Here we are organizing the facts for the 1345 article so we can write it out later in prose.
Prose versions and rough drafts are at User:Wrad/Sandbox2.
Kublai Khan (d. 1294) had conquered China and established the Yuan Dynasty in 1271. Huizong ( Chinese: 惠宗) had been Emperor of China since 1333. By 1345, the Mongol Rule of China was steadily declining. Chinese peasants, upset with the lack of support by the government when they were facing droughts, floods, and famines, were becoming rebellious.
Zhu Yuanzhang ( Chinese: 朱元璋) was 16 years old in 1345. His parents and brothers had died of plague or famine (or both) in 1344 [1], and he was left to wander alone. He was probably living in a Buddhist monastery at this time. Later, he would lead a series of rebellions until he drove out the Mongols and became the first emperor of the Ming Dynasty in 1368.
It was during Gajah Mada's (prime minister) reign as mahapatih, around the year 1345, that the famous Muslim traveller, Ibn Battuta visited the Indonesian archipelago.
It is said that, in 1345, the famous Muslim traveller Ibn Battuta visited Siti Wan Kembang, who was also known as Urduga.
Ibn Battuta's journeys in Asia (with map)
Jani Beg commanded a massive Crimean Tatar force that attacked the Crimean port city of Kaffa in 1343. The siege was uplifted by an Italian relief force in February, 1344, resulting in 15,000 Mongol deaths and the survivors fleeing east. He returned in 1345 and besieged Kaffa a second time. The next year, however, the Mongols became infected with the Black Plague and gave up the siege. Before they left, though, the dead or dying bodies of the infected were loaded onto catapults and launched over Kaffa's walls to infect those inside. This incident was among the earliest known examples of biological warfare and is credited as being the source of the spread of the Black Death into Europe, devastating the continent over a three-year period and resulting in a maximum of 40 million deaths.[ citation needed]
Scholars are not certain where the Black Death was at this exact date. All that is know is that it had probably recently hit Samarkand and Talas, and would hit the Crimea in 1346, from which point it would enter Europe. [3]
John XIV sparked the civil conflict when he convinced the Empress that John V's rule was threatened by the ambitions of Kantakouzenos. In September of 1341, whilst Kantakouzenos was in Thrace, Kalekas declared himself as regent and launched a vicious attack on Kantakouzenos, his supporters & family [6]. In October Anna ordered Kantakouzenos to resign his command [6]. Kantakouzenos not only refused, he declared himself Emperor at Didymoteichon, allegedly to protect John V's rule from Kalekas. Whether or not Kantakouzenos wished to be Emperor is not known, but the provocative actions of the Patriarch forced Kantakouzenos to fight to retain his power and start the civil war.
There were not nearly enough troops to defend Byzantium's borders at the time and there certainly was not enough for the two factions to split - consequently, more foreigners would flood the Empire into a state of chaos - Kantakouzenos hired Turks and Serbs - his main supply of Turkish mercenaries came from the Umur of Aydin [7], a nominal ally established by Andronikos III. The Regency of John V relied on Turkish mercenaries as well [7]. However, Kantakouzenos began to draw support from the Ottoman Sultan Orkhan, who wed Kantakouzenos' daughter in 1345 [7]. By 1347, Kantakouzenos had triumphed and entered Constantinople. However, in his hour of victory, he came to an accord with Anna and her son, John V. John V (now 15 years of age) and Kantakouzenos would rule as co-emperors, though John V would be the junior in this relationship [7]. The unlikely peace would not last long.
During the 13th through 15th centuries, large numbers of Swedes arrived in coastal Estonia from Finland, which was under Swedish control (and would remain so for hundreds of years), often settling on Church-owned land. The first documented record of the island of Ruhnu (Swedish: Runö), and of its Swedish population, is also a 1341 letter sent by the Bishop of Courland which confirmed the islanders' right to reside and manage their property in accordance with Swedish law.
In 1345 there was a plot by John Apocaucus to surrender the city to Cantacuzenus. [9]He had the leader of the Zealots,Michael Palaeologus killed. But this caused even greater violence : Led by Andreas Palaeologus, the Zealots overpowered the reaction, as described by Demetrius Cydones:
...one after another the prisoners were hurled from the walls of the citadel and hacked to pieces by the mob of the Zealots assembled below. Then followed a hunt for all the members of the upper classes: they were driven through the streets like slaves, with ropes round their necks-here a servant dragged his master, there a slave his purchaser, while the peasant struck the strategus and the labourer beat the soldier (i.e. the pronoiar). [10]
English cannon saw its first use during the Hundred Years War, being only used in small numbers by a few states during the 1340s. "Ribaldis" were first mentioned in the English Privy Wardrobe accounts during preparations for the Battle of Crécy between 1345 and 1346. [11] These were believed to have shot large arrows and simplistic grapeshot, but they were so important they were directly controlled by the Royal Wardrobe. [11] According to the contemporary Jean Froissart, the English cannon made "two or three discharges on the Genoese", which is taken to mean individual shots by two or three guns because of the time taken to reload such primitive artillery. [11] The Florentine Giovanni Villani agreed that they were destructive on the field, though he also indicated that the guns continued to fire upon French cavalry later in the battle:
"The English guns cast iron balls by means of fire… They made a noise like thunder and caused much loss in men and horses… The Genoese were continually hit by the archers and the gunners… [by the end of the battle] the whole plain was covered by men struck down by arrows and cannon balls." [11]
Similar cannon appeared also at the Siege of Calais in the same year, and by the 1380s, the "ribaudekin" had become mounted on wheels. [11]
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Here we are organizing the facts for the 1345 article so we can write it out later in prose.
Prose versions and rough drafts are at User:Wrad/Sandbox2.
