VP-20 was a Patrol Squadron of the
U.S. Navy. The squadron was established as Patrol Squadron 8-S (VP-8S) from elements of VT-9S on 1 July 1929, redesignated Patrol Squadron 8-F (VP-8F) on 3 April 1933, redesignated Patrol Squadron 8 (VP-8) on 1 October 1937, redesignated Patrol Squadron 24 (VP-24) on 1 July 1939, redesignated Patrol Squadron 12 (VP-12) on 1 August 1941, redesignated Patrol Bombing Squadron 120 (VPB-120) on 1 October 1944, redesignated Patrol Squadron 120 (VP-120) on 15 May 1946, redesignated Heavy Patrol Squadron (Landplane) 10 (VP-HL-10) on 15 November 1946, redesignated Patrol Squadron 20 (VP-20) on 1 September 1948 and disestablished on 31 March 1949. It was the third squadron to be designated VP-20, the
first VP-20 was redesignated VP-44 on 1 July 1940 and the
second VP-20 was redesignated VPB-20 on 1 October 1944.[1]
Operational history
1 July – September 1929: A detachment of six aircraft and crews from VT-9S were used to provide the cadre for the establishment of a new patrol squadron, VP-8S. The squadron was assigned the
T3M-2 torpedo-bombers, the same type flown by VT-9S. In September, the VP-8S received the
XPY-1 for service tests and development of the
Bellini–Tosi direction finder.
1 Jun 1930: VP-8S was a new home port at
NAF Newport, Rhode Island, with tender support provided by
USS Wright. Squadron T3M-2 aircraft were turned in and replaced with the
T4M-1
1 November 1930: VP-8S became a true patrol squadron with the replacement of its T4M twin-float torpedo bombers with the new mono-hull
PM-1 flying boats.
1 January 1931: The squadron had the first opportunity to test its new aircraft during
Fleet Problem XII with the fleet off Guantanamo. During the exercise VP-8S was provided tender service by USS Wright.
1 July 1931: Another round of fleet exercises was conducted off the shores of Cuba. These operations included joint participation by the squadron and VPs
3S,
5S and
10S, based at
FAB Coco Solo,
Panama Canal Zone. USS Wright provided tender services for all the squadrons.
1 January 1932: VP-8S and VP-10S conducted exercises with the fleet in Cuban waters.
1 April 1933: VP-8S was reorganized from Scouting Fleet to Base Force, changing its designation to VP-8F in the process. The squadron was still flying six PM-1 flying boats, with tender support provided by
USS Swann and
USS Lapwing.
13 January 1934: VP-8F participated in fleet exercises off Hawaii with VPs
1F,
4F,
6F and
10F.
22 April 1935: VP-8F participated in
Fleet Problem XVI with VPs 1F, 4F, 6F,
7F,
9F and 10F off
Midway Island in a test of advanced basing at remote sites utilizing numerous support (tender and supply) vessels.
1 October 1937: VP-8F was redesignated VP-8 when patrol squadrons were reorganized for operational control transferred from Base Force to Patrol Wings. VP-8 and all of the other patrol squadrons in the Hawaii region came under PatWing-2.
25 March 1938: Aircrews from VPs
1,
4,
6, 8,
10 and
18 participated in
Fleet Problem XIX (Phase V) as part of Red Force operating against Blue Force. The exercises showed that slow flying patrol aircraft had virtually no chance of penetrating the anti-aircraft (AA) screen of the fleet. The majority of aircraft conducting mock attacks during the exercises were judged to have been shot down.
9 April 1940: Aircrews from VPs
21,
22,
23, 24,
25 and
26 participated in
Fleet Problem XXI with the USAAF
72nd Bombardment Squadron and the
4th Reconnaissance Squadron. The purpose of the exercise was to judge the effectiveness of joint services air support during an attack on the islands by an enemy carrier fleet. Coordination between Army and Naval air units was judged very poor. Communications problems between the Army and Navy aircraft and ground controllers resulted in disjointed efforts at defense.
10 March 1941: VP-24 was relocated to
NAS Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii, as one of the first squadrons to occupy the new base.
1 August 1941: VP-24 with 14
PBY-1s on hand was redesignated VP-12. The original
VP-12 at
NAS San Diego, California, was split into halves with one group becoming a new VP-24 and the second half flying trans-Pacific to NAS Kaneohe Bay on 2 September 1941, to join the newly redesignated VP-12 in Hawaii. The San Diego contingent of the squadron brought with them six newer model PBY-5s as replacements for the older PBY-1 aircraft. Upon arrival, the squadron and its six aircraft were based at
NAS Ford Island, Pearl Harbor.
