DRev
James F. Hooper
To get and add
Scaryduck
Spectrophilia
The user Warfwar3 has been creating a string of articles, Future Human Evolution (speedy delete), Speculative biology (prod, user keeps creating redirects) and now Alternative natural history. These all seem be advertisement/presentation of original research in relation to the book Future Evolution, which was written by Peter Ward (offhand suspicious sounding relation to Warfwar3, but that may just be a coincidence). Cquan (talk, AMA Desk) 01:20, 10 April 2007 (UTC)
Schools
work on schoosl re comment in http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Don_G._Giunta_Middle_School (Noronton)
List of Eugenicists
This list includes famous [[Eugenics|eugenicists]], contributors, and supporters. Some of the people may not be eugenicists but are included here because of their notable involvement. * [[Alexander Graham Bell]] {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} {{flagicon|Canada}} {{flagicon|USA}} Inventor of the [[telephone]]. * [[Joseph Bloch]] {{flagicon|USA}} Modern proponent of non-racist eugenics. Also a transhumanist. * [[Alexis Carrel]] {{flagicon|France}} Innovative surgeon, Nobel laureate, advocated compulsory sterilization and euthanasia, Nazi collaborator. * [[Charles Kirk Clarke]] {{flagicon|Canada}} * [[Francis Crick]] {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} Nobel prize winning discoverer of the double helix of DNA. * [[C. D. Darlington]] {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Cell biology|cytologist]] who discovered the mechanics of chromosomal crossover. * [[Charles Darwin]] {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} Eminent British naturalist who proposed evolution as the origin of species. * [[Charles Galton Darwin]] {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} — Physicist, grandson of Charles Darwin. * [[Leonard Darwin]] {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} — Economist, son of Charles Darwin. * [[Charles Davenport]] {{flagicon|USA}} — Prominent American [[biologist]], founder of the [[Eugenics Record Office]]. * [[John Derbyshire]] {{flagicon|USA}} — Author and columnist at [[National Review]]. * [[Wickliffe Draper]] {{flagicon|USA}} — American philanthropist, founder of the [[Pioneer Fund]]. * [[W.E.B. DuBois]] {{flagicon|USA}} African-American community leader. Advocated blacks using eugenics to improve their race. * [[Eugen Fischer]] {{flagicon|Germany|Nazi}} * [[Irving Fisher]] {{flagicon|USA}} * [[Ronald Fisher|R.A. Fisher]] {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} — British [[statistician]], co-creator of the [[modern synthesis]] of evolutionary theory. * [[Joseph Fletcher]] {{flagicon|USA}} Philosopher who founded situational ethics. * [[Francis Galton]]{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} — British [[statistician]], first developed notion of eugenics, coined term. * [[Marcus Garvey]] {{flagicon|USA}} African-American community leader. Advocated blacks using eugenics to improve their race. * [[Henry H. Goddard]] {{flagicon|USA}} — American [[psychologist]], author of ''[[The Kallikak Family]]''. * [[Charles Goethe]] {{flagicon|USA}} — American philanthropist, lobbied for [[compulsory sterilization]] and immigration restriction. * [[Emma Goldman]] Activist, Anarchist, Feminist, Writer * [[E.S. Gosney]] {{flagicon|USA}} — American philanthropist, founder of the [[Human Betterment Foundation]], which lobbied for [[compulsory sterilization]] legislation. * [[Robert Klark Graham]] {{flagicon|USA}} — American inventor, founded "[[Nobel Prize]]" [[sperm bank]] (may or may not have actually had Nobel Prize winners as donors). * [[Madison Grant]] {{flagicon|USA}} — American [[lawyer]], author of ''[[The Passing of the Great Race]]'', lobbied for immigration restriction and anti-miscegenation legislation. * [[James L. Hart]] {{flagicon|USA}} * [[Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[United States Supreme Court]] judge who wrote the opinion in [[Buck v. Bell]], "Three generations of imbeciles is enough." * [[David Starr Jordan]] {{flagicon|USA}} — American scientist, president of [[Stanford University]] and [[Indiana University Bloomington|Indiana University]]. * [[Harry H. Laughlin]] {{flagicon|USA}} — Prominent American eugenicist, director of the [[Eugenics Record Office]], lobbied for immigration restriction and [[compulsory sterilization]] laws, early founder of the [[Pioneer Fund]]. * [[Richard Lynn]] {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} — Emeritus professor of psychology at the [[University of Ulster]]. * [[Archer Martin]] {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} — Chemist Nobel prize winner for developing chromatography. * [[Josef Mengele]] {{flagicon|Germany|Nazi}} — Nazi doctor, infamous for abusive and unethical experimentation on prisoners. * [[Henry Fairfield Osborn]] {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} — paleontologist famous for studies on evolution of mammoths and elephants * [[Karl Pearson]] {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} — British [[statistician]] who developed theory of regression and correlation. * [[Plato]] {{flagicon|Greece}} Classical Greek philosopher. The earliest proponent of eugenics known by name. * [[Alfred Ploetz]] {{flagicon|Germany|Nazi}} * [[Paul Popenoe]] {{flagicon|USA}} — American biologist, lobbied for [[compulsory sterilization]] laws, especially in [[California]]. * [[Ernst Rüdin]] {{flagicon|Germany|Nazi}} — German psychiatrist, founder of the German [[Racial Hygiene]] movement which gained much support from [[Nazi Germany]]. * [[Margaret Sanger]] {{flagicon|USA}} — American [[birth control]] advocate, also sometimes advocated certain types of eugenic programs. * [[F.C.S. Schiller]] {{flagicon|USA}} {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} — Pragmatist philosopher. * [[Carl Hans Heinze Sennhenn]] {{flagicon|Germany|Nazi}} * [[William Shockley]] {{flagicon|USA}} — American [[Nobel Prize]] winner for inventing the transistor. * [[Lothrop Stoddard]] {{flagicon|USA}} — American author, wrote ''[[The Rising Tide of Color]]''. * [[Nikola Tesla]] {{flagicon|Croatia}} {{flagicon|USA}} American inventor from Serbia who invented the AC motor. * [[Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer]] {{flagicon|Germany|Nazi}} — German [[geneticist]], did work on [[heredity]] during [[Nazi Germany]] with the aid of "specimens" from Mengele. * [[Werner Villinger]] {{flagicon|Germany|Nazi}} * [[James Watson]] {{flagicon|USA}} — [[Nobel Prize]] winner for discovery of the double helix of DNA. * [[H.G. Wells]] {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} Prolific science fiction author who wrote War of the Worlds. * [[Robert Yerkes]] {{flagicon|USA}} — American [[primatologist]], did early work on [[intelligence testing]] arguing for immigration restriction.
Librarians in popular culture
This is a collection of descriptions of '''librarians in popular culture''', i.e., literature, film, television, and games. ==Literature== *[[Neal Stephenson]]'s novel, ''[[Snow Crash]]'' features both the "Central Information Congress" (a commercialized melding of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] and the [[Library of Congress]]) and a virtual librarian which assists the main character, [[Hiro Protagonist]].<ref>http://www.utpjournals.com/simile/issue16/blackmore1.html</ref> *In the ''[[Discworld]]'' book series by [[Terry Pratchett]] there is a [[The Librarian (Discworld)|librarian]] who has been [[magic (paranormal)|magic]]ally turned into an [[orangutan]]. In these stories, librarians frequently have supernatural powers related to books and library work, including access to a form of [[Hyperspace (science fiction)|hyperspace]] known as L-Space.<ref>http://www.ie.lspace.org/about/whatis-lspace.html</ref> *In the comic book series ''[[Batman]]'', Barbara Gordon is a computer-savvy librarian using the name [[Oracle (comics)|Oracle]]. Before she was shot by the [[Joker (comics)|Joker]], restricting the use of her legs, she was known as [[Batgirl]]. *[[Characters of The Sandman#Lucien|Lucien]], from [[Neil Gaiman]]'s [[comic book]] series [[The Sandman (DC Comics Modern Age)|The Sandman]], tends to [[Dreaming (comics)|The Dreaming]]'s library, where all the books that are dreamt of, but never written, are contained. *Jack and Annie in ''[[The Magic Treehouse]]'' series of children's books become "Master Librarians". *[[Irma Pince]] is the librarian in several of the [[Harry Potter]] novels. She is a minor character as a disciplinarian in the [[Hogwarts]] library. * Malachi is the scholarly librarian in [[Umberto Eco]]'s medieval murder mystery [[The Name of the Rose]] who unlocks the secrets of a labyrinthine library to the novel's protagonists. *In [[Elizabeth Peters]]' mystery novels, Jacqueline Kirby of Coldwater College, Nebraska, has the unique ability to transform herself from a stereotypical librarian -- complete with glasses and sensible shoes -- to a glamorous knockout. *In [[Jo Dereske]] novels, Helma Zukas of Bellehaven, Washington (her way of swearing is "Oh, Faulkner!"). *Laurali R. Wright has a series of crime novels set in British Columbia featuring Cassandra Mitchell, librarian and partner of a Royal Canadian Mountie * In "[[It (novel)|It]]" by [[Stephen King]] the central narrator is Mike Hanlon, a librarian in the small town of Derry, Maine. He is described as "the keeper of the lighthouse" * In [[Kingsley Amis]]' comic novel ''[[That Uncertain Feeling]]'', a Welsh librarian bored with his marriage casts his eye upon a new girl in town. In the film version, ''[[Only Two Can Play]]'', the librarian was played by [[Peter Sellers]]. *The manga series ''[[Read or Die]]'' (a.k.a. R.O.D.) features protagonist bibliophile Yomiko Readman, who works for the Library of England in search of rare and powerful books. *[[Richard Peck]]'s book, ''Here Lies the Librarian.'' "This book is dedicated to Living librarians everywhere And to my Dean Beth Mehalick Paskoff," who is Dean of Library and Information Sciences at [[Louisiana State University]]. On the cover is a cemetery with a gravestone that reads, "SHH!". ==Television== *On the March 26, 2007 episode of [[The Colbert Report]], [[Stephen Colbert (character)]], making a wild assertion that anything could be copyrighted declared as an example that "librarians are hiding something". *In most animated cartoon series, like [[Baby Looney Tunes]] to [[Rugrats]], and even [[Doug]], the librarian is often shown silencing the main or pivotal characters, especially younger children, when they're in a library area. Some even ban the characters from the libraries for many rude or strange noises. *On the television series ''[[All That]]'', there are several sketches that feature a silence-obsessed librarian (known as "The Loud Librarian" to some) that scolds someone for even making a coughing sound. She is eventually "fired" when [[Lori Beth Denberg]] leaves the cast in [[1998]]. *In the television series ''[[Buffy the Vampire Slayer]]'', [[Anthony Stewart Head]] played the role of [[Rupert Giles]], school librarian in earlier episodes and Buffy's watcher. *In a ''[[Star Trek: The Original Series|Star Trek]]'' episode ''[[All Our Yesterdays (Star Trek)|All Our Yesterdays]]'', [[Ian Wolfe]] plays librarian Mr. Atoz: "The library serves no purpose unless someone is using it." Mr. Atoz's name apparently derives from the phrase "A to Z", a reference to his occupation as a librarian. *In the [[1967]] episode of [[The Avengers (TV series)]], "Murdersville," a gun is used with a silencer after the librarian points to the SILENCE sign.<ref>[http://www.dissolute.com.au/avweb/emmacol/523.html Plot summary and images]</ref> *In an episode of ''[[Seinfeld]]'', [[Cosmo Kramer]] ([[Michael Richards]]) dates a librarian from the [[New York Public Library]], much to the chagrin of the "library cop." *In one episode of [[Monty Python's Flying Circus]] wild animals are interviewed for the position of librarian. *In one episode of [[The Simpsons]] a librarian questions Reverend Lovejoy about a Bible he has checked out every weekend for the past 12 years, asking wouldn't it be easier just to buy one, to which the Reverend replies, "Perhaps...on a Librarian's salary..." *The television series [[Once Upon a Time (Nebraska Public Television)|Once Upon A Time]] centers around a librarian trapped in a witch's tower, who is forced to produce stories with a machine called 1Z2Z, and then read them. * In an Orwellian future, a librarian (played by Burgess Meredith) fills the title role of “[[The Obsolete Man]]” (1961) in an episode from [[The Twilight Zone]]. * Al Bundy (Ed O'Neill) pulls off a typical claims returned trick on an old and bitter librarian in the [[Married... with Children]] episode “[[He Thought He Could]]” (1988). ==Film== * A wretched alternate fate is revealed for Mary Hatch Bailey (played by [[Donna Reed]]) in the movie ''[[It's a Wonderful Life]]'': "She's closing up the library!" * Vox (played by [[Orlando Jones]]), a holographic entity possessing a "compendium of all human knowledge," works at a futuristic [[New York Public Library]] in the movie ''[[The Time Machine]]'' (2002). * Mary (played by [[Parker Posey]]) is the ultimate ''[[Party Girl (1995 film)|Party Girl]]'' who discovers, "I want to be a librarian!" * Librarian Bunny Watson (played by [[Katharine Hepburn]]) teaches Richard Sumner (played by [[Spencer Tracy]]) a few things about modern research methods in the movie ''[[Desk Set]]''. * Heather Stephens plays Jill, the awkward librarian (and closet dominatrix), in the movie ''[[Tomcats (movie)|Tomcats]]''. * [[Shirley Jones]] stars as the no-nonsense "Marian the Librarian" in the movie ''[[The Music Man (1962 film)|The Music Man]]''. * [[List of minor Star Wars Jedi masters#Nu, Jocasta|Jocasta Nu]] is an [[archivist]] in the film ''[[Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones]]''. * Evelyn Carnahan is proud to be a librarian in the movies ''[[The Mummy (1999 movie)|The Mummy]]'' and ''[[The Mummy Returns]]''. *[[Noah Wyle]]'s character in the television movie ''[[The Librarian: Quest for The Spear]]'' and ''[[The Librarian: Return to King Solomon's Mines]]''. His mother: "Sixteen years of college and they've got you putting books on shelves?" *[[Jet Li]]'s character in the movie ''Black Mask'' works as a librarian. *''[[Last Life in the Universe]]'' is an intriguing tale about a male Japanese librarian.<ref>http://www.palmpictures.com/videos/lastlifeintheuniverse.html</ref> *[[Bette Davis]], in ''Storm Center'' (1956), plays a librarian who refuses to remove a book on Communism from the public library and is thereafter ostracized. *In ''[[No Man of Her Own]]'' (1932), [[Clark Gable]] is a big city con man who falls for a local librarian ([[Carole Lombard]]) while on the lam. *[[Ingrid Pitt]] plays a "nymphomaniac librarian" (as she described it) in the classic British movie [[The Wicker Man]], who is found naked by [[Edward Woodward]]'s virginal Christian policeman. *[[Goldie Hawn]] dons cat-eyed glasses when she plays San Fransisco librarian Gloria Mundy who helps [[Chevy Chase]] solve an assassination plot in the comedy ''[[Foul Play]]'' (1978). *In ''[[A Very Brady Sequel]]'', Roy Martin ([[Tim Matheson]]) informs [[Greg Brady]] ([[Christopher Daniel Barnes]]) that he should date someone more of his "own speed," suggesting a librarian as an example. *A librarian assists [[Thora Birch]]'s character in the 1994 film ''[[Monkey Trouble]]'' with information on a [[monkey]] she has found. *[[Alice Drummond]] plays the librarian in [[Ghostbusters]] who first encounters the book-stacking ghost of a former librarian in the famous [[New York Public Library]]. *[["Weird Al" Yankovic]] plays [[Conan the Librarian]], in a brief segment of the [[1989]] film ''[[UHF (movie)|UHF]]''. *[[Michelle Williams (actress)]] plays a small part as a young, blonde, out-of-wedlock-pregnant, love-torn local librarian in [[The Station Agent]]. *[[Virginia Mayo]] plays a librarian in [[Wonder Man (film)]], but the great quote is from [[Danny Kaye]] who plays the bookworm Edwin Dingle: "I enjoy it here very much ... uh, I love the smell of leather bindings." * Debbie gets friendly with a librarian in [[Debbie Does Dallas]] (1978). * “Books are my life now,” explains librarian Lynn Weslin (Rene Russo) to her ex-boyfriend and baseball player Jake Taylor (Tom Berenger) in [[Major League (film)|Major League]] (1989). * In [[Philadelphia]] (1993), a librarian (Tracey Walter) encourages an ailing Andrew Beckett (Tom Hanks) to use a private study room. * “Do you want me to draw you a map?!” barks a staggeringly rude and unhelpful librarian (John Rothman) at Sophie Zawistowski (Meryl Streep) in [[Sophie's Choice (film)|Sophie’s Choice]] (1982). * Circulation desk worker Charlie Simms (Chris O’Donnell) breaks the rules and lets his fair-weathered friend George Willis, Jr. (Philip Seymour Hoffman) take a reserve book out of the library. From [[Scent of a Woman]] (1992). * As a librarian in a small town, Alicia Hull (Bette Davis) befriends Freddie Slater (Kevin Coughlin) – while combating challenges to her collection development decisions during the height of the Red Scare – in [[Storm Center]] (1956). * Richard Tyler (Macaulay Culkin) is led on a fantastical adventure through a library by Mr. Dewey (Christopher Lloyd), AKA [[The Pagemaster]] (1994). ==Toys and hobbies== *The "Librarian As Shusher" is a consistent cultural stereotype that can be seen in such products as the Librarian Action Figure, an action figure of the stereotypical librarian holding a finger up to her lips, indicating [[silence]].<ref>http://www.mcphee.com/laf/</ref> (The figure is modeled after [[Nancy Pearl]], librarian at the [[Seattle Public Library]]). *[[Warhammer 40,000]] Space Marine Librarians are superhuman fighters with potent psychic powers, rather than just being deskbound intellects. Wielding force staffs and psychic abilities, they are found on the battlefield battling alongside their non-psychic battle brothers delivering justice to the Emperor's enemies, while at the same time advising the Space Marine Commander. ==Computer and video games== *Miss Bluegarden, from the game ''[[Secret of Evermore]]''. *Myrna Bookbottom, the stereotypical meek English librarian, from the game ''[[Freaky Flyers]]''. *Brisketta, from the game ''[[Brave Fencer Musashi]]''. *The Daguerreo Librarian, the unnamed overseer of the [[List of Final Fantasy IX locations|Daguerreo Library]] in ''[[Final Fantasy IX]]''. *Darian, an [[Anthropomorphism|anthropomorphic]] car from the childrens' educational game ''[[Putt-Putt (game character)|Putt-Putt]] Travels Through Time''. *Alan Dinsdale, [[Velma Dinkley|Velma's]] former school librarian, from the game ''[[Scooby Doo: Mystery Mayhem]]''. *Eike, the librarian of Budehuc Castle, from the game ''[[Suikoden III]]''. *Geelo, from the game ''[[Icewind Dale]]''. *Aldus T. Giles, Assistant Correspondence Clerk of the Tarantian Library, from the game ''[[Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura]]''. *Grendor, a [[Rhynoc]], from the game ''[[Spyro the Dragon (series)|Spyro: Season of Ice]]''. *Jaard, from the game ''Soulbringer''. *Kairn, a librarian/vampire, from the game ''[[Veil of Darkness]]''. *Manaka Komaki, from the game ''[[ToHeart2]]''. *Kordava Librarian, the unnamed librarian of the city of Kordava, from the game ''[[Conan (video game)|Conan: The Dark Axe]]''. *Lady, from the game ''[[Boktai 2: Solar Boy Django]]''. *Lex, the bespectacled green worm caretaker of the Great Library, from the puzzle games ''[[Bookworm (game)|Bookworm]]'' and ''[[Bookworm Adventures]]''. *Librari, the Elder of the Town Minish, from the game ''[[The Legend of Zelda: The Minish Cap]]''. *Marcus, from the game ''[[Siege of Avalon]]''. *Maria, from the game ''[[Harvest Moon 64]]''. *Mary, from the game ''[[Harvest Moon: Friends of Mineral Town]]''. *[[Master Librarian]], the caretaker of Dracula's Long Library, from the game ''[[Castlevania: Symphony of the Night]]''. *Mop Top Island Librarian, an anthropomorphic onion, from the childrens' educational game ''[[Pajama sam 3|Pajama Sam 3: You Are What You Eat From Your Head To Your Feet]]''. *Nightshade, the super-hero alter ego of librarian Mark Gray, from the game ''[[Nightshade (NES)|Nightshade]]''. *Natsume Oguro, a 15-year-old girl, from the game ''[[.hack//INFECTION]]''. *Onett Librarian, the unnamed caretaker of the Onett Library, from the game ''[[EarthBound]]''. *Phatt Island Librarian, the unnamed lady in charge of the library on Phatt Island, from the game ''[[Monkey Island 2: LeChuck's Revenge]]''. *Hester Primm, from the game ''[[The Sims Bustin' Out]]''. *Victorian Principles, from the game ''[[Leisure Suit Larry 7: Love for Sail!]]''. *Mrs. Stapleton, from the game ''[[Fallout (computer game)|Fallout]]''. *Mr. Sullivan, from the game ''[[Clock Tower (series)|Clock Tower]]''. *Swofford, from the game ''[[Geneforge 2]]''. *Tar-Meena, an [[Argonian]] located within the Arcane University, from the game ''[[The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion|Elder Scrolls IV]]''. *Trish, from the game ''[[Wild Arms Alter Code: F]]''. *Sherman Trout, head of the [[Library of Congress]], from the game ''[[The Final Scene]]''. *Cedrin Zil, from the game ''[[Icewind Dale II]]''. *''[[World of Warcraft]]'' features several librarian characters: Mae Paledust, Brother Paxton, Donyal Tovald, and Milton Sheaf. ==Music== *Sweet Librarian by Railroad Jerk, from The Third Rail album *The Librarian’s Nightmare by Phil Hammon from The Librarian’s Nightmare album *"Love in the Library" by Jimmy Buffett, from the Fruitcakes album *"Karen" by the Go-Betweens, from the Lee Remick/Karen 7" single *[[Tales of a Librarian]], album by Tori Amos *[[The Librarians]], defunct Californian power pop band *Librarians, rock band from West Virginia *Librarian by Jonathan Rundman, from Public Library album *Library by Cursor Minor, from Library / Our Day Will Come 7"<ref>[http://www.unchartedaudio.com/releases/unch005/video/ See the video for Library by Cursor Minor]</ref> ==Comic strips== *[[Unshelved]] is an online daily comic strip set in Mallville Public Library reflecting changes in the real world of libraries and with an eye for popular culture.<ref>[http://www.overduemedia.com See the latest comic strip] or go to the [http://www.overduemedia.com/primer.aspx ''Unshelved'' primer]</ref> *[[Questionable Content]] is another webcomic that recently began featuring a character who works in an academic library setting. *[[One Big Happy]] often features Ruthie at Story Time at her local library. The Library Lady is often despairing of Ruthie's non-sequtorial interruptions.<ref>[http://story.news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story&u=/uclickcomics/cx_crobh_uc/latest See the latest strip]</ref> *[[Zits]] recently featured a strip where Jeremy is in a library and text messages his mother, who is at home, to look up a word for him on the internet. ==References== <references/> ==External links== *[http://www.tk421.net/essays/nwyt.html Librarians: We're Not What You Think] includes photo gallery *[http://www.blisspix.net/library/songs.html Songs about Libraries and Librarians] [[Category:Librarians]] [[Category:Fictional librarians]] [[Category:Education in popular culture]]
