From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The three emperors:
Kaiser Wilhelm II ,
Mehmed V ,
Franz Joseph .
A postcard depicting the leaders of the Central Powers.
The leaders of the Central Powers of World War I were the political or military figures who commanded or supported the
Central Powers .
Austria-Hungary
Franz Joseph I
[1] −
Emperor of Austria and
Apostolic King of Hungary (1848–1916)
Karl I
[2] − Emperor of Austria and Apostolic King of Hungary (1916-1918), Previously commanded
Army Group Archduke Karl in 1916, Supreme Commander of the Austro-Hungarian Army (1917-1918)
Karl von Stürgkh −
Minister-President of Austria (1911–1916)
Ernest von Koerber − Ministers-President of Austria (1916)
Heinrich Clam-Martinic − Ministers-President of Austria (1916-1917)
Ernst Seidler von Feuchtenegg − Ministers-President of Austria (1917-1918)
Max Hussarek von Heinlein − Ministers-President of Austria (1918)
István Tisza
[3] −
Prime Minister of Hungary (1913-1917)
Sándor Wekerle − Prime Minister of Hungary (1917-1918)
Count Leopold Berchtold
[4] −
Austro-Hungarian Foreign Minister (1912-1915)
Stephan Burián von Rajecz - Austro-Hungarian Foreign Minister (1915–1916, 1918)
Ottokar Czernin - Austro-Hungarian Foreign Minister (1916-1918)
Alexander von Krobatin -
Austro-Hungarian Minister of War (1912-1917), Commander of the
South Tyrolean Army Group (1918)
Rudolf Stöger-Steiner von Steinstätten - Austro-Hungarian Minister of War (1917-1918)
Archduke Friedrich
[5] − Supreme Commander of the Austro-Hungarian Army (1914-1917)
Conrad von Hötzendorf
[6] − Chief of the
Austro-Hungarian General Staff (1912-1917) and leader of several Army Groups throughout the war.
Arthur Arz von Straußenburg
[2] − Chief of the Austro-Hungarian General Staff (1917-1918)
Svetozar Boroević
[7] − Austro-Hungarian Field Marshal and commander of the
3rd Army (1914-1915) and then the
5th Army (1915-1918) which was later upgraded to Army Group Boroevic in 1917 which contained 2 armies.
Oskar Potiorek - Governor of
Bosnia and Herzegovina and Commander of all Austro-Hungarian forces during the
Serbian Campaign in 1914
Liborius Ritter von Frank - Commanded the 5th Army in the Serbian Campaign (1914)
Eduard von Böhm-Ermolli − Commanded the
2nd Army in the Serbian Campaign (1914) and the Eastern Front (1915-1918) and
Army Group Böhm-Ermolli (1915–1916 & (1916-1918)
Hermann Kövess von Kövessháza - Commander of the
3rd Army in the Serbian Campaign, particularly in the
Kosovo Offensive , later the
7th Army and finally (ceremonially) Commander-in-chief (1918)
Archduke Eugen of Austria - Commander of Army Group Archduke Eugen, in many battles on the
Italian Front .
Archduke Joseph August of Austria - Involved in the
Galician campaign and later served on the Italian Front and went to command the South Tyrolean Army Group in 1918
Viktor Dankl von Krasnik - Commander of the
1st Army in Galicia and during the
Gorlice–Tarnów Offensive . Later made commander of the defense of
Tyrol followed by command of the
11th Army
Franz Rohr von Denta − Commander of the
10th (1916), 11th (1916-1917) and 1st Army (1917) on the Italian and Eastern front.