7 December 1941: Only one of the squadron's six new PBY-5s was damaged during the
Attack on Pearl Harbor. One in front of the hangar on ready alert received bullet holes through one wing, but was otherwise intact. The remaining four aircraft been sent on an early morning exercise and were not caught on the ground by the Japanese fighters. The VP-12 hangar was undamaged, but the
VP-21 and
VP-22 hangars had burned, along with several aircraft. For a while, Ford Island was the only installation with flyable Catalinas, as NAS Kaneohe Bay had lost nearly all of it aircraft on the ground.
8 December 1941 – 30 October 1942: During this period VP-12 was transferred to NAS Kaneohe Bay conducting patrols in the waters off Hawaii and rotating detachments to Midway Island. Crews were trained on the new replacement PBY-5A aircraft received in September 1942.
22 November 1942: VP-12 was transferred to the Fiji Islands, with an operational base on
Nandi. Operational control for the squadron was transferred from FAW-2 to FAW-1.
15 December 1942: As a result of the matte-black paint schemes and night-time bombing operations conducted by the squadron, VP-12 officially became known as a Black Cat squadron, along with VPs
11,
51 and
91. The area of operations during this period was concentrated around
Guadalcanal.
24 July 1943: VP-12 was withdrawn from combat and returned to NAS San Diego. The squadron was reformed and new personnel given training through 1 December 1943, when preparations for the trans-Pacific flight back to NAS Kaneohe Bay were begun.
13 December 1943: VP-12 began the trans-Pacific flight from NAS San Diego to NAS Kaneohe Bay with seven PBY-5As.
20 December 1943: The squadron sent a detachment of six aircraft to Midway Island to relieve
VB-144. Four of the aircraft and the six crews returned to Kaneohe on 13 January 1943, leaving two aircraft and three crews behind which rejoined the squadron on 18 January 1944.
7 February 1944: VP-12 arrived at Guadalcanal for duty under the operational control of FAW-1. The squadron's complement at this point had been boosted to 15 PBY-5As. Two days after arrival one plane and one crew were dispatched to
Tarawa and
Majuro for photoreconnaissance duties.
17 February 1944: VP-12 was relocated to
Ondonga Airfield,
New Georgia. Over the next month the principal duties of the squadron consisted of ferry and supply trips between Kaneohe and Ondonga.
1 March 1944: The squadron switched from ferry duties to combat missions. The squadron's duties consisted of anti-shipping searches, artillery spotting and
Dumbo (air-sea rescue) missions. On 3 March 1944, VP- 12 conducted a night bombing raid on Saipasi Island.
1 April 1944: Two aircraft were detached from the squadron for Dumbo duty searching for downed Army bomber aircrews. One crew was based at
Green Island and another at
Torokina Airfield. Each worked with a submarine along the routes of aircraft returning from bombing missions. When a crew was spotted on the water the Dumbo would contact the submarine to pick them up, or if the sea was not too rough, land and pick them up.
17 May – 14 June 1944: VP-12 aircraft were detailed to conduct antishipping searches north of
Emirau Island. These duties continued until 14 June 1944, when the entire squadron was relocated to
Luganville Seaplane Base,
Espiritu Santo. After the relocation, three aircraft were detailed to conduct antishipping patrols, and one aircraft for air-sea rescue.
30 July 1944: VP-12 was relieved of duty in the combat zone and was en route to NAS Kaneohe Bay, for further transfer to the continental United States.
1 October 1944 – July 1945: VP-12 had been relocated to
NAS Whidbey Island under the operational control of FAW-6 for refitting and reforming of the squadron. The squadron was redesignated VPB-120. The new squadron was in the process of transitioning from the amphibious PBY-5A to the land-based
PB4Y-2. The training period was extended through 19 July 1945, when the squadron deployed to
NAS Shemya, Aleutian Islands, under the operational control of FAW-4. Upon arrival on 25 July 1945, area indoctrination training was undertaken.
1 Aug 1945: VPB-120 began antishipping patrols north of the
Kurile Islands. These missions and photoreconnaissance missions were conducted until the end of September when the squadron was relocated from Shemya to
NAF Attu. The squadron remained at this location for the remainder of the deployment and then returned to NAS Whidbey Island in early 1946.
