USER:JSHFLYNN THE STATE ASTRONOMY - Encyclopedia Information

v t e Timeline of the Big Bang
Big Bang Planck epoch Grand unification epoch Electroweak epoch ( Inflationary epoch, Reheating, Baryogenesis) Quark epoch Hadron epoch Lepton epoch Photon epoch ( Big Bang nucleosynthesis, Matter domination, Recombination) Dark ages Reionization
See also: Graphical timeline of the Big Bang

v t e Big History
Themes and subjects	Chronology of the universe Cosmic evolution Deep time Time scales Goldilocks principle Modernity
Eight thresholds	1: Creation - Big Bang and cosmogony 2: Stars - creation of stars 3: Elements - creation of chemical elements inside dying stars 4: Planets - formation of planets 5: Life - abiogenesis and evolution of life 6: Humans - development of Homo sapiens Stone Age 7: Agriculture - Agricultural Revolution 8: Modernity - modern era
Web-based education	Big History Project ChronoZoom
Notable people	Walter Alvarez Cynthia Stokes Brown Eric Chaisson David Christian Carl Sagan Fred Spier Graeme Snooks
Related	Big History (2013 series)

v t e Location of Earth
Included	Earth → Solar System → Local Interstellar Cloud → Local Bubble → Gould Belt → Orion Arm → Milky Way → Milky Way subgroup → Local Group → Local Sheet → Virgo Supercluster → Laniakea Supercluster → Local Hole → Observable universe → Universe Each arrow (→) may be read as "within" or "part of".
Related	Cosmic View (1957 book) To the Moon and Beyond (1964 film) Cosmic Zoom (1968 film) Powers of Ten (1968 and 1977 films) Cosmic Voyage (1996 documentary) Cosmic Eye (2012) History of the center of the Universe Order of magnitude Pisces–Cetus Supercluster Complex
Astronomy portal Space portal

Milky Way

Location

Milky Way → Milky Way subgroup → Local Group → Local Sheet → Virgo Supercluster → Laniakea Supercluster → Local Hole → Observable universe → Universe
Each arrow (→) may be read as "within" or "part of".

Structure

Galactic Center	Sagittarius A Sagittarius A* Fermi bubbles Supermassive black hole
Disk	Carina–Sagittarius Norma–Cygnus Orion–Cygnus Perseus Scutum–Centaurus Near 3 kpc Arm Far 3 kpc Arm
Halo	Aquarius Stream Fimbulthul stream Gaia Sausage Helmi stream Magellanic Stream Monoceros Ring Palomar 5 stream Pisces-Eridanus stream Sagittarius Stream Virgo Stream

Satellite
galaxies

Magellanic Clouds

Dwarfs

The Sun, the planets, their moons, and several trans-Neptunian objects

Planets and dwarfs	Terrestrials Mercury Venus Earth Mars Giants Gas Jupiter Saturn Ice Uranus Neptune Dwarfs Ceres Orcus Pluto Haumea Quaoar Makemake Gonggong Eris Sedna
Moons	Earth Moon other near-Earth objects Mars Phobos Deimos Jupiter Ganymede Callisto Io Europa all 95 Saturn Titan Rhea Iapetus Dione Tethys Enceladus Mimas Hyperion Phoebe all 146 Uranus Titania Oberon Umbriel Ariel Miranda all 28 Neptune Triton Proteus Nereid all 16 Orcus Vanth Pluto Charon Nix Hydra Kerberos Styx Haumea Hiʻiaka Namaka Quaoar Weywot Makemake S/2015 (136472) 1 Gonggong Xiangliu Eris Dysnomia
Rings	Jovian Saturnian ( Rhean?) Charikloan Chironean Uranian Neptunian Haumean Quaoarian
Small Solar System bodies	Comets Damocloids Meteoroids Minor planets names and meanings moons Planetesimal Planetary orbit-crossing minor planets Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Trojans Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Trojan camp Greek camp Saturn Moons Uranus Neptune Near-Earth objects Asteroid belt Asteroids Ceres Vesta Pallas Hygiea active first 1000 families PHA exceptional Kirkwood gap Centaurs Neptune trojans Trans-Neptunian objects Kuiper belt Cubewanos Plutinos Detached objects Sednoids Scattered disc Oort cloud Hills cloud