Georgiana Darcy
[[Image:Thomas Gainsboroguh Georgiana Duchess of Devonshire 1783.jpg|thumb|Duchess Georgiana Cavendish, for whom Georgiana Darcy may have been named ===Description=== Georgiana is "tall... and, though little more than sixteen, her figure [is] formed, and her appearance womanly and graceful. She [is] less handsome than her brother, but there [is] sense and good humour in her face, and her manners [are] perfectly unassuming and gentle." Unlike her brother, Georgiana is not an "acute and unembarrassed an observer"; indeed, "the observation of a very few minutes [convinces Elizabeth] that [Georgiana is] only exceedingly shy." Rumour, however, has it that "Miss Darcy [is] exceedingly proud." This is due, in part, to her fearful dislike of speaking in public; the first time that Elizabeth meets Georgiana, she finds it "difficult to obtain even a word from [Georgiana] beyond a monosyllable." Earlier in ''Pride and Prejudice'', however, [[Mr Wickham describes Georgiana, saying thus: ''I wish [that] I could call her amiable. It gives me pain to speak ill of a Darcy. But she is too much like her brother, -- very, very proud. -- As a child, she was affectionate and pleasing, and extremely fond of me; and I have devoted hours and hours to her amusement. But she is nothing to me now. She is a handsome girl, about fifteen or sixteen, and, I understand, highly accomplished. Since her father's death, her home has been London, where a lady lives with her, and superintends her education''. Wickham has little reason to speak well of Georgiana. Before the novel begins, Wickham tries to elope with Georgiana-- intent on her inheritance of £30,000. This plan is thwarted when Georgiana, feeling guilty, tells her brother of the plans. [[Caroline Bingley] declares she really does "not think Georgiana Darcy has her equal for beauty, elegance, and accomplishments," when writing to [[Jane Bennet . Caroline, however, is trying to set Georgiana up with Caroline's brother, Charles; she hopes that one marriage in the family will encourage the Darcys and Bingleys to marry more-- and that, one day, Caroline can marry Mr Darcy. ===Mrs Annesley=== When Georgiana's father died, as his wife had predeceased him, Georgiana was left in the care of her brother, Fitzwilliam Darcy, and her cousin, Col. Fitzwilliam. Both gentlemen seem to honestly love Georgiana, who is more than a decade younger than her male relations. Because of this, she is said to look up to Darcy "almost as a father". Georgiana, when ''Pride and Prejudice'' begins, lives in [[London with a woman named Mrs Annesley, who oversees her education. Before this, Georgiana was with a woman named Mrs Young, who turned out to be in cahoots with Wickham. It was while on holiday, in [[Ramsgate , with Mrs Young, that Georgiana nearly ran off with him. Mrs Annesley is said to be a "genteel, agreeable looking woman". The narration adds that, in her "endeavour to introduce some kind of discourse," during an awkward pause in a conversation, "proved her to be more truly well bred than either of the others"-- that is, Caroline Bingley and her sister, [[Louisa Hurst , though Caroline and Lousia are rich, and so have no need to seek employment, as Mrs Annesley does. ===Her name=== "Georgiana" comes from the [[Greek language|Greek]] word γεωργος (Georgos), which means "earth worker" or "farmer"-- a fitting name for the humble Miss Darcy. [http://www.behindthename.com/php/view.php?name=georgiana "Georgiana" was one of Jane Austen's less-frequently used names. Except for Georgiana Darcy, the only other Austen character with this name is [[Georgiana Stanhope]], from ''The Three Sisters'', one of Austen's earliest works. [http://www.pemberley.com/bin/regency/janames/janames.cgi It is possible that Georgiana was named for [[Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire , one of the most famous women of Jane Austen's time. [[Image:Georgiana.jpg|thumb|Tamzin Merchant as Georgiana ===Noted actresses who have portrayed Georgiana=== *[[Emilia Fox]] played Georgiana in a [[1995 television adaptation of ''Pride and Prejudice'' *[[Tamzin Merchant]] played Georgiana in a [[2005 film adaptation of ''Pride and Prejudice'' ===External links=== *[http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1342 ''Pride and Prejudice'' at [[Project Gutenberg ===Sources=== *''[[Pride and Prejudice '' by [[Jane Austen] What Happened Next? Or, The Many Husbands of Georgiana Darcy By: Glancy, Kathleen; Persuasions: Journal of the Jane Austen Society of North America, 1989 Dec. 16; 11: 110-116. (journal article)
Beast of Dean
The '''Beast of Dean''', also given the colloquial name 'Moose-Pig', is reportedly a large animal (possibly many) peculiar to a small area, [[Gloucestershire]], in the south-west of the [[United Kingdom]]. The Royal [[Forest of Dean]] became a a hot-spot for sightings beginning in 1802, with reports from locals of an exceptionally large wild boar, with occasional reports of felled trees, crushed hedges and fences, and a supposed 'un-earthly roar'. Supposedly at one point local hunters from the village of [[Parkend, Gloucestershire]] managed to capture and kill the creature. The hunters, upon examination, all agreed their prey was no boar they had encountered before nor even any familiar indigenous species. After this revelation in March 1807, sightings stopped entirely for almost two centuries. Over this period of time locals say they had frequently heard a low guttural noise in the woods between Parkend and the nearby village of [[Bream, Gloucestershire]]. Speculation had been made between locals to whether there was another Beast roaming the woodland of the [[Forest of Dean]]. This would not be apparent until 1998 in which a report had been made by two locals (James Nash, Marshall Davies), that had been passing through the woodland between Parkend and Bream. They claimed a a low sound could be heard, slowly raising in intensity. Then they saw a creature emerge from the bushes and rush towards them as they ran for their lives. They claimed that the beast was the size of a cow but had boar-like qualities and made grunting noises. This was the last reported sighting of the Moose-Pig. One theory of this creature is that it is an [[entelodont]]. [[Category:Carnivorous cryptids]] [[Category:English legendary creatures]] [[Category:Folklore]] [[Category:Fictional ungulates]]
Chi generator
A '''Chi generator®''', also known as an '''orgone generator''', is a device that is believed by many adherents of the [[New Age]] movement to have the ability to harness certain types of "energy" and use them for healing and other beneficial effects. They believe that fusing [[organic material]] ([[fiberglass|fiberglass resin]], [[cotton]], [[concrete]], etc.) and dense [[metal]] elements creates a "matrix" which has the capacity to attract, refine and project "[[orgone]]/[[Qi|chi]]/[[prana]]" energy. Proponents of the chi generator claim that [[Wilhelm Reich]]'s research demonstrated this concept in the [[1930s]] and [[1940s]]. This is elaborated in Reich's book, ''The Cancer Biopathy''. To date, no [[scientific evidence]] has been found to back up these assertions; chi generators and orgone-based technology in general are widely met with skepticism in the [[scientific community]]. Advocates of Reich's theories assert that orgone generators transmute "raw chi" into "bioavailable energy". While science struggles to verify these claims, the [[Food and Drug Administration|United States Food and Drug Administration]] banned the use of chi generators in healing protocols. [[Karl Hans Welz]] [http://www.welz.us/] marketed the first prototype chi generator in [[1991]]. With chi-generator-based technology gaining in popularity, numerous researchers began promoting their own brands and touting proprietary mixes. == References == {{unreferenced|article|date=November 2006}} <references /> ==See also== *[[Orgonite]] ==External links== *[http://www.orgone.org/articles/ax9kelley1a.htm What is Orgone Energy? ''(POV: pro-orgone)''] *[http://www.automaticchicken.com Devices that generate Chi and orgone energy] [[Category:Orgone Science and Technology]]
origins of culture, pre merge
'''This article is being considered for deletion''' for the {{{1|2nd}}} time in accordance with Wikipedia's [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion policy]].<br /> Please share your thoughts on the matter at '''[[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/{{{2|Menstruation and the origins of culture}}} ({{{1|2nd}}} nomination)|this article's entry]]''' on the [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion|Articles for deletion]] page.<br /> {{balance}} {{importance|date=January 2007}} A connection between menstruation and the origins of culture was first specifically discussed by Chris Knight, Professor of Anthropology at the University of East London in his 1991 book, "Blood Relations: Menstruation and the origins of culture" (Yale University Press), and further developed by his students [[Darwinian]] [[anthropologist]] Camilla Power and archaeologist Ian Watts. This theory holds that [[menstruation]] was a key biological signal critical to the emergence of [[symbolic culture]] among early modern humans {{Harv|Knight|Power|Watts|1995}}. [[Image:DrakensbergDance.jpg|thumb|Southern San rock painting {{Harv|Knight|1991, fig.9}} depicting a young woman undergoing her first menstruation ceremony, encircled by applauding women and dancers of both sexes]] ==Introduction== The human female menstruates considerably more copiously than any other primate. To a greater degree than in other primates, ovulation in the human female has become effectively [[concealed ovulation|concealed]] during the course of evolution ({{Harvnb|Alexander|Noonan|1979}} and {{Harvnb|Hrdy|2000}}). A woman may be sometimes able to detect her own ovulation, but studies have shown that the human male is poorly adapted to determine this moment in his sexual partner, although better capable of determining it in his partner than in women other than her ({{Harvnb|Baker|Bellis|1993}} and {{Harvnb|Grammer|1996}}). On this basis, Knight, Power, and Watts argued that during the evolution of genus [[Homo (genus)|Homo]], [[menstruation]] acquired new significance as a reproductive signal. They hold that it ran counter to ovulation concealment - divulging instead of concealing important information about female fertility - and conclude that menstruation in the pre-cultural past would have posed serious threats in terms of sexual conflict and competition. They argue (Knight, Power & Watts 1995) that the restrictions and taboos surrounding menstruation in hunter-gatherer cultures {{Harv|Douglas|2001}} are a result of this proposed conflict in pre-symbolic cultural human society. ==Sexual signals and fertility== This theory is built on [[Robert Trivers|Robert]] {{Harvcoltxt|Trivers|1972}} principle of [[parental investment]]: the sex that invests most heavily in offspring (usually the female) becomes a limiting factor for the sex that invests least (usually the male). {{Harvcoltxt|Knight|Power|Watts|1995}} work on the assumption that (like other primates), males of genus ''Homo'' were initially under evolutionary pressure to invest little; meanwhile, females were coming under increasing pressure to maximise the investment they could extract from males. Against this background, one obvious benefit of concealing ovulation is that it denies males information assisting them to ‘hit and run’ – to identify females at their fertile moment, make them pregnant and then abandon them in favour of their next target. By scrambling the signal of fertility, ancestral ''Homo'' females in effect compelled the male to spend more time and energy hanging around with the current partner if he was to have a chance of getting her pregnant. According to this influential argument {{Harv|Alexander|Noonan|1979}}, withholding information about fertility was a mechanism by which females could add to the difficulties of philandering males and encourage greater male commitment. {{Harvcoltxt|Knight|Power|Watts|1995}} argue that menstruation, when left to biology, undermines this female strategy of resistance. In response to this threat, evolving human females banded together to bring the signal firmly under conscious control, this action playing a key role in the origins of human symbolic culture. The idea is that when (during the course of evolution) ovulation in the human female became effectively concealed, it left menstruation especially salient as a remaining source of information about female fertility. In other words, menstruation "gives the game away" as far as information about fertility is concerned, threatening to undermine the effects of ovulation concealment. In hunter-gatherer cultures that do not use contraception (other than [[Lactational Amenorrhea Method|breastfeeding]]), menstruation is quite a rare event and a woman's menstrual status is loudly signalled, so that everyone in the locality knows that this is her 'sacred' or 'special' time. Typically, she must neither cook nor permit marital sex to occur for several days until her period ends ({{Harvnb|Buckley|1988}} and {{Harvnb|Knight|1991}}). Knight and his collaborators hold that the flow of blood signals a woman's imminent fertility, marking her out from other women. They argue this led to a situation where by monitoring who was or was not menstruating, philanderer males could target females known to be cycling and bond with them until impregnation had been achieved, regardless of the costs to their abandoned – pregnant and breast-feeding – former partners {{Harv|Power & Aiello|1997}}. That menstruation is a fertility signal to men is not agreed upon by researchers in the field. Even in close relationships where men are aware of their partner's menstruation, no connection between frequency of male-initiated sex and female menstrual status has been found {{Harv|Bullivant|Sellergren|Stern|Spencer|2004}}. ==Reproductive burdens of human females== Ape and monkey mothers, with their relatively small-brained, fast-maturing babies, typically have little need of male time or energy once impregnation has been achieved. Certainly, they do not need or expect help with provisioning. Non-human primate males may help carry offspring; they may also often provide protection, particularly against the threat of infanticide from rival males. Frans {{Harvcoltxt|de Waal|1996|pp=144}} notes that food is freely shared with offspring and mates in gibbons and marmosets. In capuchin monkeys and in chimpanzees, de Waal notes group-wide food sharing as a common activity. Despite all this, Knight, et al. cite {{Harvcoltxt|Dunbar|1988}}, who states that no nonhuman male primate has ever been documented deliberately obtaining food and bringing it back for his sexual partner or offspring. This is not a problem for ape or monkey mothers, since their burdens are relatively light and they can obtain all the provisions they need for their offspring by their own efforts. The extent of the extra dependency of human children on their parents is well documented although controversies still exist. In chimpanzees, the average juvenile nurses for four years; one case of extensive maternal care for eight years has been documented {{Harvcol|de Waal|1996|p=187-188}}. Among the [[Ik]], a human group, it has been claimed that children over three years old were never fed by adults {{Harvcol|de Waal|1996|p=86}}. Palaeoanthropologists widely agree, however, that human infants need investment from others in addition to the mother as no other primate ever has. No other primate produces babies quite so needy, or dependent, for quite so long {{Harv|Hrdy|2000}}. Owing to the large ''Homo'' brain, infants must be born while still heavily dependent because the head needs room to expand as the brain grows. Other primates with smaller brains can be carried longer in gestation, and be born at a higher level of development. Immature humans therefore need greater levels of investment and care from their mothers and preferably also from other adult carers. {{Harvcoltxt|Knight|Power|Watts|1995}} argue that this is a primary reason why we would expect human females to resist being impregnated by a male who subsequently abandons her in order to impregnate someone else. Among chimpanzees, meat is a highly coveted food, and often there is intense aggressive competition surrounding a recent kill (Goodall 1986: 299). Hunting is mostly done by males, who are likely to be unable to keep all of the meat to themselves despite attempting to monopolise as much as they can. Jane Goodall (1986: 307) notes that the scramble may be so violent that even the toughest female who has obtained some meat cannot count on holding onto it for long. (Goodall 1986: 307). Primatologist {{Harvcoltxt|de Waal|1996|138-141}} has noted that as a consequence of the general scramble, a significant portion of meat does end up being widely distributed. Goodall (1986: 484) observes that females in oestrus tend to be more successful than lactating mothers in securing portions of meat hunted by sexually active males. Knight, Power, and Watts believe that, in early ''Homo'' societies, adult females would have been obliged to resist the imperative to fight and scramble for every portion of available meat. If evolving humans had not moved socially, politically