VP-20 was a Patrol Squadron of the
U.S. Navy. The squadron was established as Patrol Squadron 8-S (VP-8S) from elements of VT-9S on 1 July 1929, redesignated Patrol Squadron 8-F (VP-8F) on 3 April 1933, redesignated Patrol Squadron 8 (VP-8) on 1 October 1937, redesignated Patrol Squadron 24 (VP-24) on 1 July 1939, redesignated Patrol Squadron 12 (VP-12) on 1 August 1941, redesignated Patrol Bombing Squadron 120 (VPB-120) on 1 October 1944, redesignated Patrol Squadron 120 (VP-120) on 15 May 1946, redesignated Heavy Patrol Squadron (Landplane) 10 (VP-HL-10) on 15 November 1946, redesignated Patrol Squadron 20 (VP-20) on 1 September 1948 and disestablished on 31 March 1949. It was the third squadron to be designated VP-20, the
first VP-20 was redesignated VP-44 on 1 July 1940 and the
second VP-20 was redesignated VPB-20 on 1 October 1944.[1]
Operational history
1 July – September 1929: A detachment of six aircraft and crews from VT-9S were used to provide the cadre for the establishment of a new patrol squadron, VP-8S. The squadron was assigned the
T3M-2 torpedo-bombers, the same type flown by VT-9S. In September, the VP-8S received the
XPY-1 for service tests and development of the
Bellini–Tosi direction finder.
1 Jun 1930: VP-8S was a new home port at
NAF Newport, Rhode Island, with tender support provided by
USS Wright. Squadron T3M-2 aircraft were turned in and replaced with the
T4M-1
1 November 1930: VP-8S became a true patrol squadron with the replacement of its T4M twin-float torpedo bombers with the new mono-hull
PM-1 flying boats.
1 January 1931: The squadron had the first opportunity to test its new aircraft during
Fleet Problem XII with the fleet off Guantanamo. During the exercise VP-8S was provided tender service by USS Wright.
1 July 1931: Another round of fleet exercises was conducted off the shores of Cuba. These operations included joint participation by the squadron and VPs
3S,
5S and
10S, based at
FAB Coco Solo,
Panama Canal Zone. USS Wright provided tender services for all the squadrons.
1 January 1932: VP-8S and VP-10S conducted exercises with the fleet in Cuban waters.
1 April 1933: VP-8S was reorganized from Scouting Fleet to Base Force, changing its designation to VP-8F in the process. The squadron was still flying six PM-1 flying boats, with tender support provided by
USS Swann and
USS Lapwing.
13 January 1934: VP-8F participated in fleet exercises off Hawaii with VPs
1F,
4F,
6F and
10F.
22 April 1935: VP-8F participated in
Fleet Problem XVI with VPs 1F, 4F, 6F,
7F,
9F and 10F off
Midway Island in a test of advanced basing at remote sites utilizing numerous support (tender and supply) vessels.
1 October 1937: VP-8F was redesignated VP-8 when patrol squadrons were reorganized for operational control transferred from Base Force to Patrol Wings. VP-8 and all of the other patrol squadrons in the Hawaii region came under PatWing-2.
25 March 1938: Aircrews from VPs
1,
4,
6, 8,
10 and
18 participated in
Fleet Problem XIX (Phase V) as part of Red Force operating against Blue Force. The exercises showed that slow flying patrol aircraft had virtually no chance of penetrating the anti-aircraft (AA) screen of the fleet. The majority of aircraft conducting mock attacks during the exercises were judged to have been shot down.
9 April 1940: Aircrews from VPs
21,
22,
23, 24,
25 and
26 participated in
Fleet Problem XXI with the USAAF
72nd Bombardment Squadron and the
4th Reconnaissance Squadron. The purpose of the exercise was to judge the effectiveness of joint services air support during an attack on the islands by an enemy carrier fleet. Coordination between Army and Naval air units was judged very poor. Communications problems between the Army and Navy aircraft and ground controllers resulted in disjointed efforts at defense.
10 March 1941: VP-24 was relocated to
NAS Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii, as one of the first squadrons to occupy the new base.
1 August 1941: VP-24 with 14
PBY-1s on hand was redesignated VP-12. The original
VP-12 at
NAS San Diego, California, was split into halves with one group becoming a new VP-24 and the second half flying trans-Pacific to NAS Kaneohe Bay on 2 September 1941, to join the newly redesignated VP-12 in Hawaii. The San Diego contingent of the squadron brought with them six newer model PBY-5s as replacements for the older PBY-1 aircraft. Upon arrival, the squadron and its six aircraft were based at
NAS Ford Island, Pearl Harbor.
