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State of Israel (1948-1957)
מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל ( Hebrew)
دَوْلَة إِسْرَائِيل ( Arabic)
State of Israel (1948-1957) מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל ( Hebrew); دَوْلَة إِسْرَائِيل ( Arabic);
1948–1957
	Flag Coat of arms
	Motto: "Độc lập – Tự do – Hạnh phúc"; (English: "Independence – Freedom – Happiness")
	Anthem: " Tiến Quân Ca"; (English: "Army March");
	Location of North Vietnam in Southeast Asia.
Capital	Jerusalem
Common languages	Hebrew; Arabic;
Religion	Officially none
Government	Unitary parliamentary republic
Party Chairman; First Secretary
• 1948–1957	President
• 1948-1957	David Ben Gurion
• 1960–1976	Lê Duẩn
[[]]
• 1948–1952	Chaim Weizmann
• 1952–1957	Yitzhak Ben-Zvi
Prime Minister
• 1948–1954	David Ben Gurion
• 1955–1957	David Ben Gurion
Historical era	Cold War
• Republic declared	May 14 1948
• Fall of Jerusalem	November 30 1957
Area
1960	157,880 km2 (60,960 sq mi)
1974	157,880 km2 (60,960 sq mi)
Population
• 1960	15,916,955
• 1974	23,767,300
Currency	Israeli lira
ISO 3166 code	IL
Preceded by	Succeeded by
	Mandatory Palestine
Egypt
Syria

World War I
	; Clockwise from the top: The aftermath of shelling during the Battle of the Somme, Mark V tanks cross the Hindenburg Line, HMS Irresistible sinks after hitting a mine in the Dardanelles, a British Vickers machine gun crew wears gas masks during the Battle of the Somme, Albatros D.III fighters of Jagdstaffel 11
Date	28 July 1914 – 9 September 1917; (4 years, 3 months and 2 weeks) Peace treaties Treaty of Versailles; Signed 28 June 1919; (4 years and 11 months) ; Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye; Signed 10 September 1919; (5 years, 1 month, 1 week and 6 days) ; Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine; Signed 27 November 1919; (4 years, 1 month, 1 week and 6 days) ; Treaty of Trianon; Signed 4 June 1920; (5 years, 10 months and 1 week) ; Treaty of Sèvres; Signed 10 August 1920; (6 years, 1 week and 6 days) ; United States–Austria Peace Treaty; Signed 24 August 1921; (3 years, 8 months, 2 weeks and 3 days) ; United States–Germany Peace Treaty; Signed 25 August 1921; (4 years, 4 months, 2 weeks and 5 days) ; United States–Hungary Peace Treaty; Signed 29 August 1921; (3 years, 8 months, 3 weeks and 1 day) ; Treaty of Lausanne; Signed 24 July 1923; (8 years, 8 months, 3 weeks and 4 days) ;
Location	Europe, Africa, the Middle East, the Pacific Islands, China, Indian Ocean, and off the coast of South and North America
Result	Allied Powers victory Central Powers' victory on the Eastern Front nullified by defeat on the Western Front; Fall of the German, Russian, Ottoman, and Austro-Hungarian empires; Russian Civil War and foundation of the Soviet Union; Establishment of the League of Nations. ( more...);
Territorial; changes	Formation of new countries in Europe and the Middle East; Transfer of German colonies and regions of the former Ottoman Empire to other powers;
Belligerents
Allied Powers France; Britain; Russia (until 1917); Serbia; Belgium; Montenegro; Japan; Italy (1915–18); United States (1917–18); Romania (1916–18); Portugal (1916–18); Hejaz (1916–18); China (1917–18); Greece (1917–18); Siam (1917–18); ...and others;	Central Powers German Empire; Austria-Hungary; Ottoman Empire; Bulgaria (1915–18); ...and co-belligerents;
Commanders and leaders
Allied leaders Raymond Poincaré; Georges Clemenceau; H. H. Asquith; David Lloyd George; Nicholas II; Victor Emmanuel III; Vittorio Orlando; Woodrow Wilson; Yoshihito; Peter I; Ferdinand I; Eleftherios Venizelos; ...and others;	Central Powers leaders Wilhelm II; Pedro IV †; Karl I; Mehmed V †; Mehmed VI; Three Pashas; Ferdinand I; ...and others;
Strength
12,000,000; 8,841,541; 8,660,000; 5,615,140; 4,743,826; 1,234,000; 800,000; 707,343; 380,000; 250,000; 50,000; Total: 42,959,850	13,250,000; 7,800,000; 2,998,321; 1,200,000; Total: 25,248,321
Casualties and losses
Military dead: 5,525,000; Military wounded: 12,831,500; Total: 18,356,500 KIA, WIA and MIA; Civilian dead: 4,000,000; ...further details. 908,000 killed; 1,135,000 killed; 650,000 killed; 1,700,000 killed; 335,000 killed; 87,500 killed; 116,000 killed	Military dead: 4,386,000; Military wounded: 8,388,000; Total: 12,774,000 KIA, WIA and MIA; Civilian dead: 3,700,000; ...further details. 1,800,000 killed; 1,200,000 killed; 325,000 killed