and morally beyond the level of chimpanzees, mothers would have been subject to intolerable stress. The difficulty with chimpanzee-style sexual dominance and internal food competition is that meat from the hunt tends to be least available to females precisely when they are pregnant or lactating - that is, precisely when they need it most. Knight, Power and Watts (1995) argue that in the human case, females had a special interest in evolving collective bargaining strategies to ensure the equitable sharing of meat, leading ultimately to the egalitarian distribution systems characteristic of extant human hunter-gatherers. ==Female counter-strategies== The theories of Knight, Power, and Watts on menstruation as a fertility signal, strong evolutionary pressure for males to be philanderers, and a relationship between an adult female's food supply and a steady sexual relationship with an adult male are combined. If all true, these conditions would cause conflict between women who were menstruating (presumed attractive to males and therefore well-supplied with food) and women who, due to pregnancy or lactational amenorrhea, were not menstruating (presumed unattractive to males and therefore at risk for food scarcity). In such a situation, Darwinian anthropologists would expect the females most at risk to mount counter-strategies to prevent male investment from being siphoned off by sexual rivals ({{Harvnb|Knight|Power|Watts|1995}} and {{Harvnb|Power|Aiello|1997}}). Knight, Power, and Watts argue that non-cycling females would need to form a coalition to control menstruating females and prevent them from unauthorized association with males. They suggest hiding females during menstruation, but dismiss it as impractical - because of the strength of the attraction males have toward menstruating females. They then go on to propose that a female coalition could advertise menstruation, the proposed biological signal of opportunities for fertile sex. This menstrual advertising is argued to prevent males from distinguishing (and thus providing meat exclusively for) fertile females over non-fertile ones. If a single menstruating female attracted male sexual interested, this theory holds, then if all females in a group were decorated with blood or other red pigments ('sham menstruation'), the males in the group would become ''especially'' interested in sex. Knight, Power, and Watts hold that this increased sexual interest would hold even for females obviously infertile through conscious reasoning, such as those currently pregnant or post-menopausal, because the posited "hominid female blood"-"sexual attractiveness" relationship is proposed to be a strong but unconscious male response {{Harvcol|Knight|Power|Watts|1995|p=106}}. Only once the female coalition had put men in this heightened state of sexual desire, according to this theory, could they use sex as a bargaining chip (going on a sex strike) to motivate the males to hunt enough meat for ''all'' of the females in the group. Hunter-gatherer rituals celebrating a young woman's first menstruation are held up as modern-day derivatives of the proposed early 'sham menstruation'. Ethnographically, brilliant red cosmetics (body paint) are particularly associated with hunter-gatherer first menstruation rituals, not only in sub-Saharan Africa but cross-culturally ({{Harvnb|Knight|1991}} and {{Harvnb|Watts|1999}}). The control females in these societies have over the sexual activities of these young women is held up as a modern-day derivative of what Knight, Power, and Watts propose was the first female coalition - the one that originated the 'sham menstruation' ritual. Typically, the 'New Maiden' (as she is called in the Kalahari) is depicted as inseparably bound up with her aunts, sisters and other kinswomen {{Harv|Lewis-Williams|1981}}. By grabbing hold of her from the outset and controlling her movements, her aunts and other female kin offer her the security of an insurance society or childcare co-operative. Although commitment to such a coalition may entail privations in the short term, in the longer term each new entrant has everything to gain. In fact (according to proponents of this model), mechanisms ensuring ritual commitmemnt to such coalitions - known by ethnograpers as 'initiation rites' - are among the prime mechanisms by which hunter-gatherer women maintain their sexual solidarity and collective bargaining power, this in turn serving to uphold the political and social egalitarianism so characteristic of most hunter-gatherer populations. ==The world's first ritual== The 'sham menstruation' or 'cosmetic manipulation' theory {{Harv|Knight|1999}} is presented by Knight, Power, and Watts as a ritual occurring, at first, whenever a woman in an early human group began menstruating. Later, they propose, it became a monthly ritual, occurring regardless of whether a member of the group was menstruating or not. They offer evidence for this in red ochre pieces, likely used for marking or painting human bodies or ritual spaces. (That menstruation-related rituals were the first use of ochre for is not agreed upon in the scientific community - its use in death rituals, for example, has also been argued {{Harv|Hovers|Ilani|Bar-Yosef|Vandermeersch|2003}}.) Ochre pieces are found sporadically at sites up to 300,000 years old {{Harv|Barham|2002}}, and then found with much greater frequency at sites of more recent use than approximately 100,000 years, coinciding with the earliest discoveries of ''Homo sapiens'' fossils ({{Harvcolnb|Knight|Power|Watts|1995|p=85-86}} and {{Harvnb|Watts|1999}}). This community ritual is proposed to have evolved into an initiation rite for young women experiencing menarche; Knight, Power, and Watts argue this was the world’s first initiation rite. They also claim that this initiation rite was the origin of [[symbolic culture]] in early human society. Other authors have observed strong kinship relationships in all monkeys and apes, and see aspects of morality present in non-human primates {{Harv|de Waal|1996}}. However, Knight includes kinship and morality in the human-only domain of symbolic culture that also includes ritual, [[cosmology]] and [[religion]] {{Harv|Knight|2006}}. Menstrual taboos and ritual practices associated with menstruation are found in most human hunter-gatherer groups. While these have been interpreted by some as evidence of male sexual dominance in these groups, Knight, Power, and Watts cite authors who interpret these traditions as empowering to women {{Harv|Buckley|Gottlieb|1988}}. They cite as one example Khoisan women in the Kalahari, who are ritually most powerful when menstruating. In her special hut, the 'New Maiden' is thought to be inviolable – having only to snap her fingers to bring down lightning on any disrespectful male ({{Harvnb|Lewis-Williams|1981}} and {{Harvnb|Power|Watts|1997}}). They also cite, as evidence of the respect given to menstruation, cultural instances of male induced genital bleeding. Such male bleeding is mythically held to be 'stolen' from women, and is practiced on ritual occasions {{Harv|Montagu|1974}}, including in male initiation rites {{Harv|Hogbin|1970}}. Knight, Power, and Watts take this interpretation further and argue that their proposed first menstrual ritual is what caused human hunter-gatherer groups to first have semi-permanent home bases. Instead of the women following hunting men around for an opportunity to share in the kill, women conserved energy resources by staying at these bases. Through the sex-strike Knight, Power, and Watts associate with menstrual rituals, men were coerced into toting meat back to the base to share with the women. As evidence, they cite an association of menstruation rituals with hunting rituals. For example, in the Khoisan New Maiden tradition, while the girl is secluded, other women dance around her, acting as if they are rutting antelopes. This ‘Eland Bull Dance’ spurs men to success in the hunt. Legends involving menstruation can be found in cultures all over the world; they have been heavily documented by Knight, Power, and Watts. These legends are often associated with lunar motifs (women menstruating during the new moon), motifs of death and rebirth, or both ({{Harvnb|Knight|1997}}, {{Harvnb|Power|Watts|1997}}, and {{Harvnb|Watts|2005}}). Even traditions not widely viewed as menstrual in nature may be so; the [[Sleeping Beauty]] story, for example, may depict the spell-casting potency of a royal menstrual flow, in this case coded as Beauty’s pricking of her finger and consequent sleep for one hundred years {{Harv|Lévi-Strauss|1978}}. That such lengends permeate modern human culture is offered as evidence that they were the first form of human (symbolic) culture. Knight, Power, and Watts further associate lunar rhythms, menstruation, and hunting. They argue that human fertility rhythms have evolved to cycle with the best hunting times, with menstruation occurring most commonly during the waxing moon, and the best hunting being done during the full moon. The tradition of a menstruation-associated sex strike prior to a large hunting expedition would be consistent with a pattern of lunar-based menstrual synchrony {{Harv|Knight|Power|Watts|1995}}. However, the theory of menstrual synchronization is currently out of favor in the scientific community {{Harv|Adams|2002}}. ==The emergence of morality and kinship== How does this model work in terms of morality and kinship? According to its proponents, the onset of menstruation prompts females on a periodic basis to form coalitions that include their sons and brothers, the aim being to deter outsider males from attempting primate-style sexual dominance and associated philandering {{Harv|Knight|1999}}. In effect, coalitions of kin-related males and females begin signaling to outsider males: ‘You can have sex with our womenfolk, but only on our terms!’. A critic of this theory might object that males can always use violence to get their way. But violence entails certain risks and costs. If these can be sufficiently raised – in other words, if sufficient resistance can be mounted – males might be persuaded to try another way. The argument is that this ‘other way’ resulted in the establishment of group-level social cooperation based on collective moral norms. If we think in terms of the costs and benefits to outsider males, what have they got to lose? By giving in gracefully to their spouses and in-laws, they get to go hunting, bring back meat, have lots of sex, win respect and status – and help their own offspring survive. How might we expect females (backed by their male kin) to signal their sexual resistance? At this point, proponents of the theory take the signals normal in primate sexual soliciting and simply reverse them {{Harv|Knight|Power|Watts|1995}}. A female chimpanzee in oestrus courts male attention using body-language which signals, in effect, ‘I am the right species, the right sex and this is the right time’. The reverse of this would be a display of all-female resistance. To indicate ritually 'taboo' or 'sacred' status, females should deploy body language indicating: ‘We are the wrong species, the wrong sex and this is the wrong time!’. This is a purely logical, abstract argument, but its advantage is that it allows anthropologists, rock art specialists and others with relevant data to test the whole theory ({{Harvnb|Knight|1997}}, {{Harvnb|Power|Watts|1997}}, and {{Harvnb|Power|2004}}). The question, in this context, is what does ‘God’ look like in the first place? If the theory is correct, we should expect ambivalence of sex, species and time. If any rock-art specialist were to discover an image of supernatural potency which violated these specifications, the theory would be disproved. Imagery depicting a divine or supernatural couple with offspring or engaged in marital sex, for example, would disprove the theory. ==Criticism== {{Expand-section|date=January 2007}} ==References== * {{Harvard reference|Surname=Adams|Given=Cecil|Year=2002|Title=Does menstrual synchrony really exist?|Journal=The Straight Dope|url=http://www.straightdope.com/columns/021220.html}} * {{Harvard reference|Surname1=Alexander|Given1=R.D.|Surname2=Noonan|Given2=K.M|Year=1979|Chapter=Concealment of ovulation, parental care, and human social evolution|Editor=N. Chagnon and W. Irons|Title=Evolutionary Biology and Human Social Behavior|Place=North Scituate, MA|Publisher=Duxbury Press|Pages=436-453}} * {{Harvard reference|Surname1=Bailey|Given1=R.C.|Surname2=others | Year=1992|Title=The ecology of birth seasonality among agriculturalists in Central Africa|Journal=Journal of Biosocial Science |Volume=24|Issue=3|Pages=393-412}} * {{Harvard reference|Surname1=Baker|Given1=R.R.|Surname2=Bellis|Given2=M.A|Year=1993|Title=Human sperm competition: Ejaculate adjustment by males and the funcion of masturbation|Journal=Animal Behaviour|Volume=46|Pages=861-885}} * {{Harvard reference|Surname=Barham|Given=L.S|Year=2002|Title=Systematic pigment use in the Middle Pleistocene of South-Central Africa|Journal=Current Anthropology|Volume=43|Issue=1|Pages=181-190}} * {{Harvard reference|Surname=Buckley|Given1=T|Year=1988|Chapter=Menstruation and the power of Yurok women|Editor=Buckley, T. and A. Gottlieb|Title=Blood Magic. The anthropology of menstruation|Place=Berkeley|Publisher=University of California Press|Pages=187-209}} * {{Harvard reference|Surname1=Buckley|Given1=T|Surname2=Gottlieb|Given2=A|Year=1988|Title=Blood Magic. The anthropology of menstruation|Place=Berkeley|Publisher=University of California Press}} * {{Harvard reference|Surname1=Bullivant|Given1=S.B.|Surname2=Sellergren|Given2=S.A.|Surname3=Stern|Given3=K.|Surname4=Spencer|Given4=Natasha|Year=2004|Title=Women's sexual experience during the menstrual cycle: identification of the sexual phase by noninvasive measurement of luteinizing hormone|Journal=Journal of Sex Research|Volume=41|Issue=1|Pages=82-93 (In online article, see pp.14-15,18-22)|URL=http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2372/is_1_41/ai_n6032944|ID=PMID 15216427}} * {{Harvard reference|Surname=de Waal|Given=Frans|Authorlink=Frans de Waal|Year=1996|Title=Good Natured: The Origins of Right and Wrong in Humans and Other Animals|Place=Cambridge|Publisher=Harvard University Press|ID=ISBN 0-674-35661-6}} * {{Harvard reference|Surname=Dornan|Given=J.|Year=2004|Title=Blood from the moon: Gender ideology and the rise of ancient Maya social complexity|Journal=Gender and History |Volume=16|Issue=2|Pages=459-475}} * {{Harvard reference|Surname=Douglas|Given=Kate|Year=2001|Title=Painted Ladies|Journal=New Scientist|Issue=2312|Pages=|URL=http://homepages.uel.ac.uk/C.Knight/painted_ladies.pdf}} * {{Harvard reference|Surname=Dunbar|Given=R.|Year=1988|Title=Primate Social Systems|Place=London and Sydney|Publisher=Croom Helm}} * {{Harvard reference|Surname=Foster|Given=J.|Year=1996|Title= Menstrual time: The sociocognitive mapping of "the menstrual cycle" |Journal=Sociological Forum|Volume=11|Issue=2|Pages=523-547}} * {{Harvard reference|Surname=Goodall|Given=J.|Year=1986|Title=The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of behaviour|Place=Cambridge, MA & London|Publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard University Press}} * {{Harvard reference|Surname=Grammer|Given=K.|Year=1996|Title=The human mating game: The battle of the sexes and the war of signals|Journal=Paper delivered at the Human Behavior and Evolution Society conference, Northwestern University, June 1996}} * {{Harvard reference|Surname=Hogbin|Given=I.A.|Year=1970|Title=The Island of Menstruating Men|Place=Scranton, London and Toronto|Publisher=Chandler}} * {{Harvard reference|Surname1=Hovers|Given1=E.|Surname2=Ilani|Given2=S.|Surname3=Bar-Yosef|Given3=O.|Surname4=Vandermeersch|Given4=B.|Year=2003|Title=An early case of color symbolism. Ochre use by modern humans in Qafzeh Cave|Journal=Current Anthropology|Volume=44|Issue=4|Pages=491-522}} [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3310233.stm Related BBC article]. * {{Harvard reference|Surname=Hrdy|Given=S.B.|Year=2000|Title=Mother Nature|Place=London|Publisher=Vintage}} * {{Harvard reference|Surname=Hugh-Jones|Given=C.|Year=1979|Title=From the Milk River. Spatial and temporal processes in northwest Amazonia|Place=Cambridge|Publisher=Cambridge University Press}} * {{Harvard reference|Surname=Knight|Given=C.D.|Year=1991|Title=Blood Relations. Menstruation and the origins of culture|Place=New Haven and London|Publisher=Yale University Press}} * {{Harvard reference|Surname=Knight|Given=C.D.|Year=1997|Title=The wives of the sun and moon|Journal=Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute|Volume=3|Issue=N.S.|Pages=133-153}} * {{Harvard reference|Surname=Knight|Given=C.D.|Year=1999|Chapter=Sex and language as pretend-play|Editor=R. Dunbar, C. Knight and C. Power|Title=The Evolution of Culture|Place=Edinburgh|Publisher=Edinburgh University Press|Pages=228-47}} * {{Harvard reference|Surname=Knight|Given=C.D.|Year=2006|Title=Language Co-Evolved With the Rule of Law|Journal=Evolution of Language, Sixth International Conference|URL=http://homepages.uel.ac.uk/C.Knight/Knight%20(Rome)%20Rule%20of%20Law.pdf}} * {{Harvard reference|Surname1=Knight|Given1=C.D.|Surname2=Power|Given2=C.|Surname3=Watts|Given3=I.|Year=1995|Title=The human symbolic revolution: A Darwinian account|Journal=Cambridge Archaeological Journal|Volume=5|Issue=1|Pages=75-114|URL=http://www.radicalanthropologygroup.org/pub_knight_power_watts_big.pdf}} * {{Harvrefcol|Surname=Lévi-Strauss|Given=C.|Year=1978|Title=The Origin of Table Manners. Introduction to a Science of Mythology 3|Place=London|Publisher=Cape}} * {{Harvard reference|Surname=Lewis-Williams|Given=J.D.|Year=1981|Title=Believing and Seeing. Symbolic meanings in Southern San rock paintings|Place=London|Publisher=Academic Press}} * {{Harvard reference|Surname=Montagu|Given=M.F.A.|Year=1974|Title=Coming into Being Among the Australian Aborigines. The procreative beliefs of the Australian Aborigines|Place=London and Boston|Publisher=outledge and Kegan Paul}} * {{Harvard reference|Surname=Power|Given=C.|Year=2004|Chapter=Women in prehistoric art|Editor=G. Berghaus|Title=New Perspectives on Prehistoric Art|Place=Praeger|Publisher=Westport, CT/London|Pages=75-103|URL=http://www.radicalanthropologygroup.org/pub_power_rockart.pdf}} * {{Harvard reference|Surname1=Power|Given1=C.|Surname2=Aiello|Given2=L.C.|Year=1997|Chapter=Female proto-symbolic strategies|Editor=L.D. Hager|Title=Women in Human Evolution|Place=New York and London|Publisher=Routledge|Pages=153-171}} * {{Harvard reference|Surname1=Power|Given1=C.|Surname2=Watts|Given2=I.|Year=1997|Title=The woman with the zebra's penis. Gender, mutability and performance|Journal=Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute|Volume=3|Issue=N.S.|Pages=537-560}} * {{Harvard reference|Surname1=van Schaik|Given1=C.P.|Surname2=Paul|Given2=A.|Year=1996|Title=Male care in primates: Does it ever reflect paternity?|Journal=Evolutionary Anthropology|Volume=5|Pages=152-6}} * {{Harvard reference|Surname1=Stevens|Given1=P.| Year=2006|Title=Women's aggressive use of genital power in Africa|Journal=Transcultural Psychiatry |Volume=43|Issue=4|Pages=592-599}} *{{Harvard reference|Surname=Trivers|Given=R.L.|Authorlink=Robert Trivers|Year=1972|Chapter=Parental investment and sexual selection|Editor=B. Campbell|Title=Sexual selection and the descent of man:1871-1971|Place=Chicago|Publisher=Aldine Transaction|Pages=136-179|isbn=0-202-02005-3}} * {{Harvard reference|Surname=Watts|Given=I.|Year=1999|Chapter=The origin of symbolic culture|Editor=R. Dunbar, C. Knight and C. Power|Title=The Evolution of Culture|Place=Edinburgh|Publisher=Edinburgh University Press|Pages=113-146}} * {{Harvard reference|Surname=Watts|Given=I.|Year=2005|Chapter=‘Time, too, grows on the Moon’: Some evidence for Knight’s theory of a human universal|Editor=W. James & D. Mills|Title=The Qualities of Time: Anthropological Approaches|Place=New York|Publisher=Berg|Pages=95-118}} ==Further reading== * Alcorta, C. and R. Sosis, 2005. [http://www.anth.uconn.edu/faculty/sosis/publications/AlcortaandSosis-2005-Ritual,Emotion,andSacredSymbols.pdf Ritual, emotion and sacred symbols]. ''Human Nature'' 16(4): 323-359. * Grahn, Judy. ''Blood, Bread, And Roses: How Menstruation Created The World''. Boston: Beacon Press. 1993. * Knight, C. D. 1996. 'Menstruation'. In A. Barnard and J. Spencer (eds), ''Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology''. Routledge: London & New York, pp. 363-4. * van Schaik, C. P. and R. I. M. Dunbar 1990. 'The evolution of monogamy in large primates: A new hypothesis and some crucial tests.' ''Behaviour'' 115: 30-62. * Articles by Chris Knight on this and related topics [http://homepages.uel.ac.uk/C.Knight [[1]] * Documentary film: Moon Inside You [http://www.mooninsideyou.com [[2]] * Journal of Menstruation and Culture [http://www.metaformia.org/articles.cfm ''Metaformia'': ''a journal of menstruation and culture''] * A summary of the ideas of Chris Knight, Camilla Power, and Ian Watts [http://www.theophoretos.hostmatrix.org/oppressionofwomen20.htm (Menstruation and the Origin of the Sexual Division of Labor)] [[Category:Menstruation]] [[Category:Physical anthropology]]
