustained price increase or its equivalent by Microsoft. ... Microsoft did not consider the prices of other Intel-compatible PC operating systems when it set the price of Windows 98.... The license for one of Microsoft's operating system products prohibits the user from transferring the operating system to another machine, so there is no legal secondary market in Microsoft operating systems. This means that any consumer who buys a new Intel-compatible PC and wants Windows must buy a new copy of the operating system. ... while consumers might one day turn to network computers, or Linux, or a combination of middleware and some other operating system, as an alternative to Windows, the fact remains that they are not doing so today. Nor are consumers likely to do so in appreciable numbers any time in the next few years. Unless and until that day arrives, no significant percentage of consumers will be able to abandon Windows without incurring substantial costs. Microsoft can therefore set the price of Windows substantially higher than that which would be charged in a competitive market ... without losing so much business as to make the action unprofitable. ...Microsoft's actual pricing behavior is consistent with the proposition that the firm enjoys monopoly power in the market for Intel-compatible PC operating systems. The company's decision not to consider the prices of other vendors' Intel-compatible PC operating systems when setting the price of Windows 98, for example, is probative of monopoly power. ... Another indication of monopoly power is the fact that Microsoft raised the price that it charged OEMs for Windows 95, with trivial exceptions, to the same level as the price it charged for Windows 98 just prior to releasing the newer product. ...Finally, it is indicative of monopoly power that Microsoft felt that it had substantial discretion in setting the price of its Windows 98 upgrade product .... A Microsoft study from November 1997 reveals that the company could have charged $49 for an upgrade to Windows 98 — there is no reason to believe that the $49 price would have been unprofitable — but the study identifies $89 as the revenue-maximizing price. Microsoft thus opted for the higher price. ... Given the size and stability of its market share, Microsoft stands to reap almost all of the future rewards if there are yet more consumers of Intel-compatible PC operating systems. ...Furthermore, Microsoft expends a significant portion of its monopoly power, which could otherwise be spent maximizing price, on imposing burdensome restrictions on its customers — and in inducing them to behave in ways — that augment and prolong that monopoly power. ...Microsoft's monopoly power is also evidenced by the fact that, over the course of several years, Microsoft took actions that could only have been advantageous if they operated to reinforce monopoly power. ...."
63.17.60.8 (
talk) 05:00, 13 March 2010 (UTC)
It's perhaps worth remembering that being a monopoly isn't in itself illegal in the vast majority of jurisdictions. It's only when you abuse your monopoly in some way according to the laws of the country you're operating that you get into trouble. Even when a monopoly is broken up, it only happens because the monopoly was considered to be abusing their monopoly, not because the monopoly existed. BTW, in terms of Apple, remember the case was in 1998. Apple Inc launched the iMac which started their recovery but this was after they'd had a massive decline and so were still a very minor player at the time even in the US. For example [1] "Market share of personal computers in the USA during October to December: ... Apple Computer 4.5%." (they were 3.4% or 4.3% in the last quarter of 1997 [2]) Nil Einne ( talk) 07:11, 14 March 2010 (UTC)
Usually, whenever I come across someone I know, I and the other person simultaneously say "How are you?". It's really embarrassing and weird. One person should say that while the other person is listening, but that just doesn't happen for me. I don't think something like this happens so often for other people. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 142.58.129.94 ( talk) 02:33, 13 March 2010 (UTC)
The same similar thing happens to me when you are walking towards someone else going the opposite way in the street, and both you and the other person try and move the same way to try and get out of their way, it can be mega embarrassing! Chevymontecarlo. 09:20, 13 March 2010 (UTC)
"Hey, how are you?"
"I know you're good, but how are you?" DOR (HK) ( talk) 03:49, 14 March 2010 (UTC)
Firstly, excuse my ignorance of the American political system.