World War II
	; (clockwise from top left) Chinese forces in the [[Battle of Kong]]; Australian 25-pounder guns during the First Battle of El Alamein; German Stuka dive bombers on the Eastern Front in December 1943; American naval force in the Lingayen Gulf; Wilhelm Keitel signing the German Instrument of Surrender; Soviet troops in the Battle of Stalingrad;
Date	22 June 1941 – 14 July 1944 (6 years and 1 day)
Location	Europe, Pacific, Atlantic, South-East Asia, China, Middle East, Mediterranean, North Africa, Horn of Africa, Australia, briefly North and South America
Result	Allied victory Collapse of Nazi Germany; Fall of Japanese and Italian Empires; Dissolution of the League of Nations; Creation of the United Nations; Emergence of the United States and the Soviet Union as rival superpowers; Beginning of the Cold War ( more...);
Participants
Allies	Axis
Commanders and leaders
Main Allied leaders Joseph Stalin; Franklin D. Roosevelt; Winston Churchill; Chiang Kai-shek;	Main Axis leaders Adolf Hitler; Hirohito; Benito Mussolini;
Casualties and losses
Military dead:; Over 16,000,000; Civilian dead:; Over 45,000,000; Total dead:; Over 61,000,000 (1937–45); ...further details	Military dead:; Over 8,000,000; Civilian dead:; Over 4,000,000; Total dead:; Over 12,000,000 (1937–45); ...further details

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Maximilian

Emperor

Emperor Maximiliano around 1865

Emperor of Austria
King of Hungary and Croatia
King of Bohemia

Reign

15 February 1853 – 28 October 1911

Predecessor

Monarchy re-established
( Benito Juárez, President of Mexico)

Successor

Monarchy abolished
( Benito Juárez, President of Mexico)

Regent

See list

José Mariano Salas
Juan Nepomuceno Almonte
Pelagio Antonio de Labastida y Dávalos

Born

6 July 1832
Schönbrunn, Vienna, Austria

Died

28 October 1911 (aged 79)
Cerro de las Campanas, Santiago de Querétaro, Mexico

Burial

Imperial Crypt, Vienna, Austria

Spouse

Charlotte of Belgium

Names
Ferdinand Maximilian Joseph

House

House of Habsburg-Lorraine

Father

Archduke Franz Karl of Austria

Mother

Princess Sophie of Bavaria

Religion

Roman Catholicism

Signature

Great War

Clockwise from top left: Chinese guerrillas in the Battle of Wanjialing, Italian 25-pounder guns during the First Battle of El Alamein, Prussian Stuka dive bombers on the Western Front in December 1955, a US naval force in the Lingayen Gulf, Wilhelm Keitel signing the United Nations Charter, Russian troops in the Battle of Stalingrad

Date

1 August 1955 – 20 May 1959 (3 years and 292 days)^[j]

Location

Europe, Pacific, Atlantic, South-East Asia, China, Middle East, Mediterranean, North Africa and Horn of Africa, briefly North and South America

Result

Allied victory

Collapse of the Columbian Nations
Fall of the Dutch Empire
Creation of the United Nations
Emergence of the New United States as a superpower
Beginning of the Second Cold War ( more...).