Archduke Joseph Ferdinand of Austria − Commanded the 4th army (1914–1916) during the
Brusilov Offensive , later became Inspector-General of the Imperial Air Force (1917-1918)
Karl von Pflanzer-Baltin − Supreme Commander of Austro-Hungarian infantry in Albania (1917-1918), previously commanded the 7th Army (1915–1916)
Viktor Graf von Scheuchenstuel − Corps Commander in serving in many different fronts, 11th Army (1917-1918)
Józef Piłsudski − Commander of the
Polish Legions
Anton Haus
[8] −
Commander-in-Chief of the Austro-Hungarian Navy (1913-1917)
Maximilian Njegovan
[9] − Commander-in-Chief of the Austro-Hungarian Navy (1917-1918)
Miklós Horthy
[10] − Commander-in-Chief of the Austro-Hungarian Navy (1918)
Milan Emil Uzelac − Commander of the
Austro-Hungarian Imperial and Royal Aviation Troops
German Empire
Wilhelm II
[11] −
German Emperor
Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg
[12] −
Chancellor of the German Empire (1909-1917)
Georg Michaelis - Chancellor of the German Empire (1917)
Georg von Hertling − Chancellor of the German Empire (1917-1918)
Max von Baden − Chancellor of the German Empire (1918)
Gottlieb von Jagow −
German Foreign Minister (1913–1916)
Arthur Zimmermann
[13] − German Foreign Minister (1916-1917)
Richard von Kühlmann - German Foreign Minister (1917-1918)
Paul von Hintze - German Foreign Minister (1918)
Helmuth von Moltke
[14] −
Chief of the German General Staff (1906-1914)
Erich von Falkenhayn
[15] − Chief of the German General Staff (1914–1916) and commander in the
First Battle of the Marne
Paul von Hindenburg
[16] − Chief of the German General Staff (1916-1918), previously
Supreme Commander East (1914–1916) and commanded
Army Group Hindenburg
Erich Ludendorff
[16] −
Quartermaster General (Chief of Operations) of the German Army, previously Chief of Staff in the East (1914–1916)
Leopold of Bavaria
[17] − Commanded
Army Group Prince Leopold of Bavaria before becoming Supreme Commander East (1916-1918)
Max Hoffmann
[18] − Chief of Staff in the East (1916-1918)
Crown Prince Wilhelm - Commander of the
5th Army (1914–1916) and
Army Group German Crown Prince (1915-1918)
Ruprecht of Bavaria - Commander of the
6th Army (1914–1916) and
Army Group Rupprecht of Bavaria (1916-1918)
Albrecht von Württemberg - Commander of the
4th Army (1914–1916) and
Army Group Duke Albrecht (1917-1918)
August von Mackensen − Commanded the
9th Army (1914) before leading several Army Groups:
Army Group Mackensen in Poland and the
11th Army (1915),
Serbia (1915–1916) and
Romania (1916-1918)
Max von Gallwitz - Commanded the
12th and later 11th Army in the East, followed by the
2nd Army and Army Group Gallwitz-Somme in the West. Finally
Army Group Gallwitz and the 5th Army (1918)
Remus von Woyrsch - Commanded the
Landwehr Corps (1914), followed by
Armee-Abteilung Woyrsch (1914-1917) while also holding command of
Army Group Woyrsch (1916-1917)
Hermann von Eichhorn - Commander of the
10th Army (1915-1918) as well as
Army Group Eichhorn (1916-1918). In 1918 he commanded
Army Group Eichhorn-Kiev and became Military Governor of
Ukraine
Alexander von Linsingen - Commanded the
South Army (1915) followed by
Army of the Bug (1915-1918) while simultaneously in command of
Army Group Linsingen (1916-1918)
Otto von Below - Commanded the
8th Army (1914-1915) and
Army of the Niemen (which was renamed the 8th Army) (1915–1916). Later
Army Group Below in
Salonika (1916-1917) followed by the
14th Army on the
Italian Front
Friedrich von Scholtz - Commander of the 8th Army (1915) and then led the mostly Bulgarian
Army Group Scholtz (1917-1918)
Max von Boehn - Commanded the 7th Army (1917-1918) and
Army Group Boehn (1918)
Karl von Einem − Commander of the
3rd Army (1914-1919)
Alexander von Kluck - Commander of the
1st Army (1914-1915) and fought at the
Battle of Mons ,
Le Cateau and
Marne
Karl von Bülow - Commander of the
2nd Army at the
Battle of Liège and
Siege of Namur and was blamed for the failure of capturing Paris in 1914
Georg von der Marwitz