7 December 1941: Only one of the squadron's six new PBY-5s was damaged during the
Attack on Pearl Harbor. One in front of the hangar on ready alert received bullet holes through one wing, but was otherwise intact. The remaining four aircraft been sent on an early morning exercise and were not caught on the ground by the Japanese fighters. The VP-12 hangar was undamaged, but the
VP-21 and
VP-22 hangars had burned, along with several aircraft. For a while, Ford Island was the only installation with flyable Catalinas, as NAS Kaneohe Bay had lost nearly all of it aircraft on the ground.
8 December 1941 – 30 October 1942: During this period VP-12 was transferred to NAS Kaneohe Bay conducting patrols in the waters off Hawaii and rotating detachments to Midway Island. Crews were trained on the new replacement PBY-5A aircraft received in September 1942.
22 November 1942: VP-12 was transferred to the Fiji Islands, with an operational base on
Nandi. Operational control for the squadron was transferred from FAW-2 to FAW-1.
15 December 1942: As a result of the matte-black paint schemes and night-time bombing operations conducted by the squadron, VP-12 officially became known as a Black Cat squadron, along with VPs
11,
51 and
91. The area of operations during this period was concentrated around
Guadalcanal.
24 July 1943: VP-12 was withdrawn from combat and returned to NAS San Diego. The squadron was reformed and new personnel given training through 1 December 1943, when preparations for the trans-Pacific flight back to NAS Kaneohe Bay were begun.
13 December 1943: VP-12 began the trans-Pacific flight from NAS San Diego to NAS Kaneohe Bay with seven PBY-5As.
20 December 1943: The squadron sent a detachment of six aircraft to Midway Island to relieve
VB-144. Four of the aircraft and the six crews returned to Kaneohe on 13 January 1943, leaving two aircraft and three crews behind which rejoined the squadron on 18 January 1944.
7 February 1944: VP-12 arrived at Guadalcanal for duty under the operational control of FAW-1. The squadron's complement at this point had been boosted to 15 PBY-5As. Two days after arrival one plane and one crew were dispatched to
Tarawa and
Majuro for photoreconnaissance duties.
17 February 1944: VP-12 was relocated to
Ondonga Airfield,
New Georgia. Over the next month the principal duties of the squadron consisted of ferry and supply trips between Kaneohe and Ondonga.
1 March 1944: The squadron switched from ferry duties to combat missions. The squadron's duties consisted of anti-shipping searches, artillery spotting and
Dumbo (air-sea rescue) missions. On 3 March 1944, VP- 12 conducted a night bombing raid on Saipasi Island.
1 April 1944: Two aircraft were detached from the squadron for Dumbo duty searching for downed Army bomber aircrews. One crew was based at
Green Island and another at
Torokina Airfield. Each worked with a submarine along the routes of aircraft returning from bombing missions. When a crew was spotted on the water the Dumbo would contact the submarine to pick them up, or if the sea was not too rough, land and pick them up.
17 May – 14 June 1944: VP-12 aircraft were detailed to conduct antishipping searches north of
Emirau Island. These duties continued until 14 June 1944, when the entire squadron was relocated to
Luganville Seaplane Base,
Espiritu Santo. After the relocation, three aircraft were detailed to conduct antishipping patrols, and one aircraft for air-sea rescue.
30 July 1944: VP-12 was relieved of duty in the combat zone and was en route to NAS Kaneohe Bay, for further transfer to the continental United States.
1 October 1944 – July 1945: VP-12 had been relocated to
NAS Whidbey Island under the operational control of FAW-6 for refitting and reforming of the squadron. The squadron was redesignated VPB-120. The new squadron was in the process of transitioning from the amphibious PBY-5A to the land-based
PB4Y-2. The training period was extended through 19 July 1945, when the squadron deployed to
NAS Shemya, Aleutian Islands, under the operational control of FAW-4. Upon arrival on 25 July 1945, area indoctrination training was undertaken.
1 Aug 1945: VPB-120 began antishipping patrols north of the
Kurile Islands. These missions and photoreconnaissance missions were conducted until the end of September when the squadron was relocated from Shemya to
NAF Attu. The squadron remained at this location for the remainder of the deployment and then returned to NAS Whidbey Island in early 1946.