sexology
* '''Stuck fetishism''' is a broad [[sexual fetishism|sexual fetish]] (also sometimes known just as '''Stuck fetish''' or '''Stuck''') which involves attraction to others or themselves experiencing a situation in which they experience immovability.. This involves the subject being immobilized in some way, in a situation the individual finds undesirable which leads to the subject struggling to escape the situation. Often a certain body part is the focus of such situations, the most common being the feet, although the hands, buttocks, or even "full-body" situations are also quite popular. Other focuses may exist, such as when the subject is wearing a certain article of clothing; certain types of shoes (eg. [[High-heeled shoe|high heels]], sometimes [[athletic shoe|sneakers]]) or [[hosiery]] are popular examples. The immobilization can involve an object. One form of this is arousal over vehicles that are stuck in mud. There is still a human element since there is a driver at the controls. Some stuck fetishists like to get stuck themselves, while some like to see other people get stuck. Some stuck fetishists enjoy either situation.{{Fact|date=March 2007}} ==External links== * [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Sticky_Situations/ Sticky Situations: A popular online "stuck" community] * [http://www.sticky-site.com/ Sticky Site: A collection of artwork, stories, and other information related to Stuck Fetish, and also "Wedge, Costumed, Encasement, and other related fetishes"; includes links to other sites related to the fetish] * [http://members.tripod.com/~savagewolf/menu.html Stuck Girls: Perhaps the first site devoted to Stuck fetishism] * [http://www.stuckworld.com/ Stuck World: a forum dedicated to the discussion of vehicles getting stuck] * [http://members.tripod.com/StuckOne/mission.html Mission Statement: Another site for Stuck fetishism] * [http://www.conjoineddreams.net ConjoinedDreams]
- Dirty underwear fetish
[http://www.dearcupid.org Dearcupid]}} A dirty underwear fetish is a psychological [[fetish]] where the participants will engage in sex wearing dirty, or otherwise unwashed [[underwear]]. This is more common amongst men than women: it is common in [[Australia]], [[Europe]] and [[Canada]] (to a lesser extent [[North America]].) The fetish has health problems too: risks of groin injury, illness and stomach-ache are consequences. ==External links== *[http://www.dearcupid.org/question/my-husbands-unwashed-dirty-underwear.html Dearcupid.org "dirty underwear"] *[http://www.dearcupid.org/question/we-are-not-having-sex-because-of-his.html Dearcupid.org] </nowiki ===Autocoitus === <nowiki> ike autofellatio, spinal flexibility is not an issue in this practice, though penis configuration (size, flexibility, direction & curve when erect) would be, as would the distance between the base of the penis and the anus (the size of the perineum). It is unknown how many males engage in this practice, how many are capable of it, or how it correlates to sexual orientation. As a form of masturbation or autosexuality, autocoitus does not risk the spread of STDs, but as with all anal sex there is some risk of spreading bacteria from the anus to the urethra unless a condom is used. 1 Links LPSG.org thread about autocoitus Warning: the offsite links below contain graphic demonstrations of autocoitus. PornoTube videos: [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] XTube videos: [6] [[PornoTube]] videos: [http://pornotube.com/media.php?m=21107] [http://pornotube.com/media.php?m=51295] [http://pornotube.com/media.php?m=148119] [http://pornotube.com/media.php?m=63063] [http://pornotube.com/media.php?m=5208] *[[XTube]] videos: [http://www.xtube.com/results.php?type=video&search=self+fuck] 2 See also Anal sex Autofellatio Autocunnilingus Masturbation Pegging (sexual practice)
- autosodomy
'''Autosodomy''' describes the sexual practice of a male penetrating his [[anus]] with his [[penis]].<ref>http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=autosodomy</ref> It may be considered a manifestation of partner-exclusive male [[homosexuality]] or [[bisexuality]]. Penis length is a limiting factor which may exclude some males from effective participation as autosodomy practitioners. *[http://solosuck.com/aepixpage/ympixdir/ympix.html Self-Fuck video link]
- Ball lock==
[[Image:Padlock.svg|thumb|Padlock ''For other meanings, see [[Ball lock (fastener) , [[Balll lock (pinball) '' </ br> ''For meanings in Brewing, Photography, Rock climbing, see [[Ball lock (fastener) '' A '''ball lock''', or '''nut lock''', is the technique of fastening a [[padlock ] around the male [[scrotum]] between the [[penis and [[testicles .<ref>http://www.fire-runner.com/sextoytips.htm</ref> When sized correctly it will allow [[circulation]] and freedom of motion, but cannot be removed from the scrotum without being unfastened. The opening of a typical padlock is approximately 1" x 1" (25mm x 25mm) or 1/2" x 2" (13mm x 50mm). A keyed [[padlock or [[combination lock may be used. === Settings === The ball lock may be applied to the subject in a standing, sitting or laying position. For some couple play, where the male subject has been restrained in a [[spreadeagle]] position, the padlock may be unexpectedly fastened around the scrotum. This situation creates a predicament for the subject, knowing that lock could remain in place indefinitely, securing his testicles entirely at the will of his partner. In recreation, the choice of a key or combination release provides different options for negotiating release of the testicles. For a lock with two keys, one key is used while fitting the lock around the scrotum. The second key may have been hidden in advance. Once the lock has been fastened, the first key may be disposed of or damaged beyond use, leaving the hidden key as his only means of release. In the case of a combination lock, the combination may be withheld and delivered at a later time from a remote location, such as by telephone or mail. If [[negotiation] or play continue over a prolonged period, the subject may never know when the ball lock will be released. If the weight of the lock becomes tiring to the scrotum and testicles, it may be supported by undergarments such as briefs or an [[athletic supporter] This relief may extend his predicament when the key holder knows there is no discomfort for the testicles. It is sometimes used for the related purpose of [[scrotal stretching , sometimes using a related gadget called a [[ball bag A [[leash (BDSM) can also be added to the lock for additional control over the subject. === Motivations === The popularity of a ball lock in some relationships may be attributed to the padlock being an ordinary household item. Once fastened around the scrotum it can be concealed under clothing for prolonged wear. It allows full freedom of movement and function of the male genitalia, is painless, yet is permanent until deliberate release by the key holder. Given these features, its use may go on for hours, days or even weeks. Some women may enjoy the control it offers and use the technique as a way to modify behavior of a male partner. The key holder is his only means to release. Without the key or combination in his control, the male has no way to remove the padlock himself, and he may feel that his genitals are owned by his partner. An added pleasure for a female key holder is knowing this technique is unique to the male anatomy. While a ball lock does not offer physical [[chastity]] , because the male [[genitalia remains functional, it may be seen as providing emotional [[chastity against [[promiscuity ]]. === Safety === With the delicate physical nature of the [[scrotum and [[testicles , care must be taken to not cause injury. When fastening the lock, the scrotum should not be pinched. After fastening, circulation]] must be maintained and monitored. During wear, care must be taken that the padlock is not caught or moved in a way that will be hazardous to the subject. Damage can also occur if worn for an extended period of time. Other dangers of the use of physical restraint may also apply to this technique. === References=== <references /> ===external links=== *[http://wiki.bmezine.com/index.php/Scrotal_Stretching Scrotal] Stretching on BMEZINE.com === See also === * [[Padlock] * [[Combination lock] * [[Promiscuity] * [[Adultery] * [[Chastity] [[Category:Sexual fidelity] [[Category:Sex toys] [[Category:BDSM equipment] -Sandstein
- forced chastity==
[[Image:Chastity_belt.jpg|thumb|right|180px|Naked female wearing a [[chastity belt . '''Forced chastity''' is a sexual practice that involves wearing a [[chastity]] device against one's will. In Western society, forced chastity is more common as a [[sexual fantasy than a real situation. Those who act out this fantasy are more likely to do so with the participants' consent, rather than it being forced against someone's will (see [[erotic sexual denial]]). There are anecdotes in many cultures of parents forcing chastity upon adolescent children in order to control their sexuality. (In Western society, forced chastity is more common as a [[sexual fantasy than a real situation, and as a fantasy is frequently in conjunction with other [[BDSM activities. It should be noted however that this practice falls outside the accepted BDSM principles of "[[Safe, Sane and Consensual " or "[[Risk Aware Consensual Kink ." in that it is enforced against the victim's will.) ===See also=== *[[Chastity belt *[[Erotic sexual denial ===External links=== * [http://www.chastitylifestyle.com ChastityLifestyle.com * [http://www.locknkeep.com Locknkeep.com] Chastity Lifestyle Portal * [http://www.badpenis.com/main.htm BadPenis.com , Jenny's Bad Penis site, forced male chastity, chastity belts, and keyholding service. * [http://chastitydesires.com/ http://chastitydesires.com/ {{BDSM-stub }+IZAK -Sandstein
- Breast expansion fetish==
'''Breast expansion fetishism''' is a [[sexual fetish]] characterized by pronounced [[Sexual fantasy|sexual fantasies]] involving a [[woman]] whose [[breast]]s enlarge, either gradually or suddenly, sometimes to gargantuan proportions. Breast expansion fetishism may manifest as a form of inflation or balloon fetishism.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deviantdesires.com/map/inflation.html|title=Deviant Desires: Body Inflation|accessdate=2007-03-19}}</ref> ==Real-world breast enlargement== Breast expansion fetishists are fascinated by the processes by which women’s [[breasts]] can become larger, be it age progression, [[pregnancy]], weight gain or [[Breast implant|surgery]]. It is common for them to examine closely the careers of adult and mainstream entertainers and their increasing, or decreasing, bust sizes. ==Fiction== Breast expansion stories are often fantastical tales of women’s busts being enlarged (such as occurs in the films ''[[Bruce Almighty]]'' and ''[[The Stepford Wives (2004 film)|The Stepford Wives]]'') by air, food, [[magic (paranormal)|magic]], [[medicine]], [[Extraterrestrial life|alien]] [[technology]] or some other unseen force. Generally, the amount of [[enlargement]] is limited only by the [[imagination]] of the author, from as little as a cup size to as big as room-filling and beyond. The imagery can also be taken as far as 'bursting of the bust', sometimes re-enacted in real life using ballons filled with imitation blood.{{Fact|date=January 2007}} Occasionally, there are other types of fetishes included in these stories, such as [[lactation]], [[anthropomorphism]], [[giantess]], [[transgender]], body inflation, [[penis]] expansion, or any of the processes under the umbrella term [[transformation fetish]]. Stories and pictures associated with breast expansion sometimes contain vivid depictions of [[sexual activity]], but it is not a necessity of the fetish. {{Fact|date=March 2007}} ==Morphs== Many breast-expansion fetishists are morphers. A Morph is a [[photograph]], an [[artwork]] or an [[animation]] which uses [[morphing]] techniques to expand a woman's breasts; some examples of this can be found at the [http://gallery.bearchive.com/ugallery/index.html Breast Expansion Archive User Gallery]. Breast expansion is a recurring theme in some [[List of H anime|H anime]] and manga. In the [[anime]] series ''[[Ceres, Celestial Legend|Ayashi no Ceres]]'', a young [[girl]]'s [[Skirt and dress|skirt]] and [[blouse]] burst open as she transforms into a young woman with larger breasts and deep [[Cleavage (breasts)|cleavage]].{{Fact|date=January 2007}} ==See also== *[[Breast fetishism]] *[[Female muscle growth]] *[[Macrophilia]] *[[Erotic lactation]] *[[Sexual fetishism]] (:*[[Female muscle growth]] - *[[Inflation fetishism]] (deleted) ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== *[http://www.overflowingbra.com/wiki/history:be_community History of the BE Community] (at [http://www.overflowingbra.com/wiki/ BE Tome of Knowledge] [[Wiki]]) *[http://www.bearchive.com/ The Breast Expansion Archive] *[http://expansionmansion.com/index.php The Expansion Mansion] {{Paraphilia}} [[Category:Breast fetishism]] [[Category:Sexual fetishism]] [[Category:Paraphilia]] [[ja:膨乳フェティシズム]] ==External links== *[http://overflowingbra.com/pmwiki/pmwiki.php?n=Main.HistoryOfTheBECommunity History of the BE Community] (at BE Tome of Knowledge [[Wiki]]) *[http://overflowingbra.com/pmwiki/pmwiki.php?n=Main.HistoryOfTheBECommunity History of the BE Community] (at BE Tome of Knowledge [[Wiki]]) + *[http://overflowingbra.com/ The Overflowing Bra] + *[http://dir.yahoo.com/Society_and_Culture/Sexuality/Fetishes_and_Fantasies/Transformation/Breast_Expansion/ Yahoo! directory: Transformation Fetishes > Breast Expansion] + *[http://www.bearchive.com/ The Breast Expansion Archive] + *[http://www.bestoryclub.com/ The Breast Expansion Story Club] (subscription only) + *[http://www.thevalkyrie.com/ladybumps/stories/ Ladybumps stories] + *[http://www.mcstories.com/Tags/gr.html Mind Control Story Categories: Growth] + *[http://myfreeimplants.com Community of women seeking breast augmentation surgery & men with breast expansion fetishes]
- ist of fetish clothing manufacturers==
This is a list of [[fetish clothing]] manufacturers, including makers of fetishistic [[rubberwear]]. ''Please note: this page lists manufacturers and fashion houses only. '''Please do not add fetish clothing shops or importers that do not manufacture their own line of clothing to this list.''' Please only create Wikipedia articles for these companies if they meet Wikipedia's [[WP:CORP|company notability criteria]].'' ''Australia:'' * [[Reactor Rubberwear]] [http://www.rubber.com.au Reactor Rubberwear] * [[Zifrixion Fetish Fashion]] [http://www.zifrixion.com Zifrixion Fetish Fashion] ''Austria:'' * [[HW Design]] [http://www.hwdesign.at HW Design] * [[Simon O]] [http://www.latex.at Simon O] ''Canada:'' * [[Artifice (fetish clothing manufacturer)|Artifice]] [http://www.artificeclothing.com Artifice] * [[Dark Side Creations]] [http://www.darksidecreations.com Dark Side Creations] * [[Polymorphe]] [http://www.polymorphe.com Polymorphe] * [[Confections Caress Latex]] [http://www.latex-u-wear.com Confections Caress Latex] ''Czech Republic'' * [[Eurocatsuits]] [http://www.eurocatsuits.com Eurocatsuits] ''Denmark:'' * [[Latexa]] [http://www.latexa.com Latexa] ''Germany:'' * [[Bodycult]] [http://www.bodycult.de Bodycult] * [[Caywear]] [http://www.caywear.com/ Caywear] * [[Extrem Shop]] [http://www.extrem-shop.de Extrem Shop] * [[Fetishuniverse / No Respect]] [http://www.fetishuniverse.de Fetishuniverse / No Respect] * [[Fraulein Ehrhardt]] [http://www.fraeulein-ehrhardt.de Fraulein Ehrhardt] * [[Lateximum]] [http://www.lateximum.com Lateximum] * [[Marquis (fetish clothing manufacturer)|Marquis]] [http://www.marquis.de/ Marquis] * [[Rubberfashion.de]] [http://www.Rubberfashion.de Rubberfashion.de] * [[Rubber Finest]] [http://www.rubbers-finest.com/ Rubber Finest] ''Japan:'' * [[Kariwanz]] [http://www.kariwanz.com Kariwanz] ''Netherlands:'' * [[Absolute Danny]] [http://www.absolutedanny.com Absolute Danny] * [[DeMask]] [http://www.demask.com DeMask] * [[Funny Skin]] [http://www.funnyskin.nl Funny Skin] ''Russia'' * [[Erolatex]] [http://www.erolatex.com Erolatex] ''Switzerland:'' * [[SuperLiquid]] [http://www.superliquid.com SuperLiquid] ''UK:'' * [[Atsuko Kudo]] [http://www.atsukokudo.com Atsuko Kudo] * [[Breathless (fetish clothing manufacturer)|Breathless]] [http://www.breathless.uk.com Breathless] * [[Cocoon (fetish clothing manufacturer)|Cocoon]] [http://www.cocoon1.com Cocoon] * [[Ectomorph (fetish clothing manufacturer)|Ectomorph]] [http://www.ectomorph.co.uk Ectomorph] * [[House of Harlot]] [http://www.house-of-harlot.com House of Harlot] * [[Honour (fetish clothing manufacturer)|Honour]] [http://www.honour.co.uk Honour] * [[Inner Sanctum (fetish clothing manufacturer)|Inner Sanctum]] [http://www.innersanctum.uk.com Inner Sanctum] * [[Libidex]] [http://www.libidex.co.uk Libidex] * [[Murray and Vern]] [http://www.murrayandvern.com Murray and Vern] * [[Pretty Pervy]] [http://www.prettypervy.com Pretty Pervy] * [[Rubber Zoo]] [http://www.rubberzoo.com Rubber Zoo] * [[Sealwear]] [http://www.sealwear.co.uk Sealwear] * [[John Sutcliffe]] (deceased) * [[TortureGarden]] [http://www.tgclothing.com TortureGarden] * [[Weather Vain]] [http://www.weathervain.com Weather Vain] * [[Wesward Bound]] [http://www.westwardbound.com Westward Bound] ''USA:'' * [[Fetishwear.net]] [http://www.fetishwear.net Fetishwear.net] * [[Fierce Couture]] [http://www.fiercecouture.com Fierce Couture] * [[House of Whacks]] [http://www.houseofwhacks.com House of Whacks] * [[Lust Designs]] [http://www.lustdesigns.com Lust Designs] * [[Madame S]] [http://www.madame-s.com Madame S] * [[Radiance Bound]] [http://www.radiancebound.com/store.php Radiance Bound] * [[Sub-Shop]] [http://www.sub-shop.com Sub-Shop] * [[Syren (fetish clothing manufacturer)|Syren]] [http://www.syren.com Syren] * [[The Baroness]] [http://www.baroness.com] * [[Vex (fetish clothing manufacturer)|Vex]] [http://www.vexclothing.com Vex] [[Category:Lists of manufacturers|Fetish clothing manufacturers]] [[Category:Fetish clothing| ]] [[Category:Fetish clothing manufacturers| ]]
false refs
Ann Arbor Education received MI degree Occupation mountweazel Known for erroneously atrtributed author on academic publications Relatives Grape Arbor, Rose Arbor, RA Tatouille[1], Milton Keynes <relatives=[[Pergola|Grape Arbor]], Rose Arbor, RA Tatouille<ref>{{cite web |last=Tatouille |first=R.A. |title=New constraint on biomedical reserarch? |publisher=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |url=http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/314323a0 |accessdate=January 11, 2008}}</ref>, [[Milton Keynes]]> Website http://www.annarbor.org nonexistent person Ann Arbor is a nonexistent author of scientific literature, often found in computerized databases. The name is the result of mis-classifying the location of the real authors, Ann Arbor, Michigan as a person, instead of a place. Ann is sometimes said to have earned the academic degree "MI", a misunderstanding of the abbreviation for Michigan. Although she has an extensive curriculum vitae covering many fields of endeavor, Ann Arbor is rarely listed as the first author of her many publications. [edit]1 Notes ^ Tatouille, R.A.. New constraint on biomedical reserarch?. Nature. Retrieved on January 11, 2008. [edit]2 Publications "by" Ann Arbor PMID 12748882 PMID 14280141 PMID 14178801
User:DGG,
User_talk:DGG,
User:DGG/controversy,
/pages to revisit,
/RS,
/priorities.
