Article Evaluation Teachers Without Borders
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Copyedit an Article - /info/en/?search=Theories_of_technology
Additionally, many authors have posed technology so as to critique and or emphasize aspects of technology as addressed by the mainline theories. For example, Steve Woolgar (1991) [7] considers technology as text in order to critique the sociology of scientific knowledge as applied to technology and to distinguish between three responses to that notion: the instrumental response (interpretive flexibility), the interpretivist response (environmental/organizational influences), the reflexive response (a double hermeneutic). Pfaffenberger (1992) [8] treats technology as drama to argue that a recursive structuring of technological artifacts and their social structure discursively regulate the technological construction of political power. A technological drama is a discourse of technological "statements" and "counterstatements" within the processes of technological regularization, adjustment, and reconstitution.
An important philosophical approach to technology has been taken by Bernard Stiegler [9], whose work has been influenced by other philosophers and historians of technology including Gilbert Simondon and André Leroi-Gourhan. In the Schumpeterian and Neo-Schumpeterian theories technologies are critical factors of economic growth ( Carlota Perez) [10].
Finally, there are theories of technology which are not defined or claimed by a proponent, but are used by authors in describing existing literature, in contrast to their own or as a review of the field.
For example, Markus and Robey (1988) [11] propose a general technology theory consisting of the causal structures of agency (technological, organizational, imperative, emergent), its structure (variance, process), and the level (micro, macro) of analysis.
Orlikowski (1992) [12] notes that previous conceptualizations of technology typically differ over scope (is technology more than hardware?) and role (is it an external objective force, the interpreted human action, or an impact moderated by humans?) and identifies three models:
DeSanctis and Poole (1994) similarly write of three views of technology's effects:
An integrated perspective (social technology): soft-line determinism, with joint social and technological optimization, structural symbolic interaction theory# .
Bimber (1998) [13] addresses the determinacy of technology effects by distinguishing between the:
Unintended consequences:# a fuzzy approach that is demonstrative that technology is contingent (e.g., a car is faster than a horse, but unbeknownst to its original creators become a significant source of pollution)
Systems theory – considers the historical development of technology and media with an emphasis on inertia and heterogeneity, stressing the connections between the artifact being built and the social, economic, political and cultural factors surrounding it. Key concepts include reverse salients when elements of a system lag in development with respect to others, differentiation, operational closure, and autopoietic autonomy. Key authors include Thomas P. Hughes (1992) and Luhmann (2000) [14].
Chose Option B
I consider both Academic Journal/Secondary sources because they are both written for an academic audience as well as both involved information based on other researchers information. For the first citation, it allowed me to have a better comprehension overall of the whole paragraph and what it was being meant by "operational closure and how it related to systems theory. Also, it gave me more background of how the term was created and how it ties in and relates to the next term "Autopoietic autonomy." For the second citation, once again I was feeling a little confused on how this was all in relation to the paragraph since these terms are not quite heard often. This article took me even more into dept about understanding autopoeisis better from learning about Maturana and Varela and once again gave a better and more clearer definition about operational disclosure on this article. So these two words were in read in the article which they were not cited so I questioned why would it be that way are they relevant to the article or I don't know they were just two things that seemed needed attention.
Overall, as a reader my main question is what is this article actually trying to argue, because at some point it seems it is arguing and in other sections just throwing information about theories and stating a few facts about them. It is not suppose to be an argument article according to Wikipedia rules, so I would just want to know more and understand more overall what is the whole purpose of the article. I understand a little of how the theories are broken down but I wish there was more background and facts about each theory, examples, etc. As a researcher, all I am really interested in doing and finding is more information and where can I find it, over all these theories of technology and learn more about them so it can help me understand this article better. In other words here we get the definitions of each theory and a small amount of facts about it but only from the key thinker who works that theory, so I need to research more about each theory and get different points of views overall of the whole technology article so I can relate things better to the article.
