Origins of the
Crusades are traceable to the combination of increased popularity of
Christian pilgrimage and aggressive behavior of the dominant Muslim populations of
Fatimids in Egypt and the
Seljuk Turks in the Levant.[33]
(Approximate). A hospital is opened in Jerusalem under the Benedictine
Blessed Gerard which later forms the basis of the
Knights Hospitaller, the Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem.[62]
15 December. Vizier
Nizam al-Mulk becomes the de facto ruler of the Seljuks after the assassination of
Alp Arslan.[72] He served under the under Arslan's 17-year-old son, sultan
Malik-Shah I.[73]
May. Under siege from Holy Roman Emperor
Henry IV since June 1083,
Gregory VII asks for help from the Normans under
Robert Guiscard. The emperor's forces are defeated by the Normans with an ensuing
Sack of Rome.[89]
14 May – 19 June. The Seljuk Turks under
Kilij Arslan surrender the city of
Nicaea, under their control since 1081, to the Byzantines after the Crusader
Siege of Nicaea.[130]
Late. Gesta Francorum (Deeds of the Franks), an anonymous chronicle covering the period from November 1095 until the
Battle of Ascalon, is written.[161]
A map of western
Anatolia, showing the routes taken by Christian armies in the
Crusade of 1101
(Date unknown). German historian
Albert of Aix writes his Historia Hierosolymitanae expeditionis (History of the Expedition to Jerusalem), an account of the
First Crusade,.[251]
28 April – 21 May. The Byzantine and Frankish forces were successful in their
Siege of Shaizar. The siege captured the city but not the citadel, and the emir became a vassal of Byzantium.[303]
27 April.
Eugene III extends the crusade to Iberia.[346] The first contingent of Crusaders depart from England, but bad weather forces them to stop in
Porto where they will aid the Portuguese.[347]
October. The Christian forces of the
Wendish Crusade led by
Anselm of Havelberg withdraw after the Danes are defeated and the crusade is abandoned by the Saxons.[356]
November. The remnants of the Germany army meets up with the French contingent at
Nicaea. A wounded
Conrad III of Germany departs for
Acre.[357]
The death of
Zengi in 1146 would give rise to an even more powered leader of the
Zengid dynasty, his son
Nūr-ad-Din who would come to dominate
Syria and, to some extent,
Egypt.[367]
(Date unknown).
Odo of Deuil, a French historian and participant in the Second Crusade as the chaplain to
Louis VII of France, writes his De profectione Ludovici VII in Orientem (On Louis VII's journey to the East).[376]
October. With the arrival of a crusading force under
Thierry of Flanders at Antioch, the combined Frankish army attacks
Shiazar whose citadel was held by the
Assassins. The city is later abandonded due to internal disputes among the Franks.[388]
10 December.
Saladin invades
Jerusalem besieges
Darum on the Mediterranean coast.
Amalric of Jerusalem withdraws his
Templar garrison from
Gaza to assist him in defending Darum. Saladin raises the siege and marches on Gaza, but is forced to retreat.[430]
31 December.
Saladin is successful in his
Siege of Ayla, attacking the fortress at
Aqaba, first captured by Jerusalem in 1116.[430]
(Date unknown). The
Order of Santiago (Order of Saint James of Compostela) is founded to defend Christianity and expel the Moors from Iberia.[431]
(Date unknown). German priest
John of Würzburg writes his Descriptio terrae sanctae (Description of the Holy Land) after his travels to the Levant.[432]
(Date unknown). Libellus de Locis Sanctis (Little Book of the Holy Places), travelogue for use by pilgrims on their travels to the Holy Land, is written.[438]
(Date unknown). Jewish Spaniard
Benjamin of Tudela writes The Travels of Benjamin, documenting his travels in 1166–1172 through Europe, Asia and Africa.[440]
(Date unknown). Byzantine historian
John Kinnamos writes his Epitome Historiarum (Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus), an extension of The Alexiad covering the years 1118–1176.[504]