/std talk pp,
User:DGG/userhelp, ,
User:DGG/deltalk,
User:DGG/journals,
/to insert, /
User:DGG/speedies,
/sandbox,
/projects,
/WP Projects,
/other wikis,
/tech notes /
User:DGG/sandboxuserified/
User:DGG/sandboxuserified2,
User:DGG/DelsToWatch ,
User:DGG/sandboxConferences ,
User:DGG/sandbox/libraries,
User:DGG/sandbox/LCC
DRev
James F. Hooper
To get and add
Scaryduck
Spectrophilia
The user Warfwar3 has been creating a string of articles, Future Human Evolution (speedy delete), Speculative biology (prod, user keeps creating redirects) and now Alternative natural history. These all seem be advertisement/presentation of original research in relation to the book Future Evolution, which was written by Peter Ward (offhand suspicious sounding relation to Warfwar3, but that may just be a coincidence). Cquan (talk, AMA Desk) 01:20, 10 April 2007 (UTC)
Schools
work on schoosl re comment in http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Don_G._Giunta_Middle_School (Noronton)
List of Eugenicists
This list includes famous [[Eugenics|eugenicists]], contributors, and supporters. Some of the people may not be eugenicists but are included here because of their notable involvement. * [[Alexander Graham Bell]] {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} {{flagicon|Canada}} {{flagicon|USA}} Inventor of the [[telephone]]. * [[Joseph Bloch]] {{flagicon|USA}} Modern proponent of non-racist eugenics. Also a transhumanist. * [[Alexis Carrel]] {{flagicon|France}} Innovative surgeon, Nobel laureate, advocated compulsory sterilization and euthanasia, Nazi collaborator. * [[Charles Kirk Clarke]] {{flagicon|Canada}} * [[Francis Crick]] {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} Nobel prize winning discoverer of the double helix of DNA. * [[C. D. Darlington]] {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Cell biology|cytologist]] who discovered the mechanics of chromosomal crossover. * [[Charles Darwin]] {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} Eminent British naturalist who proposed evolution as the origin of species. * [[Charles Galton Darwin]] {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} — Physicist, grandson of Charles Darwin. * [[Leonard Darwin]] {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} — Economist, son of Charles Darwin. * [[Charles Davenport]] {{flagicon|USA}} — Prominent American [[biologist]], founder of the [[Eugenics Record Office]]. * [[John Derbyshire]] {{flagicon|USA}} — Author and columnist at [[National Review]]. * [[Wickliffe Draper]] {{flagicon|USA}} — American philanthropist, founder of the [[Pioneer Fund]]. * [[W.E.B. DuBois]] {{flagicon|USA}} African-American community leader. Advocated blacks using eugenics to improve their race. * [[Eugen Fischer]] {{flagicon|Germany|Nazi}} * [[Irving Fisher]] {{flagicon|USA}} * [[Ronald Fisher|R.A. Fisher]] {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} — British [[statistician]], co-creator of the [[modern synthesis]] of evolutionary theory. * [[Joseph Fletcher]] {{flagicon|USA}} Philosopher who founded situational ethics. * [[Francis Galton]]{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} — British [[statistician]], first developed notion of eugenics, coined term. * [[Marcus Garvey]] {{flagicon|USA}} African-American community leader. Advocated blacks using eugenics to improve their race. * [[Henry H. Goddard]] {{flagicon|USA}} — American [[psychologist]], author of ''[[The Kallikak Family]]''. * [[Charles Goethe]] {{flagicon|USA}} — American philanthropist, lobbied for [[compulsory sterilization]] and immigration restriction. * [[Emma Goldman]] Activist, Anarchist, Feminist, Writer * [[E.S. Gosney]] {{flagicon|USA}} — American philanthropist, founder of the [[Human Betterment Foundation]], which lobbied for [[compulsory sterilization]] legislation. * [[Robert Klark Graham]] {{flagicon|USA}} — American inventor, founded "[[Nobel Prize]]" [[sperm bank]] (may or may not have actually had Nobel Prize winners as donors). * [[Madison Grant]] {{flagicon|USA}} — American [[lawyer]], author of ''[[The Passing of the Great Race]]'', lobbied for immigration restriction and anti-miscegenation legislation. * [[James L. Hart]] {{flagicon|USA}} * [[Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[United States Supreme Court]] judge who wrote the opinion in [[Buck v. Bell]], "Three generations of imbeciles is enough." * [[David Starr Jordan]] {{flagicon|USA}} — American scientist, president of [[Stanford University]] and [[Indiana University Bloomington|Indiana University]]. * [[Harry H. Laughlin]] {{flagicon|USA}} — Prominent American eugenicist, director of the [[Eugenics Record Office]], lobbied for immigration restriction and [[compulsory sterilization]] laws, early founder of the [[Pioneer Fund]]. * [[Richard Lynn]] {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} — Emeritus professor of psychology at the [[University of Ulster]]. * [[Archer Martin]] {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} — Chemist Nobel prize winner for developing chromatography. * [[Josef Mengele]] {{flagicon|Germany|Nazi}} — Nazi doctor, infamous for abusive and unethical experimentation on prisoners. * [[Henry Fairfield Osborn]] {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} — paleontologist famous for studies on evolution of mammoths and elephants * [[Karl Pearson]] {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} — British [[statistician]] who developed theory of regression and correlation. * [[Plato]] {{flagicon|Greece}} Classical Greek philosopher. The earliest proponent of eugenics known by name. * [[Alfred Ploetz]] {{flagicon|Germany|Nazi}} * [[Paul Popenoe]] {{flagicon|USA}} — American biologist, lobbied for [[compulsory sterilization]] laws, especially in [[California]]. * [[Ernst Rüdin]] {{flagicon|Germany|Nazi}} — German psychiatrist, founder of the German [[Racial Hygiene]] movement which gained much support from [[Nazi Germany]]. * [[Margaret Sanger]] {{flagicon|USA}} — American [[birth control]] advocate, also sometimes advocated certain types of eugenic programs. * [[F.C.S. Schiller]] {{flagicon|USA}} {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} — Pragmatist philosopher. * [[Carl Hans Heinze Sennhenn]] {{flagicon|Germany|Nazi}} * [[William Shockley]] {{flagicon|USA}} — American [[Nobel Prize]] winner for inventing the transistor. * [[Lothrop Stoddard]] {{flagicon|USA}} — American author, wrote ''[[The Rising Tide of Color]]''. * [[Nikola Tesla]] {{flagicon|Croatia}} {{flagicon|USA}} American inventor from Serbia who invented the AC motor. * [[Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer]] {{flagicon|Germany|Nazi}} — German [[geneticist]], did work on [[heredity]] during [[Nazi Germany]] with the aid of "specimens" from Mengele. * [[Werner Villinger]] {{flagicon|Germany|Nazi}} * [[James Watson]] {{flagicon|USA}} — [[Nobel Prize]] winner for discovery of the double helix of DNA. * [[H.G. Wells]] {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} Prolific science fiction author who wrote War of the Worlds. * [[Robert Yerkes]] {{flagicon|USA}} — American [[primatologist]], did early work on [[intelligence testing]] arguing for immigration restriction.
Librarians in popular culture
This is a collection of descriptions of '''librarians in popular culture''', i.e., literature, film, television, and games. ==Literature== *[[Neal Stephenson]]'s novel, ''[[Snow Crash]]'' features both the "Central Information Congress" (a commercialized melding of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] and the [[Library of Congress]]) and a virtual librarian which assists the main character, [[Hiro Protagonist]].<ref>http://www.utpjournals.com/simile/issue16/blackmore1.html</ref> *In the ''[[Discworld]]'' book series by [[Terry Pratchett]] there is a [[The Librarian (Discworld)|librarian]] who has been [[magic (paranormal)|magic]]ally turned into an [[orangutan]]. In these stories, librarians frequently have supernatural powers related to books and library work, including access to a form of [[Hyperspace (science fiction)|hyperspace]] known as L-Space.<ref>http://www.ie.lspace.org/about/whatis-lspace.html</ref> *In the comic book series ''[[Batman]]'', Barbara Gordon is a computer-savvy librarian using the name [[Oracle (comics)|Oracle]]. Before she was shot by the [[Joker (comics)|Joker]], restricting the use of her legs, she was known as [[Batgirl]]. *[[Characters of The Sandman#Lucien|Lucien]], from [[Neil Gaiman]]'s [[comic book]] series [[The Sandman (DC Comics Modern Age)|The Sandman]], tends to [[Dreaming (comics)|The Dreaming]]'s library, where all the books that are dreamt of, but never written, are contained. *Jack and Annie in ''[[The Magic Treehouse]]'' series of children's books become "Master Librarians". *[[Irma Pince]] is the librarian in several of the [[Harry Potter]] novels. She is a minor character as a disciplinarian in the [[Hogwarts]] library. * Malachi is the scholarly librarian in [[Umberto Eco]]'s medieval murder mystery [[The Name of the Rose]] who unlocks the secrets of a labyrinthine library to the novel's protagonists. *In [[Elizabeth Peters]]' mystery novels, Jacqueline Kirby of Coldwater College, Nebraska, has the unique ability to transform herself from a stereotypical librarian -- complete with glasses and sensible shoes -- to a glamorous knockout. *In [[Jo Dereske]] novels, Helma Zukas of Bellehaven, Washington (her way of swearing is "Oh, Faulkner!"). *Laurali R. Wright has a series of crime novels set in British Columbia featuring Cassandra Mitchell, librarian and partner of a Royal Canadian Mountie * In "[[It (novel)|It]]" by [[Stephen King]] the central narrator is Mike Hanlon, a librarian in the small town of Derry, Maine. He is described as "the keeper of the lighthouse" * In [[Kingsley Amis]]' comic novel ''[[That Uncertain Feeling]]'', a Welsh librarian bored with his marriage casts his eye upon a new girl in town. In the film version, ''[[Only Two Can Play]]'', the librarian was played by [[Peter Sellers]]. *The manga series ''[[Read or Die]]'' (a.k.a. R.O.D.) features protagonist bibliophile Yomiko Readman, who works for the Library of England in search of rare and powerful books. *[[Richard Peck]]'s book, ''Here Lies the Librarian.'' "This book is dedicated to Living librarians everywhere And to my Dean Beth Mehalick Paskoff," who is Dean of Library and Information Sciences at [[Louisiana State University]]. On the cover is a cemetery with a gravestone that reads, "SHH!". ==Television== *On the March 26, 2007 episode of [[The Colbert Report]], [[Stephen Colbert (character)]], making a wild assertion that anything could be copyrighted declared as an example that "librarians are hiding something". *In most animated cartoon series, like [[Baby Looney Tunes]] to [[Rugrats]], and even [[Doug]], the librarian is often shown silencing the main or pivotal characters, especially younger children, when they're in a library area. Some even ban the characters from the libraries for many rude or strange noises. *On the television series ''[[All That]]'', there are several sketches that feature a silence-obsessed librarian (known as "The Loud Librarian" to some) that scolds someone for even making a coughing sound. She is eventually "fired" when [[Lori Beth Denberg]] leaves the cast in [[1998]]. *In the television series ''[[Buffy the Vampire Slayer]]'', [[Anthony Stewart Head]] played the role of [[Rupert Giles]], school librarian in earlier episodes and Buffy's watcher. *In a ''[[Star Trek: The Original Series|Star Trek]]'' episode ''[[All Our Yesterdays (Star Trek)|All Our Yesterdays]]'', [[Ian Wolfe]] plays librarian Mr. Atoz: "The library serves no purpose unless someone is using it." Mr. Atoz's name apparently derives from the phrase "A to Z", a reference to his occupation as a librarian. *In the [[1967]] episode of [[The Avengers (TV series)]], "Murdersville," a gun is used with a silencer after the librarian points to the SILENCE sign.<ref>[http://www.dissolute.com.au/avweb/emmacol/523.html Plot summary and images]</ref> *In an episode of ''[[Seinfeld]]'', [[Cosmo Kramer]] ([[Michael Richards]]) dates a librarian from the [[New York Public Library]], much to the chagrin of the "library cop." *In one episode of [[Monty Python's Flying Circus]] wild animals are interviewed for the position of librarian. *In one episode of [[The Simpsons]] a librarian questions Reverend Lovejoy about a Bible he has checked out every weekend for the past 12 years, asking wouldn't it be easier just to buy one, to which the Reverend replies, "Perhaps...on a Librarian's salary..." *The television series [[Once Upon a Time (Nebraska Public Television)|Once Upon A Time]] centers around a librarian trapped in a witch's tower, who is forced to produce stories with a machine called 1Z2Z, and then read them. * In an Orwellian future, a librarian (played by Burgess Meredith) fills the title role of “[[The Obsolete Man]]” (1961) in an episode from [[The Twilight Zone]]. * Al Bundy (Ed O'Neill) pulls off a typical claims returned trick on an old and bitter librarian in the [[Married... with Children]] episode “[[He Thought He Could]]” (1988). ==Film== * A wretched alternate fate is revealed for Mary Hatch Bailey (played by [[Donna Reed]]) in the movie ''[[It's a Wonderful Life]]'': "She's closing up the library!" * Vox (played by [[Orlando Jones]]), a holographic entity possessing a "compendium of all human knowledge," works at a futuristic [[New York Public Library]] in the movie ''[[The Time Machine]]'' (2002). * Mary (played by [[Parker Posey]]) is the ultimate ''[[Party Girl (1995 film)|Party Girl]]'' who discovers, "I want to be a librarian!" * Librarian Bunny Watson (played by [[Katharine Hepburn]]) teaches Richard Sumner (played by [[Spencer Tracy]]) a few things about modern research methods in the movie ''[[Desk Set]]''. * Heather Stephens plays Jill, the awkward librarian (and closet dominatrix), in the movie ''[[Tomcats (movie)|Tomcats]]''. * [[Shirley Jones]] stars as the no-nonsense "Marian the Librarian" in the movie ''[[The Music Man (1962 film)|The Music Man]]''. * [[List of minor Star Wars Jedi masters#Nu, Jocasta|Jocasta Nu]] is an [[archivist]] in the film ''[[Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones]]''. * Evelyn Carnahan is proud to be a librarian in the movies ''[[The Mummy (1999 movie)|The Mummy]]'' and ''[[The Mummy Returns]]''. *[[Noah Wyle]]'s character in the television movie ''[[The Librarian: Quest for The Spear]]'' and ''[[The Librarian: Return to King Solomon's Mines]]''. His mother: "Sixteen years of college and they've got you putting books on shelves?" *[[Jet Li]]'s character in the movie ''Black Mask'' works as a librarian. *''[[Last Life in the Universe]]'' is an intriguing tale about a male Japanese librarian.<ref>http://www.palmpictures.com/videos/lastlifeintheuniverse.html</ref> *[[Bette Davis]], in ''Storm Center'' (1956), plays a librarian who refuses to remove a book on Communism from the public library and is thereafter ostracized. *In ''[[No Man of Her Own]]'' (1932), [[Clark Gable]] is a big city con man who falls for a local librarian ([[Carole Lombard]]) while on the lam. *[[Ingrid Pitt]] plays a "nymphomaniac librarian" (as she described it) in the classic British movie [[The Wicker Man]], who is found naked by [[Edward Woodward]]'s virginal Christian policeman. *[[Goldie Hawn]] dons cat-eyed glasses when she plays San Fransisco librarian Gloria Mundy who helps [[Chevy Chase]] solve an assassination plot in the comedy ''[[Foul Play]]'' (1978). *In ''[[A Very Brady Sequel]]'', Roy Martin ([[Tim Matheson]]) informs [[Greg Brady]] ([[Christopher Daniel Barnes]]) that he should date someone more of his "own speed," suggesting a librarian as an example. *A librarian assists [[Thora Birch]]'s character in the 1994 film ''[[Monkey Trouble]]'' with information on a [[monkey]] she has found. *[[Alice Drummond]] plays the librarian in [[Ghostbusters]] who first encounters the book-stacking ghost of a former librarian in the famous [[New York Public Library]]. *[["Weird Al" Yankovic]] plays [[Conan the Librarian]], in a brief segment of the [[1989]] film ''[[UHF (movie)|UHF]]''. *[[Michelle Williams (actress)]] plays a small part as a young, blonde, out-of-wedlock-pregnant, love-torn local librarian in [[The Station Agent]]. *[[Virginia Mayo]] plays a librarian in [[Wonder Man (film)]], but the great quote is from [[Danny Kaye]] who plays the bookworm Edwin Dingle: "I enjoy it here very much ... uh, I love the smell of leather bindings." * Debbie gets friendly with a librarian in [[Debbie Does Dallas]] (1978). * “Books are my life now,” explains librarian Lynn Weslin (Rene Russo) to her ex-boyfriend and baseball player Jake Taylor (Tom Berenger) in [[Major League (film)|Major League]] (1989). * In [[Philadelphia]] (1993), a librarian (Tracey Walter) encourages an ailing Andrew Beckett (Tom Hanks) to use a private study room. * “Do you want me to draw you a map?!” barks a staggeringly rude and unhelpful librarian (John Rothman) at Sophie Zawistowski (Meryl Streep) in [[Sophie's Choice (film)|Sophie’s Choice]] (1982). * Circulation desk worker Charlie Simms (Chris O’Donnell) breaks the rules and lets his fair-weathered friend George Willis, Jr. (Philip Seymour Hoffman) take a reserve book out of the library. From [[Scent of a Woman]] (1992). * As a librarian in a small town, Alicia Hull (Bette Davis) befriends Freddie Slater (Kevin Coughlin) – while combating challenges to her collection development decisions during the height of the Red Scare – in [[Storm Center]] (1956). * Richard Tyler (Macaulay Culkin) is led on a fantastical adventure through a library by Mr. Dewey (Christopher Lloyd), AKA [[The Pagemaster]] (1994). ==Toys and hobbies== *The "Librarian As Shusher" is a consistent cultural stereotype that can be seen in such products as the Librarian Action Figure, an action figure of the stereotypical librarian holding a finger up to her lips, indicating [[silence]].<ref>http://www.mcphee.com/laf/</ref> (The figure is modeled after [[Nancy Pearl]], librarian at the [[Seattle Public Library]]). *[[Warhammer 40,000]] Space Marine Librarians are superhuman fighters with potent psychic powers, rather than just being deskbound intellects. Wielding force staffs and psychic abilities, they are found on the battlefield battling alongside their non-psychic battle brothers delivering justice to the Emperor's enemies, while at the same time advising the Space Marine Commander. ==Computer and video games== *Miss Bluegarden, from the game ''[[Secret of Evermore]]''. *Myrna Bookbottom, the stereotypical meek English librarian, from the game ''[[Freaky Flyers]]''. *Brisketta, from the game ''[[Brave Fencer Musashi]]''. *The Daguerreo Librarian, the unnamed overseer of the [[List of Final Fantasy IX locations|Daguerreo Library]] in ''[[Final Fantasy IX]]''. *Darian, an [[Anthropomorphism|anthropomorphic]] car from the childrens' educational game ''[[Putt-Putt (game character)|Putt-Putt]] Travels Through Time''. *Alan Dinsdale, [[Velma Dinkley|Velma's]] former school librarian, from the game ''[[Scooby Doo: Mystery Mayhem]]''. *Eike, the librarian of Budehuc Castle, from the game ''[[Suikoden III]]''. *Geelo, from the game ''[[Icewind Dale]]''. *Aldus T. Giles, Assistant Correspondence Clerk of the Tarantian Library, from the game ''[[Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura]]''. *Grendor, a [[Rhynoc]], from the game ''[[Spyro the Dragon (series)|Spyro: Season of Ice]]''. *Jaard, from the game ''Soulbringer''. *Kairn, a librarian/vampire, from the game ''[[Veil of Darkness]]''. *Manaka Komaki, from the game ''[[ToHeart2]]''. *Kordava Librarian, the unnamed librarian of the city of Kordava, from the game ''[[Conan (video game)|Conan: The Dark Axe]]''. *Lady, from the game ''[[Boktai 2: Solar Boy Django]]''. *Lex, the bespectacled green worm caretaker of the Great Library, from the puzzle games ''[[Bookworm (game)|Bookworm]]'' and ''[[Bookworm Adventures]]''. *Librari, the Elder of the Town Minish, from the game ''[[The Legend of Zelda: The Minish Cap]]''. *Marcus, from the game ''[[Siege of Avalon]]''. *Maria, from the game ''[[Harvest Moon 64]]''. *Mary, from the game ''[[Harvest Moon: Friends of Mineral Town]]''. *[[Master Librarian]], the caretaker of Dracula's Long Library, from the game ''[[Castlevania: Symphony of the Night]]''. *Mop Top Island Librarian, an anthropomorphic onion, from the childrens' educational game ''[[Pajama sam 3|Pajama Sam 3: You Are What You Eat From Your Head To Your Feet]]''. *Nightshade, the super-hero alter ego of librarian Mark Gray, from the game ''[[Nightshade (NES)|Nightshade]]''. *Natsume Oguro, a 15-year-old girl, from the game ''[[.hack//INFECTION]]''. *Onett Librarian, the unnamed caretaker of the Onett Library, from the game ''[[EarthBound]]''. *Phatt Island Librarian, the unnamed lady in charge of the library on Phatt Island, from the game ''[[Monkey Island 2: LeChuck's Revenge]]''. *Hester Primm, from the game ''[[The Sims Bustin' Out]]''. *Victorian Principles, from the game ''[[Leisure Suit Larry 7: Love for Sail!]]''