Catalan / Valencian cultural domain |
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Catalan grammar is the grammar of the Catalan language.
Genders: 2, masculine, feminine
Numbers: 2, singular, plural
Definiteness: 2, indefinite, definite
Cases: no cases in nouns
All plural nouns and adjectives end in s. In most cases, the plural can be formed by simply affixing an s to the singular.
For example:
Singular words ending in an unstressed a change that a to an e before adding the final -s. Some of these words have a more complicated way of pluralizing because of the necessary changes to the orthography. The following examples show the orthographic issues that arise:
transformation | singular | plural |
---|---|---|
ç becomes c | balança ("scale") | balances |
dolça ("sweet") | dolces | |
c becomes qu | cuca ("firefly") | cuques |
seca ("dry") | seques | |
cu or qu becomes qü | Pasqua ("Easter") | Pasqües |
iniqua ("iniquitous") | iniqües | |
j usually becomes g | platja ("beach") | platges |
roja ("red") | roges | |
g becomes gu | vaga ("worker strike") | vagues |
amarg ("sour") | amargues | |
gu becomes gü | llengua ("language") | llengües |
ambigua ("ambiguous") | ambigües |
Words that end in stressed vowels typically form the plural by adding -ns (this rule has exceptions):
Masculine words ending in s, ç, or x, with the accent on the last syllable typically add os to form the plural. Some (but not all) words ending in s double the final s when forming the plural (this rule has exceptions):
Masculine words ending in sc, st, or xt with the accent on the last syllable can add either os or s to form the plural; both forms are considered correct:
The words "post" ("board") and "host" ("host" in the sense of a large group of people or in the technical sense as a shortened version of "host machine", but not in the sense of a person who has visitors) are feminine and simply add "s" to form the plural.
Some masculine words ending in ig have two acceptable plural forms, either adding s or replacing the ig with jos:
The ordinary "strong" pronouns in Catalan are as follows:
Catalan pronoun | English equivalent |
---|---|
jo | I |
tu | you (singular) |
ell | he/it (masculine) |
ella | she/it (feminine) |
nosaltres | we |
vosaltres | you (plural) |
ells | they (masculine) |
elles | they (feminine) |
These forms are used as subject pronouns, and also as disjunctive pronouns, for example, after a preposition. The first person singular pronoun has a special form mi after a preposition: amb mi "with me" (see prepositional pronoun).
The form of a weak pronoun depends on
The diagram below shows all of the different forms.
Examples:
Person | Syntactic Function | Before a verb that starts with a consonant |
Before a verb that starts with a vowel |
After a verb that ends with a consonant |
After a verb that ends with a vowel |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1sg. | em | m' | -me | 'm | |
2sg. | et | t' | -te | 't | |
3sg. | (a) reflexive / subject | es | s' | -se | 's |
3sg. | (b) direct object (m.) | el | l' | -lo | 'l |
3sg. | (c) direct object (f.) | la | l' | -la | |
3sg. | (d) neuter object | ho | -ho | ||
3sg. | (e) indirect object (m. or f.) | li | -li | ||
1pl. | ens | -nos | 'ns | ||
2pl. | us | -vos | us | ||
3pl. | (a) reflexive / subject | es | s' | -se | 's |
3pl. | (b) direct object (m.) | els | -los | 'ls | |
3pl. | (c) direct object (f.) | les | -les | ||
3pl. | (e) indirect object (m. or f.) | els | -los | 'ls | |
— | (f) partitive | en | n' | -ne | 'n |
— | (g) locative | hi | -hi |
(a) Reflexive form, and pronominal subject form
(b) Direct object (masculine)
(c) Direct object (feminine)
(d) Neuter pronoun corresponding to "això" ("this") or "allò" ("that"), or to an entire proposition
(e) Indirect object (masculine or feminine)
(f) Prepositional object introduced by de
(g) Prepositional object introduced by a preposition other than de
The general formula for combination is: se + 2nd person + 1st person + 3rd person (indirect + direct) + ho + ne + hi. Following the order of the formula, always heading to the right, any combination of two or more weak pronouns is grammatically possible, with the following two exceptions:
The apostrophe in any combination of two pronouns is always positioned as far to the right as possible: "se't", "se'ns", "se'm", "se'n", "te'm", "te'ls", "te'l", "te'n", etc.