20 September – 2 October.
Saladin's conquest over the Franks is complete with the
Siege of Jerusalem. The city was surrendered by
Balian of Ibelin with Christians allowed to leave after paying a ransom.[523]
As a result of his victory at Jerusalem, the rest of Palestine quickly fell to
Saladin. Many in the kingdom fled to
Tyre, and Saladin's subsequent attack at the
Siege of Tyre beginning in November 1187 was unsuccessful. The
siege of Belvoir Castle began the next month and this stronghold of the
Knights Hospitaller finally fell a year later. The
Siege of Laodicea and the
Siege of Sahyun Castle in July 1188 further solidified Saladin's gains. These gains were amplified by the
Siege of al-Shughur and the
Siege of Bourzey Castle in August 1188. The
Siege of Safed in late 1188 then completed Saladin's conquest of the Holy Land. At the same time, the forces of Western Europe were mobilizing for the
Third Crusade.[478]
Source material
Chronologies and timelines appear in print as follows.
A Chronology of the Crusades, covering the crusades from 1055–1456, by Timothy Venning.[527]
Chronology and Maps, covering 1095–1789, in The Oxford History of the Crusades, edited by Jonathan Riley-Smith.[529]
A Chronological Outline of the Crusades: Background, Military Expeditions, and Crusader States, covering 160–1798, in The Routledge Companion to the Crusades, by Peter Lock.[530]
The Crusades: A Chronology, covering 1096–1444, in The Crusades—An Encyclopedia, edited by Alan V. Murray.[531]
Chronologie de la première croisade 1094–1100, by
Heinrich Hagenmeyer. A day-by-day account of the First Crusade, cross-referenced to original sources.[538]
Chronologie de l'Histoire du Royaume de Jérusalem. Règne de Baudouin I (1101–1118), by Heinrich Hagenmeyer. In Revue de l'Orient Latin (ROL), Volumes 9–12.[539]
The History of the Holy War. An 1840 edition of The Historie of the Holy Warre, by
Thomas Fuller, that includes a complete chronology of the Crusades through 1299.[540]
The History of the Crusades, a translation of Histoire des Croisades by
Joseph François Michaud (translated by
William Robson), Covering the period 300–1095, the Crusades from 1096–1270, attempted Crusades against the Turks from 1291–1396, and Crusades against the Turks from 1453–1481.[71]
^Urban III allegedly collapsed when hear the news of the loss of Jerusalem, but
William of Newburgh believed that the pope died before he heard the news.[524]
^Arthur William Holland and Margaret Bryant (1911). "
Charlemagne". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 891–897.
^Francis Mershman (1912). "
Sts. Willibald and Winnebald". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
^Charles Moeller (1912). "
Order of Saint James of Compostela". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 13. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
^James Francis Loughlin (1907). "
Pope Alexander II". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company. pg. 286.
^James Edward Meakin and David McDowall Hannay (1911). "
Almoravides". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 717–718.
^Leonora Neville (2010b).
Battle of Dristra. Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology. pg. 549.
^H. E. J. Cowdrey (1977). “
The Mahdia Campaign of 1087.” The English Historical Review, Vol. 92, No. 362, pgs. 1–29.
^
abRichard Urban Butler (1912). "
Pope Bl. Urban II". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia.6. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
^Eduardo de Hinojosa y Naveros (1908). "
Bull of the Crusade". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
^Lewis 1969, pp. 99–134, The Ismā'īlites and the Assassins.
^
abErnest Barker (1911). "
Tancred (crusader)". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 394–395.
^Louis René Bréhier (1910). "
Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem (1099-1291)". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
^James F. Powers (2010).
Alfonso I of Aragon. Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology.
^Phillip von Kettenburg (1910). "
Lund". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
^Beazley, Raymond (1897). "
Sæwulf". In Dictionary of National Biography. 50. London. pgs. 113-114.
^Clifford E. Bosworth (1993). "
Muḥammad b. Malik-S̲h̲āh". In: The Encyclopaedia of Islam New Edition Online.
^Ernest Barker (1911). "
Raymond of Saint-Gilles". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 922.
^Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911).
Fulcher of Chartres. Encyclopædia Britannica. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 292.
^Charles Raymond Beazley (1911). "
Daniel of Kiev". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 808.