. *Mrs. Stapleton, from the game ''[[Fallout (computer game)|Fallout]]''. *Mr. Sullivan, from the game ''[[Clock Tower (series)|Clock Tower]]''. *Swofford, from the game ''[[Geneforge 2]]''. *Tar-Meena, an [[Argonian]] located within the Arcane University, from the game ''[[The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion|Elder Scrolls IV]]''. *Trish, from the game ''[[Wild Arms Alter Code: F]]''. *Sherman Trout, head of the [[Library of Congress]], from the game ''[[The Final Scene]]''. *Cedrin Zil, from the game ''[[Icewind Dale II]]''. *''[[World of Warcraft]]'' features several librarian characters: Mae Paledust, Brother Paxton, Donyal Tovald, and Milton Sheaf. ==Music== *Sweet Librarian by Railroad Jerk, from The Third Rail album *The Librarian’s Nightmare by Phil Hammon from The Librarian’s Nightmare album *"Love in the Library" by Jimmy Buffett, from the Fruitcakes album *"Karen" by the Go-Betweens, from the Lee Remick/Karen 7" single *[[Tales of a Librarian]], album by Tori Amos *[[The Librarians]], defunct Californian power pop band *Librarians, rock band from West Virginia *Librarian by Jonathan Rundman, from Public Library album *Library by Cursor Minor, from Library / Our Day Will Come 7"<ref>[http://www.unchartedaudio.com/releases/unch005/video/ See the video for Library by Cursor Minor]</ref> ==Comic strips== *[[Unshelved]] is an online daily comic strip set in Mallville Public Library reflecting changes in the real world of libraries and with an eye for popular culture.<ref>[http://www.overduemedia.com See the latest comic strip] or go to the [http://www.overduemedia.com/primer.aspx ''Unshelved'' primer]</ref> *[[Questionable Content]] is another webcomic that recently began featuring a character who works in an academic library setting. *[[One Big Happy]] often features Ruthie at Story Time at her local library. The Library Lady is often despairing of Ruthie's non-sequtorial interruptions.<ref>[http://story.news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story&u=/uclickcomics/cx_crobh_uc/latest See the latest strip]</ref> *[[Zits]] recently featured a strip where Jeremy is in a library and text messages his mother, who is at home, to look up a word for him on the internet. ==References== <references/> ==External links== *[http://www.tk421.net/essays/nwyt.html Librarians: We're Not What You Think] includes photo gallery *[http://www.blisspix.net/library/songs.html Songs about Libraries and Librarians] [[Category:Librarians]] [[Category:Fictional librarians]] [[Category:Education in popular culture]]
Georgiana Darcy
[[Image:Thomas Gainsboroguh Georgiana Duchess of Devonshire 1783.jpg|thumb|Duchess Georgiana Cavendish, for whom Georgiana Darcy may have been named ===Description=== Georgiana is "tall... and, though little more than sixteen, her figure [is] formed, and her appearance womanly and graceful. She [is] less handsome than her brother, but there [is] sense and good humour in her face, and her manners [are] perfectly unassuming and gentle." Unlike her brother, Georgiana is not an "acute and unembarrassed an observer"; indeed, "the observation of a very few minutes [convinces Elizabeth] that [Georgiana is] only exceedingly shy." Rumour, however, has it that "Miss Darcy [is] exceedingly proud." This is due, in part, to her fearful dislike of speaking in public; the first time that Elizabeth meets Georgiana, she finds it "difficult to obtain even a word from [Georgiana] beyond a monosyllable." Earlier in ''Pride and Prejudice'', however, [[Mr Wickham describes Georgiana, saying thus: ''I wish [that] I could call her amiable. It gives me pain to speak ill of a Darcy. But she is too much like her brother, -- very, very proud. -- As a child, she was affectionate and pleasing, and extremely fond of me; and I have devoted hours and hours to her amusement. But she is nothing to me now. She is a handsome girl, about fifteen or sixteen, and, I understand, highly accomplished. Since her father's death, her home has been London, where a lady lives with her, and superintends her education''. Wickham has little reason to speak well of Georgiana. Before the novel begins, Wickham tries to elope with Georgiana-- intent on her inheritance of £30,000. This plan is thwarted when Georgiana, feeling guilty, tells her brother of the plans. [[Caroline Bingley] declares she really does "not think Georgiana Darcy has her equal for beauty, elegance, and accomplishments," when writing to [[Jane Bennet . Caroline, however, is trying to set Georgiana up with Caroline's brother, Charles; she hopes that one marriage in the family will encourage the Darcys and Bingleys to marry more-- and that, one day, Caroline can marry Mr Darcy. ===Mrs Annesley=== When Georgiana's father died, as his wife had predeceased him, Georgiana was left in the care of her brother, Fitzwilliam Darcy, and her cousin, Col. Fitzwilliam. Both gentlemen seem to honestly love Georgiana, who is more than a decade younger than her male relations. Because of this, she is said to look up to Darcy "almost as a father". Georgiana, when ''Pride and Prejudice'' begins, lives in [[London with a woman named Mrs Annesley, who oversees her education. Before this, Georgiana was with a woman named Mrs Young, who turned out to be in cahoots with Wickham. It was while on holiday, in [[Ramsgate , with Mrs Young, that Georgiana nearly ran off with him. Mrs Annesley is said to be a "genteel, agreeable looking woman". The narration adds that, in her "endeavour to introduce some kind of discourse," during an awkward pause in a conversation, "proved her to be more truly well bred than either of the others"-- that is, Caroline Bingley and her sister, [[Louisa Hurst , though Caroline and Lousia are rich, and so have no need to seek employment, as Mrs Annesley does. ===Her name=== "Georgiana" comes from the [[Greek language|Greek]] word γεωργος (Georgos), which means "earth worker" or "farmer"-- a fitting name for the humble Miss Darcy. [http://www.behindthename.com/php/view.php?name=georgiana "Georgiana" was one of Jane Austen's less-frequently used names. Except for Georgiana Darcy, the only other Austen character with this name is [[Georgiana Stanhope]], from ''The Three Sisters'', one of Austen's earliest works. [http://www.pemberley.com/bin/regency/janames/janames.cgi It is possible that Georgiana was named for [[Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire , one of the most famous women of Jane Austen's time. [[Image:Georgiana.jpg|thumb|Tamzin Merchant as Georgiana ===Noted actresses who have portrayed Georgiana=== *[[Emilia Fox]] played Georgiana in a [[1995 television adaptation of ''Pride and Prejudice'' *[[Tamzin Merchant]] played Georgiana in a [[2005 film adaptation of ''Pride and Prejudice'' ===External links=== *[http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1342 ''Pride and Prejudice'' at [[Project Gutenberg ===Sources=== *''[[Pride and Prejudice '' by [[Jane Austen] What Happened Next? Or, The Many Husbands of Georgiana Darcy By: Glancy, Kathleen; Persuasions: Journal of the Jane Austen Society of North America, 1989 Dec. 16; 11: 110-116. (journal article)
Beast of Dean
The '''Beast of Dean''', also given the colloquial name 'Moose-Pig', is reportedly a large animal (possibly many) peculiar to a small area, [[Gloucestershire]], in the south-west of the [[United Kingdom]]. The Royal [[Forest of Dean]] became a a hot-spot for sightings beginning in 1802, with reports from locals of an exceptionally large wild boar, with occasional reports of felled trees, crushed hedges and fences, and a supposed 'un-earthly roar'. Supposedly at one point local hunters from the village of [[Parkend, Gloucestershire]] managed to capture and kill the creature. The hunters, upon examination, all agreed their prey was no boar they had encountered before nor even any familiar indigenous species. After this revelation in March 1807, sightings stopped entirely for almost two centuries. Over this period of time locals say they had frequently heard a low guttural noise in the woods between Parkend and the nearby village of [[Bream, Gloucestershire]]. Speculation had been made between locals to whether there was another Beast roaming the woodland of the [[Forest of Dean]]. This would not be apparent until 1998 in which a report had been made by two locals (James Nash, Marshall Davies), that had been passing through the woodland between Parkend and Bream. They claimed a a low sound could be heard, slowly raising in intensity. Then they saw a creature emerge from the bushes and rush towards them as they ran for their lives. They claimed that the beast was the size of a cow but had boar-like qualities and made grunting noises. This was the last reported sighting of the Moose-Pig. One theory of this creature is that it is an [[entelodont]]. [[Category:Carnivorous cryptids]] [[Category:English legendary creatures]] [[Category:Folklore]] [[Category:Fictional ungulates]]
Chi generator
A '''Chi generator®''', also known as an '''orgone generator''', is a device that is believed by many adherents of the [[New Age]] movement to have the ability to harness certain types of "energy" and use them for healing and other beneficial effects. They believe that fusing [[organic material]] ([[fiberglass|fiberglass resin]], [[cotton]], [[concrete]], etc.) and dense [[metal]] elements creates a "matrix" which has the capacity to attract, refine and project "[[orgone]]/[[Qi|chi]]/[[prana]]" energy. Proponents of the chi generator claim that [[Wilhelm Reich]]'s research demonstrated this concept in the [[1930s]] and [[1940s]]. This is elaborated in Reich's book, ''The Cancer Biopathy''. To date, no [[scientific evidence]] has been found to back up these assertions; chi generators and orgone-based technology in general are widely met with skepticism in the [[scientific community]]. Advocates of Reich's theories assert that orgone generators transmute "raw chi" into "bioavailable energy". While science struggles to verify these claims, the [[Food and Drug Administration|United States Food and Drug Administration]] banned the use of chi generators in healing protocols. [[Karl Hans Welz]] [http://www.welz.us/] marketed the first prototype chi generator in [[1991]]. With chi-generator-based technology gaining in popularity, numerous researchers began promoting their own brands and touting proprietary mixes. == References == {{unreferenced|article|date=November 2006}} <references /> ==See also== *[[Orgonite]] ==External links== *[http://www.orgone.org/articles/ax9kelley1a.htm What is Orgone Energy? ''(POV: pro-orgone)''] *[http://www.automaticchicken.com Devices that generate Chi and orgone energy] [[Category:Orgone Science and Technology]]
origins of culture, pre merge
'''This article is being considered for deletion''' for the {{{1|2nd}}} time in accordance with Wikipedia's [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion policy]].<br /> Please share your thoughts on the matter at '''[[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/{{{2|Menstruation and the origins of culture}}} ({{{1|2nd}}} nomination)|this article's entry]]''' on the [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion|Articles for deletion]] page.<br /> {{balance}} {{importance|date=January 2007}} A connection between menstruation and the origins of culture was first specifically discussed by Chris Knight, Professor of Anthropology at the University of East London in his 1991 book, "Blood Relations: Menstruation and the origins of culture" (Yale University Press), and further developed by his students [[Darwinian]] [[anthropologist]] Camilla Power and archaeologist Ian Watts. This theory holds that [[menstruation]] was a key biological signal critical to the emergence of [[symbolic culture]] among early modern humans {{Harv|Knight|Power|Watts|1995}}. [[Image:DrakensbergDance.jpg|thumb|Southern San rock painting {{Harv|Knight|1991, fig.9}} depicting a young woman undergoing her first menstruation ceremony, encircled by applauding women and dancers of both sexes]] ==Introduction== The human female menstruates considerably more copiously than any other primate. To a greater degree than in other primates, ovulation in the human female has become effectively [[concealed ovulation|concealed]] during the course of evolution ({{Harvnb|Alexander|Noonan|1979}} and {{Harvnb|Hrdy|2000}}). A woman may be sometimes able to detect her own ovulation, but studies have shown that the human male is poorly adapted to determine this moment in his sexual partner, although better capable of determining it in his partner than in women other than her ({{Harvnb|Baker|Bellis|1993}} and {{Harvnb|Grammer|1996}}). On this basis, Knight, Power, and Watts argued that during the evolution of genus [[Homo (genus)|Homo]], [[menstruation]] acquired new significance as a reproductive signal. They hold that it ran counter to ovulation concealment - divulging instead of concealing important information about female fertility - and conclude that menstruation in the pre-cultural past would have posed serious threats in terms of sexual conflict and competition. They argue (Knight, Power & Watts 1995) that the restrictions and taboos surrounding menstruation in hunter-gatherer cultures {{Harv|Douglas|2001}} are a result of this proposed conflict in pre-symbolic cultural human society. ==Sexual signals and fertility== This theory is built on [[Robert Trivers|Robert]] {{Harvcoltxt|Trivers|1972}} principle of [[parental investment]]: the sex that invests most heavily in offspring (usually the female) becomes a limiting factor for the sex that invests least (usually the male). {{Harvcoltxt|Knight|Power|Watts|1995}} work on the assumption that (like other primates), males of genus ''Homo'' were initially under evolutionary pressure to invest little; meanwhile, females were coming under increasing pressure to maximise the investment they could extract from males. Against this background, one obvious benefit of concealing ovulation is that it denies males information assisting them to ‘hit and run’ – to identify females at their fertile moment, make them pregnant and then abandon them in favour of their next target. By scrambling the signal of fertility, ancestral ''Homo'' females in effect compelled the male to spend more time and energy hanging around with the current partner if he was to have a chance of getting her pregnant. According to this influential argument {{Harv|Alexander|Noonan|1979}}, withholding information about fertility was a mechanism by which females could add to the difficulties of philandering males and encourage greater male commitment. {{Harvcoltxt|Knight|Power|Watts|1995}} argue that menstruation, when left to biology, undermines this female strategy of resistance. In response to this threat, evolving human females banded together to bring the signal firmly under conscious control, this action playing a key role in the origins of human symbolic culture. The idea is that when (during the course of evolution) ovulation in the human female became effectively concealed, it left menstruation especially salient as a remaining source of information about female fertility. In other words, menstruation "gives the game away" as far as information about fertility is concerned, threatening to undermine the effects of ovulation concealment. In hunter-gatherer cultures that do not use contraception (other than [[Lactational Amenorrhea Method|breastfeeding]]), menstruation is quite a rare event and a woman's menstrual status is loudly signalled, so that everyone in the locality knows that this is her 'sacred' or 'special' time. Typically, she must neither cook nor permit marital sex to occur for several days until her period ends ({{Harvnb|Buckley|1988}} and {{Harvnb|Knight|1991}}). Knight and his collaborators hold that the flow of blood signals a woman's imminent fertility, marking her out from other women. They argue this led to a situation where by monitoring who was or was not menstruating, philanderer males could target females known to be cycling and bond with them until impregnation had been achieved, regardless of the costs to their abandoned – pregnant and breast-feeding – former partners {{Harv|Power & Aiello|1997}}. That menstruation is a fertility signal to men is not agreed upon by researchers in the field. Even in close relationships where men are aware of their partner's menstruation, no connection between frequency of male-initiated sex and female menstrual status has been found {{Harv|Bullivant|Sellergren|Stern|Spencer|2004}}. ==Reproductive burdens of human females== Ape and monkey mothers, with their relatively small-brained, fast-maturing babies, typically have little need of male time or energy once impregnation has been achieved. Certainly, they do not need or expect help with provisioning. Non-human primate males may help carry offspring; they may also often provide protection, particularly against the threat of infanticide from rival males. Frans {{Harvcoltxt|de Waal|1996|pp=144}} notes that food is freely shared with offspring and mates in gibbons and marmosets. In capuchin monkeys and in chimpanzees, de Waal notes group-wide food sharing as a common activity. Despite all this, Knight, et al. cite {{Harvcoltxt|Dunbar|1988}}, who states that no nonhuman male primate has ever been documented deliberately obtaining food and bringing it back for his sexual partner or offspring. This is not a problem for ape or monkey mothers, since their burdens are relatively light and they can obtain all the provisions they need for their offspring by their own efforts. The extent of the extra dependency of human children on their parents is well documented although controversies still exist. In chimpanzees, the average juvenile nurses for four years; one case of extensive maternal care for eight years has been documented {{Harvcol|de Waal|1996|p=187-188}}. Among the [[Ik]], a human group, it has been claimed that children over three years old were never fed by adults {{Harvcol|de Waal|1996|p=86}}. Palaeoanthropologists widely agree, however, that human infants need investment from others in addition to the mother as no other primate ever has. No other primate produces babies quite so needy, or dependent, for quite so long {{Harv|Hrdy|2000}}. Owing to the large ''Homo'' brain, infants must be born while still heavily dependent because the head needs room to expand as the brain grows. Other primates with smaller brains can be carried longer in gestation, and be born at a higher level of development. Immature humans therefore need greater levels of investment and care from their mothers and preferably also from other adult carers. {{Harvcoltxt|Knight|Power|Watts|1995}} argue that this is a primary reason why we would expect human females to resist being impregnated by a male who subsequently abandons her in order to impregnate someone else. Among chimpanzees, meat is a highly coveted food, and often there is intense aggressive competition surrounding a recent kill (Goodall 1986: 299). Hunting is mostly done by males, who are likely to be unable to keep all of the meat to themselves despite attempting to monopolise as much as they can. Jane Goodall (1986: 307) notes that the scramble may be so violent that even the toughest female who has obtained some meat cannot count on holding onto it for long. (Goodall 1986: 307). Primatologist {{Harvcoltxt|de Waal|1996|138-141}} has noted that as a consequence of the general scramble, a significant portion of meat does end up being widely distributed. Goodall (1986: 484) observes that females in oestrus tend to be more successful than lactating mothers in securing portions of meat hunted by sexually active males. Knight, Power, and Watts believe that, in early ''Homo'' societies, adult