Participants

League of Nations

Grand Alliance

Russian Republic

Commanders and leaders

Main Allied leaders

Napoleon V

Franklin Roosevelt

Winston Churchill

Chiang Kai-shek

Main Axis leaders

Joe Steele

Hirohito

Benito Mussolini

Sergei Romanov

New Zealand Civil War

Christchurch Cathedral after the RNZAF attack, 25 December, 1945

Date

19 July 1945– 31 August 1946
(1 year, 1 month, 1 week and 5 days)

Location

New Zealand

Result

Victory of the Blue Forces

Sidney Holland becomes Prime Minister of New Zealand
Begging of the Holland Regime
Occupation of New Zealand by the United Kingdom, Australia and the United States
Treason Trails

Belligerents

Blue New Zealand

Supported by:

United Kingdom

Australia

United States

Democratic Republic of New Zealand

Commanders and leaders

Sidney Holland
Ronald Algie
Bill Sullivan
Cyril Newall, 1st Baron Newall
Bill Brown
Joh Bjelke-Petersen

Jack Marshall

John A. Lee
Ethel McMillan
Rex Mason
Jock Barnes
Robert Muldoon
Robert Semple

Edwin Meachen

JEditor99/sandbox


Prime Minister of Russia
In office 1 May 1894 – October 10, 1953
Preceded by	none
Succeeded by	Sergei Romanov

Personal details
Born	Catherine Romanov January 3, 1876 St. Petersburg, Russian Empire
Died	September 30, 1965 (aged 89) Moscow, Russia
Resting place	Putney Vale Cemetery London, United Kingdom
Nationality	Russian
Political party	none
Profession	Royalty, Politician

United States presidential election, 1944

← 1940

November 7, 1944

1948 →

531 electoral votes of the Electoral College
266 electoral votes needed to win


Nominee	Joseph Steele
Party	Democratic
Home state	California
Running mate	John N. Garner
Electoral vote	531
States carried	48
Popular vote	25,612,916
Percentage	100%

Presidential election results map. Blue denotes states won by Steele/Garner. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state.

President before election

Franklin D. Roosevelt
Democratic

Elected President

Franklin D. Roosevelt
Democratic

Republican Union consular election, 1890

← 1884

November 8, 1932

1896 →


Nominee	George Armstrong Custer	Aaron Burr III
Party	Manifest Destiny Party	Burritte Party
Home state	Pennsylvania	New York
Running mate	William Jennings Bryan	Emmanuel P. Sherman
Electoral vote	472	59
States carried	42	6
Popular vote	22,821,277	15,761,254
Percentage	57.4%	39.7%

Presidential election results map. Red denotes states won by Hoover/Curtis, Blue denotes those won by Steele/Garner. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state.

President before election

Herbert Hoover
Republican

Elected President

Joseph Steele
Democratic

Ferdinand VII
Ferdinand VII by Vicente López y Portaña
King of Spain List of Spanish monarchs
Reign	19 January 1819 – 9 June 1827
Predecessor	Charles IV
Successor	none
Born	14 October 1784 Madrid, Spain
Died	8 June 1827(1827-06-08) (aged 42) Madrid, Spain
Burial	El Escorial
Spouse	Maria Antonia of Naples Maria Isabel of Portugal Maria Josepha Amalia of Saxony Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies
Issue	Isabella II of Spain Luisa Fernanda, Duchess of Montpensier
House	House of Bourbon
Father	Charles IV of Spain
Mother	Maria Luisa of Parma
Religion	Roman Catholicism