^Siege of Zaragoza (2010). Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology.
^Eduardo de Hinojosa y Naveros (1908). "
Bull of the Crusade". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
^Thomas Andrew Archer and Walter Alison Phillips (1911). "
Templars". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 591–600.
^Maximilian Otto Bismarck Caspari (1911). "
Manuel I, Comnenus". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 608–609.
^
abErnest Barker (1911). "
Baldwin III". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 246–247.
^
abcdChisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911).
Henry "The Lion".Encyclopædia Britannica. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 294–295.
^James Thomson Shotwell (1911). "
Louis VII of France". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 36.
^Father Marie Gildas (1907). "
St. Bernard of Clairvaux". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
^Thomas Andrew Archer (1889). "
Eleanor (1122–1204)". In Dictionary of National Biography. 17. London. pgs. 175–178.
^Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911).
Conrad III. Encyclopædia Britannica. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 966–967.
^Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911).
Frederick I, Roman Emperor. Encyclopædia Britannica. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 45–46.
^Charles Moeller (1907). "
Order of Aviz". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
^Arthur William Holland (1911). "
Otto of Freising". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 375–376.
^J. Phillips (2003) "Odo of Deuil's De profectione Ludovici VII in Orientem as a source for the Second Crusade", in M. Bull et al. (eds),
The Experience of Crusading, pgs. 80-95.
^James Francis Loughlin (1907). "
Pope Alexander III". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company, pg. 287.
^Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911).
Henry "The Lion".Encyclopædia Britannica. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 294–295.
^
abG. Wiet (1993).
al-ʿĀḍid li-Dīn Allā. In: Encyclopaedia of Islam New Edition Online.
^Charles Moeller (1912). "
Order of Saint James of Compostela". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia.13. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
^Charles Moeller (1907). "
Military Order of Alcántara". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company, pgs. 271–272.
Baldwin, Marshall W., ed. (1969a).
The First Hundred Years. Setton, Kenneth M. (ed.), A History of the Crusades, University of Wisconsin Press.
ISBN9780299048341.
Origins of the
Crusades are traceable to the combination of increased popularity of
Christian pilgrimage and aggressive behavior of the dominant Muslim populations of
Fatimids in Egypt and the
Seljuk Turks in the Levant.[33]
(Approximate). A hospital is opened in Jerusalem under the Benedictine
Blessed Gerard which later forms the basis of the
Knights Hospitaller, the Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem.[62]
15 December. Vizier
Nizam al-Mulk becomes the de facto ruler of the Seljuks after the assassination of
Alp Arslan.[72] He served under the under Arslan's 17-year-old son, sultan
Malik-Shah I.[73]
May. Under siege from Holy Roman Emperor
Henry IV since June 1083,
Gregory VII asks for help from the Normans under
Robert Guiscard. The emperor's forces are defeated by the Normans with an ensuing
Sack of Rome.[89]
14 May – 19 June. The Seljuk Turks under
Kilij Arslan surrender the city of
Nicaea, under their control since 1081, to the Byzantines after the Crusader
Siege of Nicaea.[130]
Late. Gesta Francorum (Deeds of the Franks), an anonymous chronicle covering the period from November 1095 until the
Battle of Ascalon, is written.[161]
A map of western
Anatolia, showing the routes taken by Christian armies in the
Crusade of 1101
(Date unknown). German historian
Albert of Aix writes his Historia Hierosolymitanae expeditionis (History of the Expedition to Jerusalem), an account of the
First Crusade,.[251]
28 April – 21 May. The Byzantine and Frankish forces were successful in their
Siege of Shaizar. The siege captured the city but not the citadel, and the emir became a vassal of Byzantium.[303]
27 April.
Eugene III extends the crusade to Iberia.[346] The first contingent of Crusaders depart from England, but bad weather forces them to stop in
Porto where they will aid the Portuguese.[347]
October. The Christian forces of the
Wendish Crusade led by
Anselm of Havelberg withdraw after the Danes are defeated and the crusade is abandoned by the Saxons.[356]
November. The remnants of the Germany army meets up with the French contingent at
Nicaea. A wounded
Conrad III of Germany departs for
Acre.[357]
The death of
Zengi in 1146 would give rise to an even more powered leader of the
Zengid dynasty, his son
Nūr-ad-Din who would come to dominate
Syria and, to some extent,
Egypt.[367]
(Date unknown).