females would have been obliged to resist the imperative to fight and scramble for every portion of available meat. If evolving humans had not moved socially, politically and morally beyond the level of chimpanzees, mothers would have been subject to intolerable stress. The difficulty with chimpanzee-style sexual dominance and internal food competition is that meat from the hunt tends to be least available to females precisely when they are pregnant or lactating - that is, precisely when they need it most. Knight, Power and Watts (1995) argue that in the human case, females had a special interest in evolving collective bargaining strategies to ensure the equitable sharing of meat, leading ultimately to the egalitarian distribution systems characteristic of extant human hunter-gatherers. ==Female counter-strategies== The theories of Knight, Power, and Watts on menstruation as a fertility signal, strong evolutionary pressure for males to be philanderers, and a relationship between an adult female's food supply and a steady sexual relationship with an adult male are combined. If all true, these conditions would cause conflict between women who were menstruating (presumed attractive to males and therefore well-supplied with food) and women who, due to pregnancy or lactational amenorrhea, were not menstruating (presumed unattractive to males and therefore at risk for food scarcity). In such a situation, Darwinian anthropologists would expect the females most at risk to mount counter-strategies to prevent male investment from being siphoned off by sexual rivals ({{Harvnb|Knight|Power|Watts|1995}} and {{Harvnb|Power|Aiello|1997}}). Knight, Power, and Watts argue that non-cycling females would need to form a coalition to control menstruating females and prevent them from unauthorized association with males. They suggest hiding females during menstruation, but dismiss it as impractical - because of the strength of the attraction males have toward menstruating females. They then go on to propose that a female coalition could advertise menstruation, the proposed biological signal of opportunities for fertile sex. This menstrual advertising is argued to prevent males from distinguishing (and thus providing meat exclusively for) fertile females over non-fertile ones. If a single menstruating female attracted male sexual interested, this theory holds, then if all females in a group were decorated with blood or other red pigments ('sham menstruation'), the males in the group would become ''especially'' interested in sex. Knight, Power, and Watts hold that this increased sexual interest would hold even for females obviously infertile through conscious reasoning, such as those currently pregnant or post-menopausal, because the posited "hominid female blood"-"sexual attractiveness" relationship is proposed to be a strong but unconscious male response {{Harvcol|Knight|Power|Watts|1995|p=106}}. Only once the female coalition had put men in this heightened state of sexual desire, according to this theory, could they use sex as a bargaining chip (going on a sex strike) to motivate the males to hunt enough meat for ''all'' of the females in the group. Hunter-gatherer rituals celebrating a young woman's first menstruation are held up as modern-day derivatives of the proposed early 'sham menstruation'. Ethnographically, brilliant red cosmetics (body paint) are particularly associated with hunter-gatherer first menstruation rituals, not only in sub-Saharan Africa but cross-culturally ({{Harvnb|Knight|1991}} and {{Harvnb|Watts|1999}}). The control females in these societies have over the sexual activities of these young women is held up as a modern-day derivative of what Knight, Power, and Watts propose was the first female coalition - the one that originated the 'sham menstruation' ritual. Typically, the 'New Maiden' (as she is called in the Kalahari) is depicted as inseparably bound up with her aunts, sisters and other kinswomen {{Harv|Lewis-Williams|1981}}. By grabbing hold of her from the outset and controlling her movements, her aunts and other female kin offer her the security of an insurance society or childcare co-operative. Although commitment to such a coalition may entail privations in the short term, in the longer term each new entrant has everything to gain. In fact (according to proponents of this model), mechanisms ensuring ritual commitmemnt to such coalitions - known by ethnograpers as 'initiation rites' - are among the prime mechanisms by which hunter-gatherer women maintain their sexual solidarity and collective bargaining power, this in turn serving to uphold the political and social egalitarianism so characteristic of most hunter-gatherer populations. ==The world's first ritual== The 'sham menstruation' or 'cosmetic manipulation' theory {{Harv|Knight|1999}} is presented by Knight, Power, and Watts as a ritual occurring, at first, whenever a woman in an early human group began menstruating. Later, they propose, it became a monthly ritual, occurring regardless of whether a member of the group was menstruating or not. They offer evidence for this in red ochre pieces, likely used for marking or painting human bodies or ritual spaces. (That menstruation-related rituals were the first use of ochre for is not agreed upon in the scientific community - its use in death rituals, for example, has also been argued {{Harv|Hovers|Ilani|Bar-Yosef|Vandermeersch|2003}}.) Ochre pieces are found sporadically at sites up to 300,000 years old {{Harv|Barham|2002}}, and then found with much greater frequency at sites of more recent use than approximately 100,000 years, coinciding with the earliest discoveries of ''Homo sapiens'' fossils ({{Harvcolnb|Knight|Power|Watts|1995|p=85-86}} and {{Harvnb|Watts|1999}}). This community ritual is proposed to have evolved into an initiation rite for young women experiencing menarche; Knight, Power, and Watts argue this was the world’s first initiation rite. They also claim that this initiation rite was the origin of [[symbolic culture]] in early human society. Other authors have observed strong kinship relationships in all monkeys and apes, and see aspects of morality present in non-human primates {{Harv|de Waal|1996}}. However, Knight includes kinship and morality in the human-only domain of symbolic culture that also includes ritual, [[cosmology]] and [[religion]] {{Harv|Knight|2006}}. Menstrual taboos and ritual practices associated with menstruation are found in most human hunter-gatherer groups. While these have been interpreted by some as evidence of male sexual dominance in these groups, Knight, Power, and Watts cite authors who interpret these traditions as empowering to women {{Harv|Buckley|Gottlieb|1988}}. They cite as one example Khoisan women in the Kalahari, who are ritually most powerful when menstruating. In her special hut, the 'New Maiden' is thought to be inviolable – having only to snap her fingers to bring down lightning on any disrespectful male ({{Harvnb|Lewis-Williams|1981}} and {{Harvnb|Power|Watts|1997}}). They also cite, as evidence of the respect given to menstruation, cultural instances of male induced genital bleeding. Such male bleeding is mythically held to be 'stolen' from women, and is practiced on ritual occasions {{Harv|Montagu|1974}}, including in male initiation rites {{Harv|Hogbin|1970}}. Knight, Power, and Watts take this interpretation further and argue that their proposed first menstrual ritual is what caused human hunter-gatherer groups to first have semi-permanent home bases. Instead of the women following hunting men around for an opportunity to share in the kill, women conserved energy resources by staying at these bases. Through the sex-strike Knight, Power, and Watts associate with menstrual rituals, men were coerced into toting meat back to the base to share with the women. As evidence, they cite an association of menstruation rituals with hunting rituals. For example, in the Khoisan New Maiden tradition, while the girl is secluded, other women dance around her, acting as if they are rutting antelopes. This ‘Eland Bull Dance’ spurs men to success in the hunt. Legends involving menstruation can be found in cultures all over the world; they have been heavily documented by Knight, Power, and Watts. These legends are often associated with lunar motifs (women menstruating during the new moon), motifs of death and rebirth, or both ({{Harvnb|Knight|1997}}, {{Harvnb|Power|Watts|1997}}, and {{Harvnb|Watts|2005}}). Even traditions not widely viewed as menstrual in nature may be so; the [[Sleeping Beauty]] story, for example, may depict the spell-casting potency of a royal menstrual flow, in this case coded as Beauty’s pricking of her finger and consequent sleep for one hundred years {{Harv|Lévi-Strauss|1978}}. That such lengends permeate modern human culture is offered as evidence that they were the first form of human (symbolic) culture. Knight, Power, and Watts further associate lunar rhythms, menstruation, and hunting. They argue that human fertility rhythms have evolved to cycle with the best hunting times, with menstruation occurring most commonly during the waxing moon, and the best hunting being done during the full moon. The tradition of a menstruation-associated sex strike prior to a large hunting expedition would be consistent with a pattern of lunar-based menstrual synchrony {{Harv|Knight|Power|Watts|1995}}. However, the theory of menstrual synchronization is currently out of favor in the scientific community {{Harv|Adams|2002}}. ==The emergence of morality and kinship== How does this model work in terms of morality and kinship? According to its proponents, the onset of menstruation prompts females on a periodic basis to form coalitions that include their sons and brothers, the aim being to deter outsider males from attempting primate-style sexual dominance and associated philandering {{Harv|Knight|1999}}. In effect, coalitions of kin-related males and females begin signaling to outsider males: ‘You can have sex with our womenfolk, but only on our terms!’. A critic of this theory might object that males can always use violence to get their way. But violence entails certain risks and costs. If these can be sufficiently raised – in other words, if sufficient resistance can be mounted – males might be persuaded to try another way. The argument is that this ‘other way’ resulted in the establishment of group-level social cooperation based on collective moral norms. If we think in terms of the costs and benefits to outsider males, what have they got to lose? By giving in gracefully to their spouses and in-laws, they get to go hunting, bring back meat, have lots of sex, win respect and status – and help their own offspring survive. How might we expect females (backed by their male kin) to signal their sexual resistance? At this point, proponents of the theory take the signals normal in primate sexual soliciting and simply reverse them {{Harv|Knight|Power|Watts|1995}}. A female chimpanzee in oestrus courts male attention using body-language which signals, in effect, ‘I am the right species, the right sex and this is the right time’. The reverse of this would be a display of all-female resistance. To indicate ritually 'taboo' or 'sacred' status, females should deploy body language indicating: ‘We are the wrong species, the wrong sex and this is the wrong time!’. This is a purely logical, abstract argument, but its advantage is that it allows anthropologists, rock art specialists and others with relevant data to test the whole theory ({{Harvnb|Knight|1997}}, {{Harvnb|Power|Watts|1997}}, and {{Harvnb|Power|2004}}). The question, in this context, is what does ‘God’ look like in the first place? If the theory is correct, we should expect ambivalence of sex, species and time. If any rock-art specialist were to discover an image of supernatural potency which violated these specifications, the theory would be disproved. Imagery depicting a divine or supernatural couple with offspring or engaged in marital sex, for example, would disprove the theory. ==Criticism== {{Expand-section|date=January 2007}} ==References== * {{Harvard reference|Surname=Adams|Given=Cecil|Year=2002|Title=Does menstrual synchrony really exist?|Journal=The Straight Dope|url=http://www.straightdope.com/columns/021220.html}} * {{Harvard reference|Surname1=Alexander|Given1=R.D.|Surname2=Noonan|Given2=K.M|Year=1979|Chapter=Concealment of ovulation, parental care, and human social evolution|Editor=N. Chagnon and W. Irons|Title=Evolutionary Biology and Human Social Behavior|Place=North Scituate, MA|Publisher=Duxbury Press|Pages=436-453}} * {{Harvard reference|Surname1=Bailey|Given1=R.C.|Surname2=others | Year=1992|Title=The ecology of birth seasonality among agriculturalists in Central Africa|Journal=Journal of Biosocial Science |Volume=24|Issue=3|Pages=393-412}} * {{Harvard reference|Surname1=Baker|Given1=R.R.|Surname2=Bellis|Given2=M.A|Year=1993|Title=Human sperm competition: Ejaculate adjustment by males and the funcion of masturbation|Journal=Animal Behaviour|Volume=46|Pages=861-885}} * {{Harvard reference|Surname=Barham|Given=L.S|Year=2002|Title=Systematic pigment use in the Middle Pleistocene of South-Central Africa|Journal=Current Anthropology|Volume=43|Issue=1|Pages=181-190}} * {{Harvard reference|Surname=Buckley|Given1=T|Year=1988|Chapter=Menstruation and the power of Yurok women|Editor=Buckley, T. and A. Gottlieb|Title=Blood Magic. The anthropology of menstruation|Place=Berkeley|Publisher=University of California Press|Pages=187-209}} * {{Harvard reference|Surname1=Buckley|Given1=T|Surname2=Gottlieb|Given2=A|Year=1988|Title=Blood Magic. The anthropology of menstruation|Place=Berkeley|Publisher=University of California Press}} * {{Harvard reference|Surname1=Bullivant|Given1=S.B.|Surname2=Sellergren|Given2=S.A.|Surname3=Stern|Given3=K.|Surname4=Spencer|Given4=Natasha|Year=2004|Title=Women's sexual experience during the menstrual cycle: identification of the sexual phase by noninvasive measurement of luteinizing hormone|Journal=Journal of Sex Research|Volume=41|Issue=1|Pages=82-93 (In online article, see pp.14-15,18-22)|URL=http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2372/is_1_41/ai_n6032944|ID=PMID 15216427}} * {{Harvard reference|Surname=de Waal|Given=Frans|Authorlink=Frans de Waal|Year=1996|Title=Good Natured: The Origins of Right and Wrong in Humans and Other Animals|Place=Cambridge|Publisher=Harvard University Press|ID=ISBN 0-674-35661-6}} * {{Harvard reference|Surname=Dornan|Given=J.|Year=2004|Title=Blood from the moon: Gender ideology and the rise of ancient Maya social complexity|Journal=Gender and History |Volume=16|Issue=2|Pages=459-475}} * {{Harvard reference|Surname=Douglas|Given=Kate|Year=2001|Title=Painted Ladies|Journal=New Scientist|Issue=2312|Pages=|URL=http://homepages.uel.ac.uk/C.Knight/painted_ladies.pdf}} * {{Harvard reference|Surname=Dunbar|Given=R.|Year=1988|Title=Primate Social Systems|Place=London and Sydney|Publisher=Croom Helm}} * {{Harvard reference|Surname=Foster|Given=J.|Year=1996|Title= Menstrual time: The sociocognitive mapping of "the menstrual cycle" |Journal=Sociological Forum|Volume=11|Issue=2|Pages=523-547}} * {{Harvard reference|Surname=Goodall|Given=J.|Year=1986|Title=The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of behaviour|Place=Cambridge, MA & London|Publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard University Press}} * {{Harvard reference|Surname=Grammer|Given=K.|Year=1996|Title=The human mating game: The battle of the sexes and the war of signals|Journal=Paper delivered at the Human Behavior and Evolution Society conference, Northwestern University, June 1996}} * {{Harvard reference|Surname=Hogbin|Given=I.A.|Year=1970|Title=The Island of Menstruating Men|Place=Scranton, London and Toronto|Publisher=Chandler}} * {{Harvard reference|Surname1=Hovers|Given1=E.|Surname2=Ilani|Given2=S.|Surname3=Bar-Yosef|Given3=O.|Surname4=Vandermeersch|Given4=B.|Year=2003|Title=An early case of color symbolism. Ochre use by modern humans in Qafzeh Cave|Journal=Current Anthropology|Volume=44|Issue=4|Pages=491-522}} [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3310233.stm Related BBC article]. * {{Harvard reference|Surname=Hrdy|Given=S.B.|Year=2000|Title=Mother Nature|Place=London|Publisher=Vintage}} * {{Harvard reference|Surname=Hugh-Jones|Given=C.|Year=1979|Title=From the Milk River. Spatial and temporal processes in northwest Amazonia|Place=Cambridge|Publisher=Cambridge University Press}} * {{Harvard reference|Surname=Knight|Given=C.D.|Year=1991|Title=Blood Relations. Menstruation and the origins of culture|Place=New Haven and London|Publisher=Yale University Press}} * {{Harvard reference|Surname=Knight|Given=C.D.|Year=1997|Title=The wives of the sun and moon|Journal=Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute|Volume=3|Issue=N.S.|Pages=133-153}} * {{Harvard reference|Surname=Knight|Given=C.D.|Year=1999|Chapter=Sex and language as pretend-play|Editor=R. Dunbar, C. Knight and C. Power|Title=The Evolution of Culture|Place=Edinburgh|Publisher=Edinburgh University Press|Pages=228-47}} * {{Harvard reference|Surname=Knight|Given=C.D.|Year=2006|Title=Language Co-Evolved With the Rule of Law|Journal=Evolution of Language, Sixth International Conference|URL=http://homepages.uel.ac.uk/C.Knight/Knight%20(Rome)%20Rule%20of%20Law.pdf}} * {{Harvard reference|Surname1=Knight|Given1=C.D.|Surname2=Power|Given2=C.|Surname3=Watts|Given3=I.|Year=1995|Title=The human symbolic revolution: A Darwinian account|Journal=Cambridge Archaeological Journal|Volume=5|Issue=1|Pages=75-114|URL=http://www.radicalanthropologygroup.org/pub_knight_power_watts_big.pdf}} * {{Harvrefcol|Surname=Lévi-Strauss|Given=C.|Year=1978|Title=The Origin of Table Manners. Introduction to a Science of Mythology 3|Place=London|Publisher=Cape}} * {{Harvard reference|Surname=Lewis-Williams|Given=J.D.|Year=1981|Title=Believing and Seeing. Symbolic meanings in Southern San rock paintings|Place=London|Publisher=Academic Press}} * {{Harvard reference|Surname=Montagu|Given=M.F.A.|Year=1974|Title=Coming into Being Among the Australian Aborigines. The procreative beliefs of the Australian Aborigines|Place=London and Boston|Publisher=outledge and Kegan Paul}} * {{Harvard reference|Surname=Power|Given=C.|Year=2004|Chapter=Women in prehistoric art|Editor=G. Berghaus|Title=New Perspectives on Prehistoric Art|Place=Praeger|Publisher=Westport, CT/London|Pages=75-103|URL=http://www.radicalanthropologygroup.org/pub_power_rockart.pdf}} * {{Harvard reference|Surname1=Power|Given1=C.|Surname2=Aiello|Given2=L.C.|Year=1997|Chapter=Female proto-symbolic strategies|Editor=L.D. Hager|Title=Women in Human Evolution|Place=New York and London|Publisher=Routledge|Pages=153-171}} * {{Harvard reference|Surname1=Power|Given1=C.|Surname2=Watts|Given2=I.|Year=1997|Title=The woman with the zebra's penis. Gender, mutability and performance|Journal=Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute|Volume=3|Issue=N.S.|Pages=537-560}} * {{Harvard reference|Surname1=van Schaik|Given1=C.P.|Surname2=Paul|Given2=A.|Year=1996|Title=Male care in primates: Does it ever reflect paternity?|Journal=Evolutionary Anthropology|Volume=5|Pages=152-6}} * {{Harvard reference|Surname1=Stevens|Given1=P.| Year=2006|Title=Women's aggressive use of genital power in Africa|Journal=Transcultural Psychiatry |Volume=43|Issue=4|Pages=592-599}} *{{Harvard reference|Surname=Trivers|Given=R.L.|Authorlink=Robert Trivers|Year=1972|Chapter=Parental investment and sexual selection|Editor=B. Campbell|Title=Sexual selection and the descent of man:1871-1971|Place=Chicago|Publisher=Aldine Transaction|Pages=136-179|isbn=0-202-02005-3}} * {{Harvard reference|Surname=Watts|Given=I.|Year=1999|Chapter=The origin of symbolic culture|Editor=R. Dunbar, C. Knight and C. Power|Title=The Evolution of Culture|Place=Edinburgh|Publisher=Edinburgh University Press|Pages=113-146}} * {{Harvard reference|Surname=Watts|Given=I.|Year=2005|Chapter=‘Time, too, grows on the Moon’: Some evidence for Knight’s theory of a human universal|Editor=W. James & D. Mills|Title=The Qualities of Time: Anthropological Approaches|Place=New York|Publisher=Berg|Pages=95-118}} ==Further reading== * Alcorta, C. and R. Sosis, 2005. [http://www.anth.uconn.edu/faculty/sosis/publications/AlcortaandSosis-2005-Ritual,Emotion,andSacredSymbols.pdf Ritual, emotion and sacred symbols]. ''Human Nature'' 16(4): 323-359. * Grahn, Judy. ''Blood, Bread, And Roses: How Menstruation Created The World''. Boston: Beacon Press. 1993. * Knight, C. D. 1996. 'Menstruation'. In A. Barnard and J. Spencer (eds), ''Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology''. Routledge: London & New York, pp. 363-4. * van Schaik, C. P. and R. I. M. Dunbar 1990. 'The evolution of monogamy in large primates: A new hypothesis and some crucial tests.' ''Behaviour'' 115: 30-62. * Articles by Chris Knight on this and related topics [http://homepages.uel.ac.uk/C.Knight [[1]] * Documentary film: Moon Inside You [http://www.mooninsideyou.com [[2]] * Journal of Menstruation and Culture [http://www.metaformia.org/articles.cfm ''Metaformia'': ''a journal of menstruation and culture''] * A summary of the ideas of Chris Knight, Camilla Power, and Ian Watts [http://www.theophoretos.hostmatrix.org/oppressionofwomen20.htm (Menstruation and the Origin of the Sexual Division of Labor)] [[Category:Menstruation]] [[Category:Physical anthropology]]