Hypothetical objects	Fifth giant Nemesis Phaeton Planet Nine Planet V Planet X Subsatellites Theia Tyche Vulcan Vulcanoids
Exploration ( outline)	Colonization Discovery astronomy historical models timeline Space probes timeline list Human spaceflight space stations list programs Mercury Venus Moon mining Mars Ceres Asteroids mining Comets Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto Deep space
Formation and evolution	Star formation Accretion Accretion disk Excretion disk Circumplanetary disk Circumstellar disc Circumstellar envelope Coatlicue Cosmic dust Debris disk Detached object EXCEDE Exozodiacal dust Extraterrestrial materials Sample curation Sample-return mission Frost/Ice/Snow line Giant-impact hypothesis Gravitational collapse Hills cloud Hill sphere Interplanetary dust cloud Interplanetary medium/space Interstellar cloud Interstellar medium Interstellar space Kuiper belt Kuiper cliff Molecular cloud Nebular hypothesis Oort cloud Outer space Planet Disrupted Migration System Planetesimal Formation Merging stars Protoplanetary disk Ring system Roche limit vs. Hill sphere Rubble pile Scattered disc
Lists	Comets Possible dwarf planets Gravitationally rounded objects Minor planets Natural satellites Solar System models Solar System objects by size by discovery date Interstellar and circumstellar molecules
Related	Double planet Lagrangian points Moonlets Syzygy Tidal locking

Solar System → Local Interstellar Cloud → Local Bubble → Gould Belt → Orion Arm → Milky Way → Milky Way subgroup → Local Group → Local Sheet → Virgo Supercluster → Laniakea Supercluster → Local Hole → Observable universe → Universe
Each arrow (→) may be read as "within" or "part of".

The Sun

List

Internal structure

Atmosphere

Photosphere	Supergranulation Granule Faculae Sunspot Ellerman bomb
Chromosphere	Plage Spicule Moreton wave
Corona	Transition region Coronal hole Coronal loop Coronal mass ejection Nanoflare Prominence Helmet streamer Supra-arcade downflows Alfvén surface

Variation

Heliosphere

G-type main-sequence star

Exploration

Category

Mercury

Outline

Geography

General	Albedo features Atmosphere Features Magnetic field
Regions	Quadrangles
Quadrangles	Bach Beethoven Borealis Debussy Derain Discovery Eminescu Hokusai Kuiper Michelangelo Neruda Shakespeare Raditladi Tolstoj Victoria
Mountains and volcanoes	Caloris Montes
Plains and plateaus	Apārangi Planitia Borealis Planitia Budh Planitia Caloris Planitia Mearcair Planitia Odin Planitia Sobkou Planitia Stilbon Planitia Suisei Planitia Tir Planitia Utaridi Planitia
Canyons and valleys	Arecibo Catena Arecibo Vallis Goldstone Catena Goldstone Vallis Haystack Catena Haystack Vallis Simeiz Vallis
Ridges and rupes	Antoniadi Dorsum Adventure Rupes Beagle Rupes Discovery Rupes Enterprise Rupes Hero Rupes Resolution Rupes Santa María Rupes Victoria Rupes
Basins and fossae	Caloris Basin Pantheon Fossae Raditladi Basin Rembrandt Basin Skinakas (hypothetical basin)
Craters	Abedin Abu Nuwas Africanus Horton Ahmad Baba Ailey Aksakov Akutagawa Al-Akhtal Alencar Al-Hamadhani Al-Jāhiz Alver Amaral Amru Al-Qays Andal Aneirin Angelou Anguissola Anyte Apollodorus Aristoxenes Aśvaghoṣa Atget Bach Balagtas Balanchine Baranauskas Balzac Bartók Barma Bashō Beckett Beethoven Bek Belinskij Bello Benoit Berkel Bernini Bjornson Boccaccio Boethius Botticelli Brahms Bramante Brontë Bruegel Brunelleschi Burns Byron Callicrates Camões Carducci Carolan Calvino Cervantes Cézanne Chaikovskij Chao Meng-Fu Chekov Chiang Kʻui Chŏng Chʼŏl Chopin Chu Ta Coleridge Copland Copley Couperin Cunningham Dali Dario De Graft Debussy Degas Delacroix Derain Derzhavin Desprez Dickens Dominici Donne Dostoevskij Dowland Durer Dvorak Eastman Eitoku Eminescu Enheduanna Enwonwu Equiano Faulkner Fet Firdousi Flaubert Flaiano Futabatei Gainsborough Gauguin Geddes Ghiberti Gibran Giotto Glinka Gluck Goethe Gogol Goya Grieg Guido d'Arezzo Hals Han Kan Handel Harunobu Hauptmann Hawthorne Haydn Heine Hemingway Hesiod Hiroshige Hitomaro Hodgkins Hokusai Holbein Holberg Holst Homer Horace Hovnatanian Hugo Hun Kal Hurley Ibsen Ictinus Imhotep Ives Izquierdo Janáček Jokai Judah Ha-Levi Kalidasa Karsh Keats Kenko Kertész Khansa Kipling Kōshō Kuan Han-Chʻing Kuiper Kulthum Kunisada Kurosawa Lange Larrocha Leopardi Lermontov Lessing Li Chʻing-Chao Li Po Liang Kʻai Liszt Lovecraft Lu Hsun Lysippus Ma Chih-Yuan Machaut Mahler Mansart Mansur March Mark Twain Martí Martial Matabei Matisse Melville Mena Mendes Pinto Michelangelo Mickiewicz Milton Mistral Mofolo Molière Monet Monteverdi Moody Mozart Munch Munkácsy Murasaki Mussorgskij Myron Nabokov Nampeyo Navoi Nawahi Neruda Nureyev Nervo Neumann Nizami Okyo Oskison Ovid Petrarch Phidias Picasso Poe Polygnotus Praxiteles Prokofiev Qi Baishi Rachmaninoff Raden Saleh Raditladi Rameau Raphael Rembrandt Renoir Rivera Rizal Rodin Rudaki Sander Scarlatti Schubert Shakespeare Sholem Aleichem Sinan Stravinsky Sullivan Sveinsdóttir Titian To Ngoc Van Tolstoj Velázquez Verdi Villa-Lobos Vivaldi Vyasa Xiao Zhao Yeats Zola
Other	Geology Ghost craters Inter-crater plains