Odo of Deuil, a French historian and participant in the Second Crusade as the chaplain to
Louis VII of France, writes his De profectione Ludovici VII in Orientem (On Louis VII's journey to the East).[376]
October. With the arrival of a crusading force under
Thierry of Flanders at Antioch, the combined Frankish army attacks
Shiazar whose citadel was held by the
Assassins. The city is later abandonded due to internal disputes among the Franks.[388]
10 December.
Saladin invades
Jerusalem besieges
Darum on the Mediterranean coast.
Amalric of Jerusalem withdraws his
Templar garrison from
Gaza to assist him in defending Darum. Saladin raises the siege and marches on Gaza, but is forced to retreat.[430]
31 December.
Saladin is successful in his
Siege of Ayla, attacking the fortress at
Aqaba, first captured by Jerusalem in 1116.[430]
(Date unknown). The
Order of Santiago (Order of Saint James of Compostela) is founded to defend Christianity and expel the Moors from Iberia.[431]
(Date unknown). German priest
John of Würzburg writes his Descriptio terrae sanctae (Description of the Holy Land) after his travels to the Levant.[432]
(Date unknown). Libellus de Locis Sanctis (Little Book of the Holy Places), travelogue for use by pilgrims on their travels to the Holy Land, is written.[438]
(Date unknown). Jewish Spaniard
Benjamin of Tudela writes The Travels of Benjamin, documenting his travels in 1166–1172 through Europe, Asia and Africa.[440]
(Date unknown). Byzantine historian
John Kinnamos writes his Epitome Historiarum (Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus), an extension of The Alexiad covering the years 1118–1176.[504]
20 September – 2 October.
Saladin's conquest over the Franks is complete with the
Siege of Jerusalem. The city was surrendered by
Balian of Ibelin with Christians allowed to leave after paying a ransom.[523]
As a result of his victory at Jerusalem, the rest of Palestine quickly fell to
Saladin. Many in the kingdom fled to
Tyre, and Saladin's subsequent attack at the
Siege of Tyre beginning in November 1187 was unsuccessful. The
siege of Belvoir Castle began the next month and this stronghold of the
Knights Hospitaller finally fell a year later. The
Siege of Laodicea and the
Siege of Sahyun Castle in July 1188 further solidified Saladin's gains. These gains were amplified by the
Siege of al-Shughur and the
Siege of Bourzey Castle in August 1188. The
Siege of Safed in late 1188 then completed Saladin's conquest of the Holy Land. At the same time, the forces of Western Europe were mobilizing for the
Third Crusade.[478]
Source material
Chronologies and timelines appear in print as follows.
A Chronology of the Crusades, covering the crusades from 1055–1456, by Timothy Venning.[527]
Chronology and Maps, covering 1095–1789, in The Oxford History of the Crusades, edited by Jonathan Riley-Smith.[529]
A Chronological Outline of the Crusades: Background, Military Expeditions, and Crusader States, covering 160–1798, in The Routledge Companion to the Crusades, by Peter Lock.[530]
The Crusades: A Chronology, covering 1096–1444, in The Crusades—An Encyclopedia, edited by Alan V. Murray.[531]
Chronologie de la première croisade 1094–1100, by
Heinrich Hagenmeyer. A day-by-day account of the First Crusade, cross-referenced to original sources.[538]
Chronologie de l'Histoire du Royaume de Jérusalem. Règne de Baudouin I (1101–1118), by Heinrich Hagenmeyer. In Revue de l'Orient Latin (ROL), Volumes 9–12.[539]
The History of the Holy War. An 1840 edition of The Historie of the Holy Warre, by
Thomas Fuller, that includes a complete chronology of the Crusades through 1299.[540]
The History of the Crusades, a translation of Histoire des Croisades by
Joseph François Michaud (translated by
William Robson), Covering the period 300–1095, the Crusades from 1096–1270, attempted Crusades against the Turks from 1291–1396, and Crusades against the Turks from 1453–1481.[71]
^Urban III allegedly collapsed when hear the news of the loss of Jerusalem, but
William of Newburgh believed that the pope died before he heard the news.[524]
^Arthur William Holland and Margaret Bryant (1911). "
Charlemagne". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 891–897.