Search Terms:
Websites
Summary
The phrase/theory Technological information based on my website I found defines it as a theory connecting technology and society's nature. How is it that technology or to what limit does technology influence society's nature. There is no doubt there has been change throughout history due to technological determinism such as guns like stated in the website. So there are many results from this theory but is it technology controlling us or are we controlling technology to an extent and then technology takes over or do we humans have full control. Due to these questions or concerns is what draws more theories to be coming out such as Langdon Winner's theories, so this information all relates to the Wiki Article because it allows me to comprehend more in depth of why all these theories exist in the first place and how it all relates to society. When reading more about Technological Artifacts I can see how it is how a technology thing is made and what it is made to be in other words, I really enjoyed how in here I was even able to find more keywords that are in the Wiki Article such as normative and how it was being related to technological artifacts. They gave an example of a car explaining the functional description is normative and the physical description is non-normative and what is artifacts are showing in that overall vehicle and how they relate to technology. The fact that it is explaining to me more in depth about all these technological artifacts is what relates it a lot to the Wiki article because it really relates to all the analytical theories mentioned as well as others.
BEFORE Additional Information
AFTER Additional Information
Shields, M. A. (2012). Technology and Social Theory (review). Technology and Culture 53(4), 918-920. Johns Hopkins University Press. Retrieved May 6, 2019
I chose this image because it shows how these young women are into technology so it leaves me wondering which relates to the article, who dominates who? Does technology dominate society or does society/humans dominate technology. As the article Theories of Technology, shows several different theories from descriptive approach and critical approaches, that shows how society and technology relate and who has more domination of who. Now we know, through technology in our society it has created and given many more opportunities to society. Although, there are several different culture uses/views of technology they all come together and relate in one in the use of technology.
Add a Citation Exercise
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teaching_English_as_a_second_or_foreign_language
Students who are learning English as a second language are known as (ELLs) English language learners.
“Supporting English Learners in Texas.” English Language Learner - Bilingual/ESL, Texas Education Agency, www.elltx.org/bilingual_esl.html.
Article Evaluation Teachers Without Borders
![]() | This is a user sandbox of
Cxe016. You can use it for testing or practicing edits. This is not the sandbox where you should draft your assigned article for a dashboard.wikiedu.org course. To find the right sandbox for your assignment, visit your Dashboard course page and follow the Sandbox Draft link for your assigned article in the My Articles section. |
Copyedit an Article - /info/en/?search=Theories_of_technology
Additionally, many authors have posed technology so as to critique and or emphasize aspects of technology as addressed by the mainline theories. For example, Steve Woolgar (1991) [7] considers technology as text in order to critique the sociology of scientific knowledge as applied to technology and to distinguish between three responses to that notion: the instrumental response (interpretive flexibility), the interpretivist response (environmental/organizational influences), the reflexive response (a double hermeneutic). Pfaffenberger (1992) [8] treats technology as drama to argue that a recursive structuring of technological artifacts and their social structure discursively regulate the technological construction of political power. A technological drama is a discourse of technological "statements" and "counterstatements" within the processes of technological regularization, adjustment, and reconstitution.
An important philosophical approach to technology has been taken by Bernard Stiegler [9], whose work has been influenced by other philosophers and historians of technology including Gilbert Simondon and André Leroi-Gourhan. In the Schumpeterian and Neo-Schumpeterian theories technologies are critical factors of economic growth ( Carlota Perez) [10].
Finally, there are theories of technology which are not defined or claimed by a proponent, but are used by authors in describing existing literature, in contrast to their own or as a review of the field.
For example, Markus and Robey (1988) [11] propose a general technology theory consisting of the causal structures of agency (technological, organizational, imperative, emergent), its structure (variance, process), and the level (micro, macro) of analysis.
Orlikowski (1992) [12] notes that previous conceptualizations of technology typically differ over scope (is technology more than hardware?) and role (is it an external objective force, the interpreted human action, or an impact moderated by humans?) and identifies three models:
DeSanctis and Poole (1994) similarly write of three views of technology's effects:
An integrated perspective (social technology): soft-line determinism, with joint social and technological optimization, structural symbolic interaction theory# .