The combination of "el" with "en", or "la" with "en", are both written "l'en".
A Catalan adjective must agree in gender and number with the noun it qualifies. Adjectives can be divided into three groups:
See also Conjugation of regular Catalan verbs, Conjugation of auxiliary Catalan verbs.
A verb expresses the process or action performed by the subject, or which expresses the existence or state of the subject, or describes the relationship between the predicate noun and the subject.
Considering the verb in itself, we can distinguish:
For general discussion of morphology (not specific to Catalan) see main article Morphology (linguistics).
In Catalan, all nouns (including those referring to inanimate objects or abstract concepts) have either masculine or feminine grammatical gender: e.g. el llibre ("the book", masculine), la taula ("the table", feminine).
The definite and indefinite articles (derived from Latin ille and unus, respectively) take the following forms:
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The elided form l' is used before masculine nouns that begin with a vowel (or h followed by a vowel), and before feminine nouns that begin with a vowel other than unstressed (h)i and (h)u:
The forms given above are those used in standard and central Catalan. Dialectally and archaically, one may encounter other forms. For example, in Western Catalonia, the masculine definite articles lo and los are used instead of el and els.
In the Balearic islands, the local dialect has a different origin for the definite article: the Latin determiner ipse, meaning "that very" or "that same". The definite articles of the Sardinian language are similar.
Balearic definite article | ||
---|---|---|
masculine | feminine | |
singular | es, s' | sa, s' |
plural | ses | ses |
Some words that might seem to a non-Catalan-speaker to be the masculine and feminine form of the same word may have entirely different meanings. For example:
Sometimes there will exist two identical nouns, one masculine and one feminine:
Nouns for non-human animate beings can be divided into four classes:
Nouns referring to humans can be divided into the following groups:
Grammar, Catalan Category:Grammars of specific languages
ca:Gramàtica catalana es:Gramática del catalán fr:Grammaire du catalan pt:Gramática catalã
Catalan / Valencian cultural domain |
---|
Catalan grammar is the grammar of the Catalan language.
Genders: 2, masculine, feminine
Numbers: 2, singular, plural
Definiteness: 2, indefinite, definite
Cases: no cases in nouns
All plural nouns and adjectives end in s. In most cases, the plural can be formed by simply affixing an s to the singular.
For example:
Singular words ending in an unstressed a change that a to an e before adding the final -s. Some of these words have a more complicated way of pluralizing because of the necessary changes to the orthography. The following examples show the orthographic issues that arise:
transformation | singular | plural |
---|---|---|
ç becomes c | balança ("scale") | balances |
dolça ("sweet") | dolces | |
c becomes qu | cuca ("firefly") | cuques |
seca ("dry") | seques | |
cu or qu becomes qü | Pasqua ("Easter") | Pasqües |
iniqua ("iniquitous") | iniqües | |
j usually becomes g | platja ("beach") | platges |
roja ("red") | roges | |
g becomes gu | vaga ("worker strike") | vagues |
amarg ("sour") | amargues | |
gu becomes gü | llengua ("language") | llengües |
ambigua ("ambiguous") | ambigües |
Words that end in stressed vowels typically form the plural by adding -ns (this rule has exceptions):
Masculine words ending in s, ç, or x, with the accent on the last syllable typically add os to form the plural. Some (but not all) words ending in s double the final s when forming the plural (this rule has exceptions):
Masculine words ending in sc, st, or xt with the accent on the last syllable can add either os or s to form the plural; both forms are considered correct:
The words "post" ("board") and "host" ("host" in the sense of a large group of people or in the technical sense as a shortened version of "host machine", but not in the sense of a person who has visitors) are feminine and simply add "s" to form the plural.
Some masculine words ending in ig have two acceptable plural forms, either adding s or replacing the ig with jos:
The ordinary "strong" pronouns in Catalan are as follows:
Catalan pronoun | English equivalent |
---|---|
jo | I |
tu | you (singular) |
ell | he/it (masculine) |
ella | she/it (feminine) |
nosaltres | we |
vosaltres | you (plural) |
ells | they (masculine) |
elles | they (feminine) |
These forms are used as subject pronouns, and also as disjunctive pronouns, for example, after a preposition. The first person singular pronoun has a special form mi after a preposition: amb mi "with me" (see prepositional pronoun).