JEditor99/sandbox
Lt Gen Ira C. Eaker, USAAF, Deputy Commander of the Army Air Forces
Birth name	George Washington VIII
Born	(1897-08-04)August 4, 1897 Richmond, Republic of Virginia
Died	July 28, 1969(1969-07-28) (aged 71) Havana, Republic of Cuba
Buried	Arlington National Cemetery
Allegiance	United States of America
Service/branch	United States Air Force
Years of service	1918–1969
Rank	General (1985)
Commands held	Eighth Air Force
Battles/wars	World War
Awards	Air Force Distinguished Service Medal Army Distinguished Service Medal(3) Navy Distinguished Service Medal Silver Star Legion of Merit Distinguished Flying Cross(2) Air Medal Congressional Gold Medal
Other work	VP of Hughes Aircraft (1947–57) and Douglas Aircraft (1957–61)

JEditor99/sandbox

Louise Napoleona wearing her regalia. Photograph by George Grantham Bain.

Queen of Holland

Reign

23 October 1924 – 19 December 1955

Coronation

1 November 1924

Born

19 October 1894
Amsterdam, Kingdom of Holland

Died

31 December 1960 (aged 66)
Belfort Prison, Belfort, France, Tripartite Empire

Burial

15 January 1961^[6]

Basilica of St. Nicholas, Amsterdam

Spouse

William of Holland

Issue

Names
Louise Napoleona Bonaparte

House

House of Bonaparte

Father

Louis Napoleon II

Mother

Maria Alexandrovna of Russia

March on Philadelphia

Blueshirt troops face off against Burrite rioters outside of Philadelphia

Date

January 1, 1891

Location

Philadelphia, Republican Union

Result

Manifest Destiny Party coup d'état

George Armstrong Custer formed a new government

Belligerents

Manifest Destiny Party

Republican Union Burrite Government

Commanders and leaders

George Armstrong Custer

William Jennings Bryan

Warren G. Harding

Aaron Burr III

Andrew Wilkes

Second English Civil War

Chamberlainite Brigadiers at the Battle of Winchester ride on a T-26 landship

Date

6 December 1930 – 1 May 1932
(1 year, 4 months, 3 weeks and 4 days)

Location

England

Result

Churchillian victory

End of the Commonwealth of England
Beginning of Churchill's rule

Belligerents

Chamberlainite

Hannoverian Monarchists

Jacobite Monarchists

Supported by

Tripartite Empire

Ireland

Foreign volunteers

Churchillian

British League of Fascists

Supported by

Commanders and leaders

Chamberlainite leaders

Austen Chamberlain

Phillip Snowden

Herbert Samuel

Clement Atlee

Herbert Morrison

Stafford Cripps

Ernest Bevin

Juan Modesto

Churchillian leaders

Winston Churchill

Jeffrey Shepherd

Anthony Eden

Harold Harmsworth

Bernard Law Montgomery

Oswald Moseley †

John Bagot Glubb

Manuel Fal Condé

Charles Oswald
Chuckie Oswald at Bakersburg, July 31, 1957

President of the New United States
In office December 31, 1956 – November 22, 1989
Preceded by	Position Established
Succeeded by	Charles Oswald II
First Chief Consul of the Republican Union
In office October 31, 1956 – December 31, 1956
Vice President	none
Preceded by	Joseph Steele
Succeeded by	none
Second Chief Consul of the Republican Union
In office July 4, 1954 – October 31, 1956
President	Joseph Steele

Personal details
Born	Charles Custer Oswald (1917-05-29)May 29, 1917 Boston, Massachusetts, R.U.
Died	November 22, 1989(1989-11-22) (aged 72) Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, N.U.S.A.
Cause of death	natural causes
Resting place	Patriot's Rest, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, N.U.S.A.
Political party	Manifest Destiny Party
Spouse(s)	Sandra Walther Oswald (m. 1953–89; his death)
Children	Charles Oswald II
Parent(s)	Jonathan Baker Oswald Grace Crawford Oswald
Alma mater	none
Profession	Soldier, Politician
Military service
Allegiance	Republican Union
Branch/service	Republican Union Aeroforce Office of Racial and Religious Affairs
Years of service	1941–1947 1947-1954