Bimber (1998) [13] addresses the determinacy of technology effects by distinguishing between the:
Unintended consequences:# a fuzzy approach that is demonstrative that technology is contingent (e.g., a car is faster than a horse, but unbeknownst to its original creators become a significant source of pollution)
Systems theory – considers the historical development of technology and media with an emphasis on inertia and heterogeneity, stressing the connections between the artifact being built and the social, economic, political and cultural factors surrounding it. Key concepts include reverse salients when elements of a system lag in development with respect to others, differentiation, operational closure, and autopoietic autonomy. Key authors include Thomas P. Hughes (1992) and Luhmann (2000) [14].
Chose Option B
I consider both Academic Journal/Secondary sources because they are both written for an academic audience as well as both involved information based on other researchers information. For the first citation, it allowed me to have a better comprehension overall of the whole paragraph and what it was being meant by "operational closure and how it related to systems theory. Also, it gave me more background of how the term was created and how it ties in and relates to the next term "Autopoietic autonomy." For the second citation, once again I was feeling a little confused on how this was all in relation to the paragraph since these terms are not quite heard often. This article took me even more into dept about understanding autopoeisis better from learning about Maturana and Varela and once again gave a better and more clearer definition about operational disclosure on this article. So these two words were in read in the article which they were not cited so I questioned why would it be that way are they relevant to the article or I don't know they were just two things that seemed needed attention.
Overall, as a reader my main question is what is this article actually trying to argue, because at some point it seems it is arguing and in other sections just throwing information about theories and stating a few facts about them. It is not suppose to be an argument article according to Wikipedia rules, so I would just want to know more and understand more overall what is the whole purpose of the article. I understand a little of how the theories are broken down but I wish there was more background and facts about each theory, examples, etc. As a researcher, all I am really interested in doing and finding is more information and where can I find it, over all these theories of technology and learn more about them so it can help me understand this article better. In other words here we get the definitions of each theory and a small amount of facts about it but only from the key thinker who works that theory, so I need to research more about each theory and get different points of views overall of the whole technology article so I can relate things better to the article.
Search Terms:
Websites
Summary
The phrase/theory Technological information based on my website I found defines it as a theory connecting technology and society's nature. How is it that technology or to what limit does technology influence society's nature. There is no doubt there has been change throughout history due to technological determinism such as guns like stated in the website. So there are many results from this theory but is it technology controlling us or are we controlling technology to an extent and then technology takes over or do we humans have full control. Due to these questions or concerns is what draws more theories to be coming out such as Langdon Winner's theories, so this information all relates to the Wiki Article because it allows me to comprehend more in depth of why all these theories exist in the first place and how it all relates to society. When reading more about Technological Artifacts I can see how it is how a technology thing is made and what it is made to be in other words, I really enjoyed how in here I was even able to find more keywords that are in the Wiki Article such as normative and how it was being related to technological artifacts. They gave an example of a car explaining the functional description is normative and the physical description is non-normative and what is artifacts are showing in that overall vehicle and how they relate to technology. The fact that it is explaining to me more in depth about all these technological artifacts is what relates it a lot to the Wiki article because it really relates to all the analytical theories mentioned as well as others.
BEFORE Additional Information
AFTER Additional Information
Shields, M. A. (2012). Technology and Social Theory (review). Technology and Culture 53(4), 918-920. Johns Hopkins University Press. Retrieved May 6, 2019
I chose this image because it shows how these young women are into technology so it leaves me wondering which relates to the article, who dominates who? Does technology dominate society or does society/humans dominate technology. As the article Theories of Technology, shows several different theories from descriptive approach and critical approaches, that shows how society and technology relate and who has more domination of who. Now we know, through technology in our society it has created and given many more opportunities to society. Although, there are several different culture uses/views of technology they all come together and relate in one in the use of technology.
Add a Citation Exercise
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teaching_English_as_a_second_or_foreign_language
Students who are learning English as a second language are known as (ELLs) English language learners.
“Supporting English Learners in Texas.” English Language Learner - Bilingual/ESL, Texas Education Agency, www.elltx.org/bilingual_esl.html.