My understanding is that for a bill to be enacted it must be approved by at least 60 senators. As there are 100 senators, this means that quite a bit more than half the senate must approve of a bill for it to be enacted. I also understand that the Vice President can cast a vote if there is a tie. However, how can there be a 50-50 tie if you need 60% of the senate to approve anyway?-- 220.253.247.165 ( talk) 04:23, 13 March 2010 (UTC)
Does anybody know what 山楂酪 is? Its a Chinese fruity snack similar to fruit leather. What is it made from and anybody know anything else-- 172.191.130.40 ( talk) 04:40, 13 March 2010 (UTC)
In the article Kingdom of Leon it says that title King of Leon was the more superior title and that modern Kings of Spain are crowned Kings of Leon in public ceremonies. If this is true, how come in the full title of Isabella II of Spain, by the grace of God Queen (King) of Castille, León..., and the modern day full style of Juan Carlos I of Spain, His (Her) Catholic Majesty, the King of Spain, King of Castile, of León..., Leon always comes after Castile. Don't tell me the obvious about how Castile the center of power and Leon wasn't; I already know those reasons. Does anybody know?-- Queen Elizabeth II's Little Spy ( talk) 06:37, 13 March 2010 (UTC)
It's understood Willie Morris traveled by sea to get to the United Kingdom so he can complete his studies at Oxford University. After he graduated, he returned to the United States of America, also by sea. But what I'm trying to find out is which ocean liner did he travel aboard? 24.90.204.234 ( talk) 09:16, 13 March 2010 (UTC)
I tried one passenger list from Southampton to New York. But that would cost me credits. I really need help in finding more information, please. Thank you. 24.90.204.234 ( talk) 07:10, 14 March 2010 (UTC)
Given this graphic, can someone please explain to me why there is more worry in the financial world concerning a default by Spain on its debt than there is for the UK? Magog the Ogre ( talk) 12:03, 13 March 2010 (UTC)
I'm quite aware of the crisis, although I understand Italy, Spain, and Portugal are considered a high risk after the Greeks. Magog the Ogre ( talk) 17:44, 13 March 2010 (UTC)
It would appear then that the left-of-center policies of reconciliation seen in the unification of the European currency merge poorly with the left-of-center policies which favor government spending. Certainly the implementation of the euro has made trade with Europe much easier, but the (all too sadly common) predilection of the continental Europeans to avoid conflict rather than confront an issue may in fact doom it - they would be much better reigning in their own members, but it would never have happened. Magog the Ogre ( talk) 23:45, 14 March 2010 (UTC)
What was the need for a tactical formation called "Regimental Combat Team" (RCT), while there were others existing like Battalion, Regiment, Brigade etc?. I was reading about the Pacific War and noticed that a RCT of one formation would be detached and sent with a different division to a different place. What size was it usually? (bigger than a battalion or smaller than it?). What rank would be the CO of a RCT normally be (in the US millitary).-- Sodabottle ( talk) 18:23, 13 March 2010 (UTC)
There's always been something I've been wondering about... When you look at maps of Kievan Rus ( Here is a good example) you see that they have control of certain ports in the Crimea and the sea of Azov even though they're separated by about 150 miles of nomadic lands from the rest of Kievan Rus. How did they keep control over those ports?. The True Wiki ( talk) 21:20, 13 March 2010 (UTC)
Article Tmutorokan... AnonMoos ( talk) 15:40, 14 March 2010 (UTC)
In the United States there are many people who wear a do-rag featuring a cape. The other day I was wondering what influenced this particular style of head covering. There is a nice article about do-rags on Wikipedia, but it doesn't discuss the cape variation. Timhoooey ( talk) 22:00, 13 March 2010 (UTC)
When someone attributes words to God, is this blasphemy? Look at this video, which has been broadcast on a TV channel in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. Here is a translation made by me.
God speaks to the Macedonians:
A divine blessing for you, My Macedonians! For thousands of years I have been waiting for you to call Me away. I populated your mother – the Earth – with three races: the white one – Macedonoids, the yellow one – Mongoloids, and the black one – Negroids. All the others are mulattoes. I conceived the white race from you, the Macedonians, the descendants of Macedon, and with you it all began – to as far as the Sea of Japan. All white people are your brothers because they carry the Macedonian gene. For thousands of years I have been sending czars for you and I now send them to you again. You give them away to everyone and keep no one of them for yourselves. The czars who are here with Me and the Macedonians are as many as the stars in the sky and the grains of sand in the sea. Now the Macedonian time has come. It is an honour and a blessing to be a Macedonian, a descendant of Macedon and a son of the God of the Universe. Amen!
Please note that Bulgaria and Greece officially do not recognise the existence of a Macedonian nation and a Macedonian language. They insist that the nation was invented in 1945 ( this comment has not been posted by me) and the language they speak is a Serbian-influenced dialect of Bulgarian. So, my question is: is that video blasphemy or mockery towards religion? -- Магьосник ( talk) 23:03, 13 March 2010 (UTC)
I am a Macedonian, but I renounce such acts of extremism. This is piteous to me too. I don't want you to associate Macedonia with this video.