[19] − Cavalry general who commanded the 2nd Army on the Western Front (1916-1918), followed by commanding the 5th Army at the end of the war in 1918
Friedrich Sixt von Armin - Commanded the 4th Army (1917-1918) and commander-in-chief in the
Flanders region, notably during the
Battle of Passchendaele and the
German spring offensive
Ludwig von Falkenhausen - Commander of
Armee-Abteilung Falkenhausen (1914–1916) and
High Command of Coastal Defence (1916). Commanded the 6th Army (1916-1917) during the
Battle of Arras and served as
Governor of Belgium until the end of war
Oskar von Hutier - Commanded the 8th Army in 1917, notably in
Operation Albion . He led the newly created
18th Army in the Spring Offensive
Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck − German Commander in the
East Africa Campaign
Victor Franke − German Commander in the
South West Africa campaign
Carl Heinrich Zimmermann − German Commander in the
Kamerun campaign
Alfred von Tirpitz
[20] − Grand Admiral and State Secretary of the
German Imperial Naval Office (1897–1916)
Friedrich von Ingenohl − Commander of the Imperial
High Seas Fleet (1913-1915)
Hugo von Pohl − Commander of the Imperial
High Seas Fleet (1915–1916), previously Chief of the Admiralty Staff (1913-1915)
Reinhard Scheer
[21] − Commander of the Imperial
High Seas Fleet (1916-1918), notably at the
Battle of Jutland . Later
Chief of the Admiralty Staff (1918)
Franz von Hipper − Commander of
I Scouting Group and conducted several raids along the English coast, he became commander of the Imperial High Seas Fleet in 1918
Henning von Holtzendorff − Chief of the Admiralty Staff (1915-1918) and a strong advocate of
unrestricted submarine warfare
Prince Henry of Prussia − Commander of the German Baltic Fleet (1914-1917)
Alfred Meyer-Waldeck − Naval Commander in the
Siege of Tsingtao
Ernst von Hoeppner − Commanding General of the
Imperial German Air Service
Ottoman Empire
Mehmed V
[22] −
Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (1909-1918)
Mehmed VI - Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (1918-1922)
Said Halim Pasha
[23] −
Ottoman Grand Vizier (Prime Minister) (1913-1917)
Talaat Pasha − Ottoman Grand Vizier (1917-1918),
Minister of Finance ,
Minister of Interior and one of the
Three Pashas
Enver Pasha
[24] − Commander-in-Chief of the
Ottoman Army , Minister of War and one of the
Three Pashas
Fritz Bronsart von Schellendorf
[25] − Chief of the Ottoman General Staff and part of the German military mission to the Ottoman Empire
Djemal Pasha
[26] − Commander of the
Fourth Army in Syria (1914-1917), Minister of the Navy and one of the
Three Pashas
Ahmed Izzet Pasha − Commander of the
Second Army (1916-1917), the
Caucasus Army Group (1917) and finally Grand Vizier and Minister of War (1918)
Otto Liman von Sanders - German Commander of the
Fifth Army (1915-1918), notably during the
Gallipoli Campaign . Later commander of the
Yildirim Army Group in the
Sinai and Palestine Campaign (1918)
Mustafa Kemal Pasha
[27] − Notable for his contribution to the Gallipoli Campaign, later commanded the
XVI Corps (1915–1916) followed by command of the
Second Army (1917) and
Seventh Army (1917 & 1918)
Fevzi Pasha
[28] − Commander of several Army Corps and the Second Army. Finally commanded the Seventh Army in Palestine (1917-1918)
Friedrich Kress von Kressenstein - German commander notably for his actions in the
First ,
Second and
Third Battle of Gaza . Later participated in the
Caucasus Campaign (1918)
Mehmet Esat Pasha − Commander of the
III Corps who organized the defenses at Gallipoli. Later became commander of the
First Army (1915-1918)
Vehib Pasha − Commander of the Second Army (1914–1916),
Third Army (1916-1918) and finally the
Eastern Army Group (1918) in the Caucasus Campaign
Erich von Falkenhayn - Previously the German Chief of Staff, first commander of the Yildirim Army Group (1917-1918)
Colmar Freiherr von der Goltz - German Commander of the
Sixth Army in the
Mesopotamian campaign (1915–1916)
Hafiz Hakki Pasha − Commander of the
Third Army , notably at the