Moons

Hypothetical moon of Mercury

Astronomy

Transits	Earth Mars
Asteroids	Mercury-crossing asteroids

Exploration

Current and past	Mariner 10 (1973–1975) MESSENGER (2004–2015) BepiColombo (2018–present)
Proposed	Mercury-P (~2031)
See also	Colonization of Mercury

Category
Portal

Venus

Outline of Venus

Geography

General

Regions

Regio	Alpha Regio Asteria Regio Beta Regio Ovda Regio
Terrae	Aphrodite Terra Ishtar Terra Lada Terra

Mountains
and
volcanoes

Plains and
plateaus

Canyons and
valleys

Craters

Other

Astronomy

General	Aspects Orbit Phases
Transits	1639 1761 1769 1874 1882 2004 2012
Asteroids	Venus-crosser asteroids Venus trojans Zoozve

Exploration

Past	Sputnik programme Sputnik 7 Venera program Venera 1 Sputnik 19 Sputnik 20 Sputnik 21 Kosmos 21 Venera 1964A Kosmos 27 Venera 2 Venera 3 Kosmos 96 Venera 4 Kosmos 167 Venera 5 Venera 6 Venera 7 Venera 8 Kosmos 482 Venera 9 Venera 10 Venera 11 Venera 12 Venera 13 Venera 14 Venera 15 Venera 16 Mariner program Mariner 1 Mariner 2 Mariner 5 Mariner 10 Zond program Zond 1 Pioneer Venus Pioneer Venus Orbiter / Pioneer 12 Pioneer Venus Multiprobe / Pioneer 13 Vega program Vega 1 Vega 2 Magellan Galileo Cassini–Huygens IKAROS MESSENGER Shin'en Venus Express
Current	Akatsuki BepiColombo
Planned	DAVINCI EnVision VERITAS Venera-D Venus Life Finder
Proposed	European Venus Explorer VAMP VISE VISAGE VICI VOX Shukrayaan-1
Proposed crewed	Colonization Inspiration Mars (flyby) Terraforming
Other	Geological mapping of Venus Artificial objects on Venus

Outline of Mars

Geography

Atmosphere	Circulation Climate Dust devil tracks Methane
Regions	Arabia Terra Cerberus (Mars) Cydonia Eridania Lake Iani Chaos Olympia Undae Planum Australe Planum Boreum Quadrangles Sinus Meridiani Tempe Terra Terra Cimmeria Terra Sabaea Tharsis Undae Ultimi Scopuli Vastitas Borealis
Physical features	"Canals" ( list) Canyons Catenae Chaos terrain Craters Fossae Gullies Mensae Labyrinthi Mountains by height Observed rocks Outflow channels Plains Valley network Valleys Gravity
Geology	Brain terrain Carbonates Chaos terrain Color Composition Concentric crater fill Dark slope streak Dichotomy Fretted terrain Geysers Glaciers Groundwater Gullies Lakes Lava tubes Lobate debris apron Marsquake Meteorites on Earth on Mars Mud cracks North Polar Basin Ocean hypothesis Ore resources Polar caps polar wander Recurring slope lineae (RSL) Ring mold craters Rootless cones Seasonal flows Soil Spherules Surface "Swiss cheese" feature Terrain softening Tharsis bulge Volcanism Water Yardangs
History	Amazonian Hesperian Noachian Observation history Classical albedo features