The form of a weak pronoun depends on
The diagram below shows all of the different forms.
Examples:
Person | Syntactic Function | Before a verb that starts with a consonant |
Before a verb that starts with a vowel |
After a verb that ends with a consonant |
After a verb that ends with a vowel |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1sg. | em | m' | -me | 'm | |
2sg. | et | t' | -te | 't | |
3sg. | (a) reflexive / subject | es | s' | -se | 's |
3sg. | (b) direct object (m.) | el | l' | -lo | 'l |
3sg. | (c) direct object (f.) | la | l' | -la | |
3sg. | (d) neuter object | ho | -ho | ||
3sg. | (e) indirect object (m. or f.) | li | -li | ||
1pl. | ens | -nos | 'ns | ||
2pl. | us | -vos | us | ||
3pl. | (a) reflexive / subject | es | s' | -se | 's |
3pl. | (b) direct object (m.) | els | -los | 'ls | |
3pl. | (c) direct object (f.) | les | -les | ||
3pl. | (e) indirect object (m. or f.) | els | -los | 'ls | |
— | (f) partitive | en | n' | -ne | 'n |
— | (g) locative | hi | -hi |
(a) Reflexive form, and pronominal subject form
(b) Direct object (masculine)
(c) Direct object (feminine)
(d) Neuter pronoun corresponding to "això" ("this") or "allò" ("that"), or to an entire proposition
(e) Indirect object (masculine or feminine)
(f) Prepositional object introduced by de
(g) Prepositional object introduced by a preposition other than de
The general formula for combination is: se + 2nd person + 1st person + 3rd person (indirect + direct) + ho + ne + hi. Following the order of the formula, always heading to the right, any combination of two or more weak pronouns is grammatically possible, with the following two exceptions:
The apostrophe in any combination of two pronouns is always positioned as far to the right as possible: "se't", "se'ns", "se'm", "se'n", "te'm", "te'ls", "te'l", "te'n", etc.
The combination of "el" with "en", or "la" with "en", are both written "l'en".
A Catalan adjective must agree in gender and number with the noun it qualifies. Adjectives can be divided into three groups:
See also Conjugation of regular Catalan verbs, Conjugation of auxiliary Catalan verbs.
A verb expresses the process or action performed by the subject, or which expresses the existence or state of the subject, or describes the relationship between the predicate noun and the subject.
Considering the verb in itself, we can distinguish:
For general discussion of morphology (not specific to Catalan) see main article Morphology (linguistics).
In Catalan, all nouns (including those referring to inanimate objects or abstract concepts) have either masculine or feminine grammatical gender: e.g. el llibre ("the book", masculine), la taula ("the table", feminine).
The definite and indefinite articles (derived from Latin ille and unus, respectively) take the following forms:
|
|
The elided form l' is used before masculine nouns that begin with a vowel (or h followed by a vowel), and before feminine nouns that begin with a vowel other than unstressed (h)i and (h)u:
The forms given above are those used in standard and central Catalan. Dialectally and archaically, one may encounter other forms. For example, in Western Catalonia, the masculine definite articles lo and los are used instead of el and els.
In the Balearic islands, the local dialect has a different origin for the definite article: the Latin determiner ipse, meaning "that very" or "that same". The definite articles of the Sardinian language are similar.
Balearic definite article | ||
---|---|---|
masculine | feminine | |
singular | es, s' | sa, s' |
plural | ses | ses |
Some words that might seem to a non-Catalan-speaker to be the masculine and feminine form of the same word may have entirely different meanings. For example:
Sometimes there will exist two identical nouns, one masculine and one feminine:
Nouns for non-human animate beings can be divided into four classes:
Nouns referring to humans can be divided into the following groups:
Grammar, Catalan Category:Grammars of specific languages
ca:Gramàtica catalana es:Gramática del catalán fr:Grammaire du catalan pt:Gramática catalã