^Francis Mershman (1912). "
Sts. Willibald and Winnebald". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
^Charles Moeller (1912). "
Order of Saint James of Compostela". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 13. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
^James Francis Loughlin (1907). "
Pope Alexander II". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company. pg. 286.
^James Edward Meakin and David McDowall Hannay (1911). "
Almoravides". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 717–718.
^Leonora Neville (2010b).
Battle of Dristra. Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology. pg. 549.
^H. E. J. Cowdrey (1977). “
The Mahdia Campaign of 1087.” The English Historical Review, Vol. 92, No. 362, pgs. 1–29.
^
abRichard Urban Butler (1912). "
Pope Bl. Urban II". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia.6. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
^Eduardo de Hinojosa y Naveros (1908). "
Bull of the Crusade". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
^Lewis 1969, pp. 99–134, The Ismā'īlites and the Assassins.
^
abErnest Barker (1911). "
Tancred (crusader)". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 394–395.
^Louis René Bréhier (1910). "
Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem (1099-1291)". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
^James F. Powers (2010).
Alfonso I of Aragon. Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology.
^Phillip von Kettenburg (1910). "
Lund". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
^Beazley, Raymond (1897). "
Sæwulf". In Dictionary of National Biography. 50. London. pgs. 113-114.
^Clifford E. Bosworth (1993). "
Muḥammad b. Malik-S̲h̲āh". In: The Encyclopaedia of Islam New Edition Online.
^Ernest Barker (1911). "
Raymond of Saint-Gilles". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 922.
^Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911).
Fulcher of Chartres. Encyclopædia Britannica. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 292.
^Charles Raymond Beazley (1911). "
Daniel of Kiev". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 808.
^Siege of Zaragoza (2010). Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology.
^Eduardo de Hinojosa y Naveros (1908). "
Bull of the Crusade". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
^Thomas Andrew Archer and Walter Alison Phillips (1911). "
Templars". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 591–600.
^Maximilian Otto Bismarck Caspari (1911). "
Manuel I, Comnenus". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 608–609.
^
abErnest Barker (1911). "
Baldwin III". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 246–247.
^
abcdChisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911).
Henry "The Lion".Encyclopædia Britannica. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 294–295.
^James Thomson Shotwell (1911). "
Louis VII of France". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 36.
^Father Marie Gildas (1907). "
St. Bernard of Clairvaux". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
^Thomas Andrew Archer (1889). "
Eleanor (1122–1204)". In Dictionary of National Biography. 17. London. pgs. 175–178.
^Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911).
Conrad III. Encyclopædia Britannica. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 966–967.
^Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911).
Frederick I, Roman Emperor. Encyclopædia Britannica. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 45–46.
^Charles Moeller (1907). "
Order of Aviz". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
^Arthur William Holland (1911). "
Otto of Freising". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 375–376.
^J. Phillips (2003) "Odo of Deuil's De profectione Ludovici VII in Orientem as a source for the Second Crusade", in M. Bull et al. (eds),
The Experience of Crusading, pgs. 80-95.
^James Francis Loughlin (1907). "
Pope Alexander III". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company, pg. 287.
^Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911).
Henry "The Lion".Encyclopædia Britannica. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 294–295.
^
abG. Wiet (1993).
al-ʿĀḍid li-Dīn Allā. In: Encyclopaedia of Islam New Edition Online.
^Charles Moeller (1912). "
Order of Saint James of Compostela". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia.13. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
^Charles Moeller (1907). "
Military Order of Alcántara". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company, pgs. 271–272.
Baldwin, Marshall W., ed. (1969a).
The First Hundred Years. Setton, Kenneth M. (ed.), A History of the Crusades, University of Wisconsin Press.
ISBN9780299048341.