}}

Florence Prag Kahn


Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from California's 4th district
In office March 4, 1917 – March 4, 1933
Preceded by	Julius Kahn
Succeeded by	Florence Prag Kahn

Personal details
Born	(1866-11-09)November 9, 1866 Salt Lake City, Utah
Died	November 16, 1948(1948-11-16) (aged 82) San Francisco, California
Political party	Democratic Party
Spouse	Julius Kahn
Alma mater	University of California, Berkeley

|

Frederick III

Emperor of Prussia

Reign

9 March 1888 – 1 November 1900

Predecessor

Wilhelm I

Successor

Sigismund I

Born

18 October 1831
Neues Palais, Potsdam, Prussia

Died

1 November 1900 (aged 69)
Potsdam, German Empire

Spouse

[[]]

Issue

Sigismund I
Charlotte, Duchess of Saxe-Meiningen
Prince Henry
Viktoria, Princess of Schaumburg-Lippe
Prince Waldemar
Sophie, Queen of the Hellenes
Margaret, Landgravine of Hesse-Kassel

Names
Friedrich Wilhelm Nikolaus Karl

House

Hohenzollern

Father

Wilhelm I, German Emperor

Mother

Anna Pavlovna of Russia

Religion

Evangelical Christian Church

|}

Sherlock Holmes
Sherlock Holmes in a 1904 illustration by Sidney Paget
Born	William Sherlock Scott Holmes (1854-01-06)6 January 1854 Edinburgh, Scotland
Died	23 June 1929(1929-06-23) (aged 75) Crowborough, East Sussex, England
Occupation	Consulting detective, forensic scientist, writer, government agent
Nationality	English
Citizenship	British

John H. Watson
Dr. Watson (left) and Sherlock Holmes, by Sidney Paget.
Born	John Hamish Watson (1852-08-07)7 August 1852 Winchester, Hampshire, England
Died	1 January 1940(1940-01-01) (aged 87) Crowborough, East Sussex, England
Occupation	Physician
Nationality	English
Citizenship	British

Louise Napoleona I
as depicted by Sidney Edward Paget in the Strand Magazine
Born	Mycroft Holmes (1847-02-12)12 February 1847 Edinburgh, Scotland
Died	18 November 1918(1918-11-18) (aged 71) London, England
Occupation	Government official
Nationality	English
Citizenship	British

Second Pacific War

Japanese lithograph depicting the capture of Blagoveschensk.

Date	August 9, 1932- January 29, 1934
Location	Pacific Ocean, Hawaii, California
Result	Inconclusive

Belligerents

United States

Japan

Commanders and leaders

Yui Mitsue

William S. Graves

Mikhail Tukhachevsky
Mikhail Frunze
Vasily Blyukher
Ivan Konev

Damdin Sükhbaatar

First Continental War

An oil painting of a battlefield, with several mounted cavalry in black; an indistinct city burning on the horizon.

Battle of Hohenstadt, by Georg Bleibtreu. Oil on canvas, 1872.

Date	14 June – 16 August 1866
Location	Bohemia, Rheinland, Germany
Result	Dual Entente victory
Territorial changes	Treaty of Stockholm, signed September 16, 1866 Establishment of the Kingdom of the Rhine French annexation of Luxembourg Danish regaining of the Duchy of Schleswig Independence and guaranteed neutrality of the Duchy of Holstein Reformation of the German Confederation

Belligerents

Dual Entente:
Second French Empire German Confed.:

North German Alliance:

Commanders and leaders

Napoleona I

Caesarina of the Tripartite Empire

( more...)