Astronomy

Moons	Phobos Stickney crater Monolith Deimos Swift crater Voltaire crater
Transits	Solar eclipses on Mars Satellite transits Phobos Deimos Planetary transits Earth Mercury
Asteroids	Impacts Mars-crossers 2007 WD5 Trojans 5261 Eureka 1998 VF₃₁ 1999 UJ₇ 2007 NS₂
Comets	C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring)
General	Orbit

Exploration

Concepts	Flyby Orbiter Landing Rover Sample return Human mission Permanent settlement Colonization Terraforming
Missions	List of missions to Mars
Advocacy	The Mars Project The Case for Mars Inspiration Mars Foundation Mars Institute Mars Society Mars race

Geography
( Features)

Craters	Achita Coniraya Dantu Ezinu Fejokoo Haulani Kerwan Nawish Occator Oxo Sintana Tupo Urvara Yalode
Montes	Ahuna Mons
Other features	Bright spots

Astronomy

Classification	Asteroid Definition of planet Dwarf planet Planet 2006 definition of planet
Discovery	Barnaba Oriani Carl Friedrich Gauss Francis Wollaston Franz Xaver von Zach Giuseppe Piazzi Heinrich Olbers Jérôme Lalande Johann Elert Bode Tobias Mayer
Possible trojans and co-orbitals	(185105) 2006 SV23 1372 Haremari (76146) 2000 EU16

Exploration

Outline of Jupiter

Geography

Moons

Inner moons	Metis Adrastea Amalthea Thebe
Galilean moons	Io Europa Ganymede Callisto
Irregular moons	Himalia group Themisto Carpo Valetudo Ananke group Carme group Pasiphae group

Astronomy

General	Jupiter-crossing minor planets Solar eclipses
Trojans	Greek camp Trojan camp
Impact events	Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 2009 Jupiter impact event 2010 Jupiter impact event 2016 Jupiter impact event

Exploration and
orbiting missions

Current	Juno
Past	Cassini–Huygens Galileo project Galileo New Horizons Pioneer program Pioneer 10 Pioneer 11 Ulysses Voyager program Voyager 1 Voyager 2
Future	Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (2023, en route) Europa Clipper (2024)
Proposed	Laplace-P (2023) Shensuo (2024) Io Volcano Observer (2026) Tianwen-4 (2029) Smara (2030)

v t e Saturn
Outline
Geography	Dragon Storm Great White Spot Hexagon Magnetosphere Rings
Moons	S/2009 S 1 Ring moonlets Pan Daphnis Atlas Prometheus Pandora Epimetheus Janus Aegaeon Mimas Methone Anthe Pallene Enceladus Tethys Telesto Calypso Dione Helene Polydeuces Rhea Titan Hyperion Iapetus Inuit group Kiviuq Paaliaq Siarnaq Gallic group Albiorix Norse group Phoebe
Astronomy	Delta Octantis Saturn-crossing minor planets
Exploration	Cassini–Huygens ( Huygens) timeline retirement Pioneer 11 Voyager program Voyager 1 Voyager 2
Related	Fiction The Day the Earth Smiled In Saturn's Rings (2018 documentary)
Category

Uranus

Outline

Geography

Major moons

Astronomy

Discovery	William Herschel Gerard Kuiper James L. Elliot William Lassell
General	Uranus-crossing minor planets
Co-orbitals	Trojans 2011 QF₉₉ 2014 YX₄₉ 83982 Crantor (472651) 2015 DB216

Exploration

Past	Voyager 2 (1986 flyby)
Future	Tianwen-4 (2029)
Proposals	MUSE OCEANUS ODINUS Uranus Orbiter and Probe Uranus Pathfinder

Fiction

Category

Neptune

Outline of Neptune

Geography

Moons

Astronomy

Discovery	Urbain Le Verrier Johann Gottfried Galle John Couch Adams Heinrich Louis d'Arrest William Lassell
General	Kuiper belt Neptune-crossing minor planets
Trojans	385571 Otrera 385695 Clete 2001 QR322 2004 KV18 2005 TN53 2006 RJ103 2007 VL305 2008 LC18 2011 HM102