sexology
* '''Stuck fetishism''' is a broad [[sexual fetishism|sexual fetish]] (also sometimes known just as '''Stuck fetish''' or '''Stuck''') which involves attraction to others or themselves experiencing a situation in which they experience immovability.. This involves the subject being immobilized in some way, in a situation the individual finds undesirable which leads to the subject struggling to escape the situation. Often a certain body part is the focus of such situations, the most common being the feet, although the hands, buttocks, or even "full-body" situations are also quite popular. Other focuses may exist, such as when the subject is wearing a certain article of clothing; certain types of shoes (eg. [[High-heeled shoe|high heels]], sometimes [[athletic shoe|sneakers]]) or [[hosiery]] are popular examples. The immobilization can involve an object. One form of this is arousal over vehicles that are stuck in mud. There is still a human element since there is a driver at the controls. Some stuck fetishists like to get stuck themselves, while some like to see other people get stuck. Some stuck fetishists enjoy either situation.{{Fact|date=March 2007}} ==External links== * [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Sticky_Situations/ Sticky Situations: A popular online "stuck" community] * [http://www.sticky-site.com/ Sticky Site: A collection of artwork, stories, and other information related to Stuck Fetish, and also "Wedge, Costumed, Encasement, and other related fetishes"; includes links to other sites related to the fetish] * [http://members.tripod.com/~savagewolf/menu.html Stuck Girls: Perhaps the first site devoted to Stuck fetishism] * [http://www.stuckworld.com/ Stuck World: a forum dedicated to the discussion of vehicles getting stuck] * [http://members.tripod.com/StuckOne/mission.html Mission Statement: Another site for Stuck fetishism] * [http://www.conjoineddreams.net ConjoinedDreams]
- Dirty underwear fetish
[http://www.dearcupid.org Dearcupid]}} A dirty underwear fetish is a psychological [[fetish]] where the participants will engage in sex wearing dirty, or otherwise unwashed [[underwear]]. This is more common amongst men than women: it is common in [[Australia]], [[Europe]] and [[Canada]] (to a lesser extent [[North America]].) The fetish has health problems too: risks of groin injury, illness and stomach-ache are consequences. ==External links== *[http://www.dearcupid.org/question/my-husbands-unwashed-dirty-underwear.html Dearcupid.org "dirty underwear"] *[http://www.dearcupid.org/question/we-are-not-having-sex-because-of-his.html Dearcupid.org] </nowiki ===Autocoitus === <nowiki> ike autofellatio, spinal flexibility is not an issue in this practice, though penis configuration (size, flexibility, direction & curve when erect) would be, as would the distance between the base of the penis and the anus (the size of the perineum). It is unknown how many males engage in this practice, how many are capable of it, or how it correlates to sexual orientation. As a form of masturbation or autosexuality, autocoitus does not risk the spread of STDs, but as with all anal sex there is some risk of spreading bacteria from the anus to the urethra unless a condom is used. 1 Links LPSG.org thread about autocoitus Warning: the offsite links below contain graphic demonstrations of autocoitus. PornoTube videos: [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] XTube videos: [6] [[PornoTube]] videos: [http://pornotube.com/media.php?m=21107] [http://pornotube.com/media.php?m=51295] [http://pornotube.com/media.php?m=148119] [http://pornotube.com/media.php?m=63063] [http://pornotube.com/media.php?m=5208] *[[XTube]] videos: [http://www.xtube.com/results.php?type=video&search=self+fuck] 2 See also Anal sex Autofellatio Autocunnilingus Masturbation Pegging (sexual practice)
- autosodomy
'''Autosodomy''' describes the sexual practice of a male penetrating his [[anus]] with his [[penis]].<ref>http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=autosodomy</ref> It may be considered a manifestation of partner-exclusive male [[homosexuality]] or [[bisexuality]]. Penis length is a limiting factor which may exclude some males from effective participation as autosodomy practitioners. *[http://solosuck.com/aepixpage/ympixdir/ympix.html Self-Fuck video link]
- Ball lock==
[[Image:Padlock.svg|thumb|Padlock ''For other meanings, see [[Ball lock (fastener) , [[Balll lock (pinball) '' </ br> ''For meanings in Brewing, Photography, Rock climbing, see [[Ball lock (fastener) '' A '''ball lock''', or '''nut lock''', is the technique of fastening a [[padlock ] around the male [[scrotum]] between the [[penis and [[testicles .<ref>http://www.fire-runner.com/sextoytips.htm</ref> When sized correctly it will allow [[circulation]] and freedom of motion, but cannot be removed from the scrotum without being unfastened. The opening of a typical padlock is approximately 1" x 1" (25mm x 25mm) or 1/2" x 2" (13mm x 50mm). A keyed [[padlock or [[combination lock may be used. === Settings === The ball lock may be applied to the subject in a standing, sitting or laying position. For some couple play, where the male subject has been restrained in a [[spreadeagle]] position, the padlock may be unexpectedly fastened around the scrotum. This situation creates a predicament for the subject, knowing that lock could remain in place indefinitely, securing his testicles entirely at the will of his partner. In recreation, the choice of a key or combination release provides different options for negotiating release of the testicles. For a lock with two keys, one key is used while fitting the lock around the scrotum. The second key may have been hidden in advance. Once the lock has been fastened, the first key may be disposed of or damaged beyond use, leaving the hidden key as his only means of release. In the case of a combination lock, the combination may be withheld and delivered at a later time from a remote location, such as by telephone or mail. If [[negotiation] or play continue over a prolonged period, the subject may never know when the ball lock will be released. If the weight of the lock becomes tiring to the scrotum and testicles, it may be supported by undergarments such as briefs or an [[athletic supporter] This relief may extend his predicament when the key holder knows there is no discomfort for the testicles. It is sometimes used for the related purpose of [[scrotal stretching , sometimes using a related gadget called a [[ball bag A [[leash (BDSM) can also be added to the lock for additional control over the subject. === Motivations === The popularity of a ball lock in some relationships may be attributed to the padlock being an ordinary household item. Once fastened around the scrotum it can be concealed under clothing for prolonged wear. It allows full freedom of movement and function of the male genitalia, is painless, yet is permanent until deliberate release by the key holder. Given these features, its use may go on for hours, days or even weeks. Some women may enjoy the control it offers and use the technique as a way to modify behavior of a male partner. The key holder is his only means to release. Without the key or combination in his control, the male has no way to remove the padlock himself, and he may feel that his genitals are owned by his partner. An added pleasure for a female key holder is knowing this technique is unique to the male anatomy. While a ball lock does not offer physical [[chastity]] , because the male [[genitalia remains functional, it may be seen as providing emotional [[chastity against [[promiscuity ]]. === Safety === With the delicate physical nature of the [[scrotum and [[testicles , care must be taken to not cause injury. When fastening the lock, the scrotum should not be pinched. After fastening, circulation]] must be maintained and monitored. During wear, care must be taken that the padlock is not caught or moved in a way that will be hazardous to the subject. Damage can also occur if worn for an extended period of time. Other dangers of the use of physical restraint may also apply to this technique. === References=== <references /> ===external links=== *[http://wiki.bmezine.com/index.php/Scrotal_Stretching Scrotal] Stretching on BMEZINE.com === See also === * [[Padlock] * [[Combination lock] * [[Promiscuity] * [[Adultery] * [[Chastity] [[Category:Sexual fidelity] [[Category:Sex toys] [[Category:BDSM equipment] -Sandstein
- forced chastity==
[[Image:Chastity_belt.jpg|thumb|right|180px|Naked female wearing a [[chastity belt . '''Forced chastity''' is a sexual practice that involves wearing a [[chastity]] device against one's will. In Western society, forced chastity is more common as a [[sexual fantasy than a real situation. Those who act out this fantasy are more likely to do so with the participants' consent, rather than it being forced against someone's will (see [[erotic sexual denial]]). There are anecdotes in many cultures of parents forcing chastity upon adolescent children in order to control their sexuality. (In Western society, forced chastity is more common as a [[sexual fantasy than a real situation, and as a fantasy is frequently in conjunction with other [[BDSM activities. It should be noted however that this practice falls outside the accepted BDSM principles of "[[Safe, Sane and Consensual " or "[[Risk Aware Consensual Kink ." in that it is enforced against the victim's will.) ===See also=== *[[Chastity belt *[[Erotic sexual denial ===External links=== * [http://www.chastitylifestyle.com ChastityLifestyle.com * [http://www.locknkeep.com Locknkeep.com] Chastity Lifestyle Portal * [http://www.badpenis.com/main.htm BadPenis.com , Jenny's Bad Penis site, forced male chastity, chastity belts, and keyholding service. * [http://chastitydesires.com/ http://chastitydesires.com/ {{BDSM-stub }+IZAK -Sandstein
- Breast expansion fetish==
'''Breast expansion fetishism''' is a [[sexual fetish]] characterized by pronounced [[Sexual fantasy|sexual fantasies]] involving a [[woman]] whose [[breast]]s enlarge, either gradually or suddenly, sometimes to gargantuan proportions. Breast expansion fetishism may manifest as a form of inflation or balloon fetishism.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deviantdesires.com/map/inflation.html|title=Deviant Desires: Body Inflation|accessdate=2007-03-19}}</ref> ==Real-world breast enlargement== Breast expansion fetishists are fascinated by the processes by which women’s [[breasts]] can become larger, be it age progression, [[pregnancy]], weight gain or [[Breast implant|surgery]]. It is common for them to examine closely the careers of adult and mainstream entertainers and their increasing, or decreasing, bust sizes. ==Fiction== Breast expansion stories are often fantastical tales of women’s busts being enlarged (such as occurs in the films ''[[Bruce Almighty]]'' and ''[[The Stepford Wives (2004 film)|The Stepford Wives]]'') by air, food, [[magic (paranormal)|magic]], [[medicine]], [[Extraterrestrial life|alien]] [[technology]] or some other unseen force. Generally, the amount of [[enlargement]] is limited only by the [[imagination]] of the author, from as little as a cup size to as big as room-filling and beyond. The imagery can also be taken as far as 'bursting of the bust', sometimes re-enacted in real life using ballons filled with imitation blood.{{Fact|date=January 2007}} Occasionally, there are other types of fetishes included in these stories, such as [[lactation]], [[anthropomorphism]], [[giantess]], [[transgender]], body inflation, [[penis]] expansion, or any of the processes under the umbrella term [[transformation fetish]]. Stories and pictures associated with breast expansion sometimes contain vivid depictions of [[sexual activity]], but it is not a necessity of the fetish. {{Fact|date=March 2007}} ==Morphs== Many breast-expansion fetishists are morphers. A Morph is a [[photograph]], an [[artwork]] or an [[animation]] which uses [[morphing]] techniques to expand a woman's breasts; some examples of this can be found at the [http://gallery.bearchive.com/ugallery/index.html Breast Expansion Archive User Gallery]. Breast expansion is a recurring theme in some [[List of H anime|H anime]] and manga. In the [[anime]] series ''[[Ceres, Celestial Legend|Ayashi no Ceres]]'', a young [[girl]]'s [[Skirt and dress|skirt]] and [[blouse]] burst open as she transforms into a young woman with larger breasts and deep [[Cleavage (breasts)|cleavage]].{{Fact|date=January 2007}} ==See also== *[[Breast fetishism]] *[[Female muscle growth]] *[[Macrophilia]] *[[Erotic lactation]] *[[Sexual fetishism]] (:*[[Female muscle growth]] - *[[Inflation fetishism]] (deleted) ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== *[http://www.overflowingbra.com/wiki/history:be_community History of the BE Community] (at [http://www.overflowingbra.com/wiki/ BE Tome of Knowledge] [[Wiki]]) *[http://www.bearchive.com/ The Breast Expansion Archive] *[http://expansionmansion.com/index.php The Expansion Mansion] {{Paraphilia}} [[Category:Breast fetishism]] [[Category:Sexual fetishism]] [[Category:Paraphilia]] [[ja:膨乳フェティシズム]] ==External links== *[http://overflowingbra.com/pmwiki/pmwiki.php?n=Main.HistoryOfTheBECommunity History of the BE Community] (at BE Tome of Knowledge [[Wiki]]) *[http://overflowingbra.com/pmwiki/pmwiki.php?n=Main.HistoryOfTheBECommunity History of the BE Community] (at BE Tome of Knowledge [[Wiki]]) + *[http://overflowingbra.com/ The Overflowing Bra] + *[http://dir.yahoo.com/Society_and_Culture/Sexuality/Fetishes_and_Fantasies/Transformation/Breast_Expansion/ Yahoo! directory: Transformation Fetishes > Breast Expansion] + *[http://www.bearchive.com/ The Breast Expansion Archive] + *[http://www.bestoryclub.com/ The Breast Expansion Story Club] (subscription only) + *[http://www.thevalkyrie.com/ladybumps/stories/ Ladybumps stories] + *[http://www.mcstories.com/Tags/gr.html Mind Control Story Categories: Growth] + *[http://myfreeimplants.com Community of women seeking breast augmentation surgery & men with breast expansion fetishes]
- ist of fetish clothing manufacturers==
This is a list of [[fetish clothing]] manufacturers, including makers of fetishistic [[rubberwear]]. ''Please note: this page lists manufacturers and fashion houses only. '''Please do not add fetish clothing shops or importers that do not manufacture their own line of clothing to this list.''' Please only create Wikipedia articles for these companies if they meet Wikipedia's [[WP:CORP|company notability criteria]].'' ''Australia:'' * [[Reactor Rubberwear]] [http://www.rubber.com.au Reactor Rubberwear] * [[Zifrixion Fetish Fashion]] [http://www.zifrixion.com Zifrixion Fetish Fashion] ''Austria:'' * [[HW Design]] [http://www.hwdesign.at HW Design] * [[Simon O]] [http://www.latex.at Simon O] ''Canada:'' * [[Artifice (fetish clothing manufacturer)|Artifice]] [http://www.artificeclothing.com Artifice] * [[Dark Side Creations]] [http://www.darksidecreations.com Dark Side Creations] * [[Polymorphe]] [http://www.polymorphe.com Polymorphe] * [[Confections Caress Latex]] [http://www.latex-u-wear.com Confections Caress Latex] ''Czech Republic'' * [[Eurocatsuits]] [http://www.eurocatsuits.com Eurocatsuits] ''Denmark:'' * [[Latexa]] [http://www.latexa.com Latexa] ''Germany:'' * [[Bodycult]] [http://www.bodycult.de Bodycult] * [[Caywear]] [http://www.caywear.com/ Caywear] * [[Extrem Shop]] [http://www.extrem-shop.de Extrem Shop] * [[Fetishuniverse / No Respect]] [http://www.fetishuniverse.de Fetishuniverse / No Respect] * [[Fraulein Ehrhardt]] [http://www.fraeulein-ehrhardt.de Fraulein Ehrhardt] * [[Lateximum]] [http://www.lateximum.com Lateximum] * [[Marquis (fetish clothing manufacturer)|Marquis]] [http://www.marquis.de/ Marquis] * [[Rubberfashion.de]] [http://www.Rubberfashion.de Rubberfashion.de] * [[Rubber Finest]] [http://www.rubbers-finest.com/ Rubber Finest] ''Japan:'' * [[Kariwanz]] [http://www.kariwanz.com Kariwanz] ''Netherlands:'' * [[Absolute Danny]] [http://www.absolutedanny.com Absolute Danny] * [[DeMask]] [http://www.demask.com DeMask] * [[Funny Skin]] [http://www.funnyskin.nl Funny Skin] ''Russia'' * [[Erolatex]] [http://www.erolatex.com Erolatex] ''Switzerland:'' * [[SuperLiquid]] [http://www.superliquid.com SuperLiquid] ''UK:'' * [[Atsuko Kudo]] [http://www.atsukokudo.com Atsuko Kudo] * [[Breathless (fetish clothing manufacturer)|Breathless]] [http://www.breathless.uk.com Breathless] * [[Cocoon (fetish clothing manufacturer)|Cocoon]] [http://www.cocoon1.com Cocoon] * [[Ectomorph (fetish clothing manufacturer)|Ectomorph]] [http://www.ectomorph.co.uk Ectomorph] * [[House of Harlot]] [http://www.house-of-harlot.com House of Harlot] * [[Honour (fetish clothing manufacturer)|Honour]] [http://www.honour.co.uk Honour] * [[Inner Sanctum (fetish clothing manufacturer)|Inner Sanctum]] [http://www.innersanctum.uk.com Inner Sanctum] * [[Libidex]] [http://www.libidex.co.uk Libidex] * [[Murray and Vern]] [http://www.murrayandvern.com Murray and Vern] * [[Pretty Pervy]] [http://www.prettypervy.com Pretty Pervy] * [[Rubber Zoo]] [http://www.rubberzoo.com Rubber Zoo] * [[Sealwear]] [http://www.sealwear.co.uk Sealwear] * [[John Sutcliffe]] (deceased) * [[TortureGarden]] [http://www.tgclothing.com TortureGarden] * [[Weather Vain]] [http://www.weathervain.com Weather Vain] * [[Wesward Bound]] [http://www.westwardbound.com Westward Bound] ''USA:'' * [[Fetishwear.net]] [http://www.fetishwear.net Fetishwear.net] * [[Fierce Couture]] [http://www.fiercecouture.com Fierce Couture] * [[House of Whacks]] [http://www.houseofwhacks.com House of Whacks] * [[Lust Designs]] [http://www.lustdesigns.com Lust Designs] * [[Madame S]] [http://www.madame-s.com Madame S] * [[Radiance Bound]] [http://www.radiancebound.com/store.php Radiance Bound] * [[Sub-Shop]] [http://www.sub-shop.com Sub-Shop] * [[Syren (fetish clothing manufacturer)|Syren]] [http://www.syren.com Syren] * [[The Baroness]] [http://www.baroness.com] * [[Vex (fetish clothing manufacturer)|Vex]] [http://www.vexclothing.com Vex] [[Category:Lists of manufacturers|Fetish clothing manufacturers]] [[Category:Fetish clothing| ]] [[Category:Fetish clothing manufacturers| ]]
false refs
Ann Arbor Education received MI degree Occupation mountweazel Known for erroneously atrtributed author on academic publications Relatives Grape Arbor, Rose Arbor, RA Tatouille[1], Milton Keynes <relatives=[[Pergola|Grape Arbor]], Rose Arbor, RA Tatouille<ref>{{cite web |last=Tatouille |first=R.A. |title=New constraint on biomedical reserarch? |publisher=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |url=http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/314323a0 |accessdate=January 11, 2008}}</ref>, [[Milton Keynes]]> Website http://www.annarbor.org nonexistent person Ann Arbor is a nonexistent author of scientific literature, often found in computerized databases. The name is the result of mis-classifying the location of the real authors, Ann Arbor, Michigan as a person, instead of a place. Ann is sometimes said to have earned the academic degree "MI", a misunderstanding of the abbreviation for Michigan. Although she has an extensive curriculum vitae covering many fields of endeavor, Ann Arbor is rarely listed as the first author of her many publications. [edit]1 Notes ^ Tatouille, R.A.. New constraint on biomedical reserarch?. Nature. Retrieved on January 11, 2008. [edit]2 Publications "by" Ann Arbor PMID 12748882 PMID 14280141 PMID 14178801
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