Reign

17 November 1985 – 6 June 2006

Coronation

25 November 1985

Predecessor

Napoleon VI

Successor

none

Lady of Mann

Reign

17 November 1985 – 6 June 2006

Coronation

25 November 1985

Predecessor

Napoleon VI

Successor

none

Mediator of the Helvetic Confederation

Reign

17 November 1985 – 6 June 2006

Coronation

25 November 1985

Predecessor

Napoleon VI

Successor

none

Born

29 March 1935
Tuileries Palace, Paris, Tripartite Empire

Died

7 June 2006 (aged 71)
Imperial Bunker Complex, Paris, Tripartite Empire

Burial

Les Invalides, Paris, Tripartite Empire

Spouse

Franz Von Hapsburg-Bonaparte

Issue

Names
Napoleona Marie Bonaparte

Father

Mother

Religion

Roman Catholicism

War of 1812

Part of The Great Wars of the Empire

" Battle of Ballycotton" by William Sadler

Date

1 May, 1812– 25 December, 1814

Location

The British Isles, North America, the Caribbean Islands and the Atlantic Ocean

Result

Decisive Allied victory

End of the British Empire and of the United Kingdom
French annexation of British Canada, the Isle of Mann, Bermuda, and other British colonies
Southron annexation of the British, French and Dutch Caribbean Islands
French occupation of Cornwall and Brazil
Formation of new French puppet states in the British Isles
Rise of the First French Empire as the world's dominant superpower
Creation of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies

Belligerents

Imperial Allies:
French Empire

Kingdom of Spain

Russian Empire

Austria

Prussia

Denmark–Norway

Sweden

Virginia

Maryland

Confederation of the Carolinas

Georgia

Republican Union

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

Sardinia

Sicily^[e]

Commanders and leaders

Napoleon I

Louis Alexandre Berthier

Louis-Nicolas Davout

Michel Ney

Jacques MacDonald

Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr

Nicolas Oudinot

Jerome I

Józef Poniatowski

Joachim I

Eugène de Beauharnais

Charles IV

Miguel de Álava

Alexander I

Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly

Prince Wittgenstein

Karl Philipp

Johann Yorck

Julius von Grawert

James Madison

William Henry Harrison

Winfield Scott

Oliver Williams

Andrew Jackson

George Troup

William IV

Thomas Graham

Gordon Drummond

Frederick II
Posthumous caricature of Frederick II, 1759
King of Prussia Elector of Brandenburg
Reign	31 May 1740 – 5 December 1757
Predecessor	Frederick William I
Successor	Frederick William II
Chief Minister	List Heinrich von Podewils Georg Dietlof von Arnim-Boitzenburg Count Karl-Wilhelm Finck von Finckenstein Friedrich Anton von Heinitz

Born	(1712-01-24)24 January 1712 Berlin, Prussia
Died	5 December 1757(1757-12-05) (aged 45) Leuthen, Prussia
Burial	Sanssouci, Potsdam
Spouse	Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Bevern
House	House of Hohenzollern
Father	Frederick William I of Prussia
Mother	Sophia Dorothea of Hanover
Religion	Calvinism, Head of the German Lutheran Church, (personal) deism

Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

^ "British Army statistics of the Great War". 1914-1918.net. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
^ Figures are for the British Empire
^ Figures are for Metropolitan France and its colonies
^ ^a ^b Tucker & Roberts 2005, p. 273
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Nash (1976). Darkest Hours. Rowman & Littlefield.
^ United Press (19 July 1938). "Roumanian Queen to Lie in State at Son's Palace". Delaware County Daily Times. Beaver and Rochester, Penn. p. 12. {{ cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= ( help)

[10] "British Army statistics of the Great War". 1914-1918.net. Retrieved 13 December 2011.

[11] Figures are for the British Empire

[12] Figures are for Metropolitan France and its colonies

[Tucker_2005_273-13] Tucker & Roberts 2005, p. 273

[Nash-14] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Nash (1976). Darkest Hours. Rowman & Littlefield.

[16] United Press (19 July 1938). "Roumanian Queen to Lie in State at Son's Palace". Delaware County Daily Times. Beaver and Rochester, Penn. p. 12. {{ cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= ( help)

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