Kublai Khan (d. 1294) had conquered China and established the Yuan Dynasty in 1271. Huizong ( Chinese: 惠宗) had been Emperor of China since 1333. By 1345, the Mongol Rule of China was steadily declining. Chinese peasants, upset with the lack of support by the government when they were facing droughts, floods, and famines, were becoming rebellious.
Zhu Yuanzhang ( Chinese: 朱元璋) was 16 years old in 1345. His parents and brothers had died of plague or famine (or both) in 1344 [1], and he was left to wander alone. He was probably living in a Buddhist monastery at this time. Later, he would lead a series of rebellions until he drove out the Mongols and became the first emperor of the Ming Dynasty in 1368.
It was during Gajah Mada's (prime minister) reign as mahapatih, around the year 1345, that the famous Muslim traveller, Ibn Battuta visited the Indonesian archipelago.
It is said that, in 1345, the famous Muslim traveller Ibn Battuta visited Siti Wan Kembang, who was also known as Urduga.
Ibn Battuta's journeys in Asia (with map)
Jani Beg commanded a massive Crimean Tatar force that attacked the Crimean port city of Kaffa in 1343. The siege was uplifted by an Italian relief force in February, 1344, resulting in 15,000 Mongol deaths and the survivors fleeing east. He returned in 1345 and besieged Kaffa a second time. The next year, however, the Mongols became infected with the Black Plague and gave up the siege. Before they left, though, the dead or dying bodies of the infected were loaded onto catapults and launched over Kaffa's walls to infect those inside. This incident was among the earliest known examples of biological warfare and is credited as being the source of the spread of the Black Death into Europe, devastating the continent over a three-year period and resulting in a maximum of 40 million deaths.[ citation needed]
Scholars are not certain where the Black Death was at this exact date. All that is know is that it had probably recently hit Samarkand and Talas, and would hit the Crimea in 1346, from which point it would enter Europe. [3]
John XIV sparked the civil conflict when he convinced the Empress that John V's rule was threatened by the ambitions of Kantakouzenos. In September of 1341, whilst Kantakouzenos was in Thrace, Kalekas declared himself as regent and launched a vicious attack on Kantakouzenos, his supporters & family [6]. In October Anna ordered Kantakouzenos to resign his command [6]. Kantakouzenos not only refused, he declared himself Emperor at Didymoteichon, allegedly to protect John V's rule from Kalekas. Whether or not Kantakouzenos wished to be Emperor is not known, but the provocative actions of the Patriarch forced Kantakouzenos to fight to retain his power and start the civil war.
There were not nearly enough troops to defend Byzantium's borders at the time and there certainly was not enough for the two factions to split - consequently, more foreigners would flood the Empire into a state of chaos - Kantakouzenos hired Turks and Serbs - his main supply of Turkish mercenaries came from the Umur of Aydin [7], a nominal ally established by Andronikos III. The Regency of John V relied on Turkish mercenaries as well [7]. However, Kantakouzenos began to draw support from the Ottoman Sultan Orkhan, who wed Kantakouzenos' daughter in 1345 [7]. By 1347, Kantakouzenos had triumphed and entered Constantinople. However, in his hour of victory, he came to an accord with Anna and her son, John V. John V (now 15 years of age) and Kantakouzenos would rule as co-emperors, though John V would be the junior in this relationship [7]. The unlikely peace would not last long.
During the 13th through 15th centuries, large numbers of Swedes arrived in coastal Estonia from Finland, which was under Swedish control (and would remain so for hundreds of years), often settling on Church-owned land. The first documented record of the island of Ruhnu (Swedish: Runö), and of its Swedish population, is also a 1341 letter sent by the Bishop of Courland which confirmed the islanders' right to reside and manage their property in accordance with Swedish law.
In 1345 there was a plot by John Apocaucus to surrender the city to Cantacuzenus. [9]He had the leader of the Zealots,Michael Palaeologus killed. But this caused even greater violence : Led by Andreas Palaeologus, the Zealots overpowered the reaction, as described by Demetrius Cydones:
...one after another the prisoners were hurled from the walls of the citadel and hacked to pieces by the mob of the Zealots assembled below. Then followed a hunt for all the members of the upper classes: they were driven through the streets like slaves, with ropes round their necks-here a servant dragged his master, there a slave his purchaser, while the peasant struck the strategus and the labourer beat the soldier (i.e. the pronoiar). [10]
English cannon saw its first use during the Hundred Years War, being only used in small numbers by a few states during the 1340s. "Ribaldis" were first mentioned in the English Privy Wardrobe accounts during preparations for the Battle of Crécy between 1345 and 1346. [11] These were believed to have shot large arrows and simplistic grapeshot, but they were so important they were directly controlled by the Royal Wardrobe. [11] According to the contemporary Jean Froissart, the English cannon made "two or three discharges on the Genoese", which is taken to mean individual shots by two or three guns because of the time taken to reload such primitive artillery. [11] The Florentine Giovanni Villani agreed that they were destructive on the field, though he also indicated that the guns continued to fire upon French cavalry later in the battle:
"The English guns cast iron balls by means of fire… They made a noise like thunder and caused much loss in men and horses… The Genoese were continually hit by the archers and the gunners… [by the end of the battle] the whole plain was covered by men struck down by arrows and cannon balls." [11]
Similar cannon appeared also at the Siege of Calais in the same year, and by the 1380s, the "ribaudekin" had become mounted on wheels. [11]
{{
cite web}}
: Check |url=
value (
help); Unknown parameter |access date=
ignored (|access-date=
suggested) (
help)
{{
cite book}}
: |pages=
has extra text (
help)
{{
cite book}}
: |pages=
has extra text (
help)
{{
cite book}}
: |pages=
has extra text (
help)