Battle of Sarikamish (1915)
Abdul Kerim Pasha − Commander of the Third Army, notably in the
Battle of Kara Killisse and the
Erzurum Offensive (1915–1916). Later commander of the
XX Corps on the
Salonika front
Halil Pasha - Commander of the Sixth Army in the Mesopotamian and
Persian Campaign (1916-1918). Later commanded the Eastern Army Group (1918)
Nuri Pasha - Commander of the Africa Groups Command and later the Ottoman-Azerbaijani
Islamic Army of the Caucasus , notably in the
Battle of Baku (1918)
Yakup Şevki Pasha − Commander of the
XV Corps on the
Eastern Front in Galicia (1916)
Mustafa Hilmi Pasha − Commander of the
VI Corps in the
Romanian Campaign (1916-1918)
Jaafar Pasha - Commander during the
Senussi Campaign
Cevat Pasha − Commander of the
Dardanelles Fortified Area Command (1914-1915). Later commander of the XV Corps in Galicia (1916-1917)
Nureddin Pasha − Commander of the
Iraq Area Command
Osman Fuad − Commander of the Africa Groups Command
Fakhri Pasha − Commander of the
Hejaz Expeditionary Force (1916-1919)
Wilhelm Souchon
[29] − German Naval Commander in the Ottoman Empire in the Black Sea, notable for launching the
Black Sea Raid in 1914
Kingdom of Bulgaria
Co-belligerents
Sultanate of Darfur
South African Republic
Dervish State
Senussi
Emirate of Jabal Shammar
Client states
Azerbaijan
Iran
Heydar Latifiyan − Iranian commander during the Battle of RobatKarim
Ukraine
See also
Notes
^
Hart 2013 , p. 9
^
a
b
Hart 2013 , p. 299
^
"István, Count Tisza" . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2015. Retrieved 28 January 2015 .
^
"Leopold, count von Berchtold" . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2015. Retrieved 28 January 2015 .
^ Jewison, Glenn; Steiner, Jörg C.
"Erzherzog Friedrich" . Austro-Hungarian Land Forces 1848-1918 . Retrieved 28 January 2015 .
^
Hart 2013 , p. 15
^ Jewison, Glenn; Steiner, Jörg C.
"Svetozar Boroević von Bojna" . Austro-Hungarian Land Forces 1848-1918 . Retrieved 28 January 2015 .
^ Duffy, Michael (22 August 2009).
"Who's Who - Anton Haus" . First World War.com . Retrieved 28 January 2015 .
^ Duffy, Michael (22 August 2009).
"Who's Who - Maximilian Njegovan" . First World War.com . Retrieved 28 January 2015 .
^
"Miklós Horthy" . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . 2015. Retrieved 28 January 2015 .
^
Hart 2013 , p. 2
^
Hart 2013 , p. 26
^
Hart 2013 , p. 308
^
Hart 2013 , p. 14
^
Hart 2013 , p. 67
^
a
b
Hart 2013 , p. 231
^
Hart 2013 , p. 248
^
Hart 2013 , p. 85
^
Hart 2013 , p. 374
^
Hart 2013 , p. 95
^
Hart 2013 , p. 250
^
Hart 2013 , p. 168
^
"Said Halim Paşa" . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2015. Retrieved 30 January 2015 .
^
"Enver Paşa" . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 3 September 2014. Retrieved 30 January 2015 .
^ Hindley, Meredith (14 April 1997).
"Review of: Dadrian, Vahakn N.: German Responsibility in the Armenian Genocide. A Review of the Historical Evidence of German Complicity. Watertown 1996" . H-Soz-u-Kult .
ISBN
9781886434028 . Retrieved 30 January 2015 .
^ Manoukian, Jennifer (16 April 2014).
"An Encounter with Djemal Pasha" . The Armenian Weekly . Retrieved 30 January 2015 .
^
Hart 2013 , p. 171
^
"Fevzi Çakmak" . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 23 September 2014. Retrieved 30 January 2015 .
^
Hart 2013 , p. 167
^
"Ferdinand" . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2015. Retrieved 30 January 2015 .
^
"Bulgaria" . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 20 November 2013. Retrieved 30 January 2015 .
^ Duffy, Michael (22 September 2009).
"Who's Who - Nikola Zhekov" . First World War.com . Retrieved 30 January 2015 .
^
Glubb, John Bagot (1 April 2014).
"Ibn Sa'ud" . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved 30 January 2015 .
References
Hart, Peter (2013). The Great War . Oxford: Oxford University Press.
ISBN
9780199976270 .
Theatres
Principal participants
Timeline
Pre-War conflicts Prelude Autumn 1914 Winter 1914 1915 1916
1917
1918 Co-belligerent conflicts Post-War conflicts
Aspects