Exploration

Past	Voyager 2 (1989 flyby)
Proposals	Shensuo Neptune Odyssey ODINUS Triton Hopper Trident
Not selected	Argo Mariner Mark II New Horizons 2

Geography
( features)

Regions	" Brass Knuckles" Safronov Ala Balrog Vucub-Came Hun-Came Meng-pʻo Belton Cadejo Hayabusa Lowell Morgoth Pioneer Tombaugh "The Heart" Venera Viking Voyager
Hills and mountains	Baret Montes Challenger Colles Coleta de Dados Colles Hillary Montes Tenzing Montes Wright Mons
Plains	Sputnik Planitia
Valleys and depressions	Adlivun Cavus
Lineae	Luna Linea
Craters	Burney

Moons

Exploration

New Horizons

Astronomy

Official definitions	Definition of planet IAU definition of planet
Scientist opinions	Alan Stern Michael E. Brown Neil deGrasse Tyson
Discovery	Planet X Lowell Observatory Percival Lowell Clyde Tombaugh Roger Putnam
General	Double planet Dwarf planet Planet Plutino Trans-Neptunian object Kuiper belt

Astronomy by

Manner	Amateur Observational Sidewalk Space telescope
Celestial subject	Galactic / Extragalactic Local system Solar
EM methods	Radio Submillimetre Infrared ( Far-infrared) Visible-light (optical) Ultraviolet X-ray History Gamma-ray
Other methods	Neutrino Cosmic rays Gravitational radiation High-energy Radar Spherical Multi-messenger
Culture	Australian Aboriginal Babylonian Chinese Egyptian Greek Hebrew Indian Inuit Maya Medieval Islamic Persian Serbian folk Tibetan

Optical
telescopes

Concepts

Units ( watt and jansky)
Radio telescope ( Radio window)
Astronomical interferometer ( History)
Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI)
Astronomical radio source

Radio telescopes
( List)

Individual telescopes	500 meter Aperture Spherical Telescope (FAST, China) Arecibo Telescope (Puerto Rico, US) Caltech Submillimeter Observatory (CSO, US) Effelsberg Telescope (Germany) Galenki RT-70 (Russia) Green Bank Telescope (West Virginia, US) Large Millimeter Telescope (Mexico) Lovell Telescope (UK) Ooty Telescope (India) Qitai Radio Telescope (China) RATAN-600 Radio Telescope (Russia) Sardinia Radio Telescope (Italy) Suffa RT-70 (Uzbekistan) Usuda Telescope (Japan) UTR-2 decameter radio telescope (Ukraine) Yevpatoria RT-70 (Ukraine) Southern Hemisphere HartRAO (South Africa) Parkes Observatory (Australia) Warkworth Radio Astronomical Observatory (NZ)
Interferometers	Allen Telescope Array (ATA, California, US) Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA, Chile) Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA, Australia) Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP, Australia) Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment (CHIME, Canada) Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-wave Astronomy (CARMA, California, US) European VLBI Network (Europe) Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT, India) Green Bank Interferometer (GBI, West Virginia, US) Korean VLBI Network (KVN, South Korea) Large Latin American Millimeter Array (LLAMA, Argentina/Brazil) Long Wavelength Array (LWA, New Mexico, US) Low-Frequency Array (LOFAR, Netherlands) MeerKAT (South Africa) Molonglo Observatory Synthesis Telescope (MOST, Australia) Multi-Element Radio Linked Interferometer Network (MERLIN, UK) Murchison Widefield Array (MWA, Australia) Northern Cross Radio Telescope (Italy) Northern Extended Millimeter Array (France) One-Mile Telescope (UK) Primeval Structure Telescope (PaST, China) Square Kilometre Array (SKA, Australia, South Africa) Submillimeter Array (SMA, US) Very Large Array (VLA, New Mexico, US) Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA, US) Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope (WSRT, Netherlands)
Space-based	HALCA (Japan) Spektr-R (Russia)

Observatories

Algonquin Radio Observatory (Canada)
Arecibo Observatory (Puerto Rico, US)
Green Bank Observatory (US)
Haystack Observatory (US)
Jodrell Bank Observatory (UK)
Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory (UK)
National Radio Astronomy Observatory (US)
Nançay Radio Observatory (France)
Onsala Space Observatory (Sweden)
Pushchino Radio Astronomy Observatory (PRAO ASC LPI, Russia)
Special Astrophysical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Science (SAORAS, Russia)
Vermilion River Observatory (US)

Multi-use

DRAO (Canada)
ESA New Norcia (Australia)
PARL (Canada)

People

Astronomy by
EM methods

Astronomy ( Outline) Information

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Astronomy ( Outline) Information

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