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Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos | |
Latin: Academia S. Marci Vrbis Regvm in Perv | |
Former name | Royal and Pontifical University of the City of the Kings of Lima, University of Lima |
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Motto | Universidad del Perú, Decana de América |
Motto in English | University of Peru, Dean of the Americas |
Type | Public university |
Established | May 12, 1551 (473 years ago) |
Founder |
Charles I of Spain (founder) Tomás de San Martín (promoter) |
Affiliation | National Association of Public Universities of Peru, Association of National Universities of Peru, International Association of Universities, Iberoamerican Association of Postgraduate Universities, Organización Universitaria Interamericana, Red IDi, Association of Universities of Latin America and the Caribbean, Universia, Fudan-Latin America University Consortium, Red Peruana de Universidades Nacionales para la Internacionalización |
Endowment | PEN S/. 469,029,428 (FY 2013) [1] [2] |
Rector | Jeri Ramón Ruffner [3] |
Academic staff | 3315 (2017) [4] |
Students | 37 468 (2020) [4] [5] [6] [7] |
Undergraduates | 30 866 |
Postgraduates | 6 602 |
Location | Lima , 12°03′30″S 77°05′00″W / 12.05833°S 77.08333°W |
Campus | Urban, 170 acres (69 ha) |
Colors | Gold White |
Mascot | Lion |
Website | unmsm.edu.pe |
The National University of San Marcos (Spanish: Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, UNMSM) is a public research university located in Lima, the capital of Peru. At the continental level, it is the first officially established ( privilege by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor) and the oldest continuously operating university in the Americas, [8] which is why it appears in official documents and publications as "University of Peru, Dean University of the Americas". [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14]
The university had its beginnings in the general studies that were offered in the cloisters of the convent of the Rosario of the order of Santo Domingo —current Basilica and Convent of Santo Domingo— around 1548. Its official foundation was conceived by Fray Thomas de San Martín on May 12, 1551; with the decree of Emperor Charles I of Spain and V of the Holy Roman Empire, in 1571, it acquired the degree of pontifical granted by Pope Pius V with which it ended up being named as the "Royal and Pontifical University of the City of the Kings of Lima". [15] [16] Being recognized by the Spanish Crown as the first university in America officially founded by Real cédula, it is also referred to as the "University of Lima" throughout the Viceroyalty. [17] Throughout its history, the university had a total of four colleges under tutelage: the Colegio Real y Mayor de San Martín and the Colegio Real y Mayor de San Felipe y San Marcos, the Real Colegio de San Carlos —focused on law and letters, derived from the merger of the two previous ones—and the Royal College of San Fernando—focused on medicine and surgery—. In the times of emancipation, it acquired a main role in the formation of several of the leaders managing the independence of Peru. [18] After the proclamation of independence and during the republic, it maintains both colloquially and formally —in various treaties and documents historical—its name as "University of Lima" until 1946, the year in which its current name and denomination as National and Major University were made official. [19]
In its 471 years of operation, the University of San Marcos has passed through several locations, of which it maintains and stands out: the " Casona de San Marcos", a historic location of the university with more than 400 years of history —part of the area and of the list of buildings in the Historic Center of Lima that were recognized as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1988 [20] [21] [22] [23]—and that are currently the venue for the main cultural activities and the granting of high degrees by the university; the current premises of the "San Fernando" Faculty of Medicine, inaugurated in 1901 for the first medical school in the country; and the so-called " University City", which has been its main headquarters since 1960, where most of the faculties, the central library, the university stadium and the rectory are located, and most of the academic and research activities are carried out. All these premises are located in the Cercado de Lima. The University of San Marcos currently has 66 professional schools, [24] grouped into 20 faculties, [25] and these in turn in 5 academic areas, [26] being the Peruvian university that covers the largest number of university subjects. All faculties offer both undergraduate and postgraduate programs. It also has various centers, institutions, and dependencies; such as its cultural centers, museums, libraries, clinics, and university clinics, editorial fund, among others. In addition, through its "Domingo Angulo" historical archive, the university preserves documents and writings of great historical relevance dating from the 16th, 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries. In 2019, the "Colonial Fund and Foundational Documents of the National University of San Marcos: 1551–1852” was incorporated into the UNESCO Memory of the World Register, in recognition of its significance for the global collective memory. [27] [28]
The origin of the National University of San Marcos is also the origin of higher education in Peru and the Americas, which dates back to the General Studies carried out in the cloisters of the Convent of the Rosario of the Order of Santo Domingo—current Basilica and Convento de Santo Domingo—, near the Plaza de Armas in Lima around 1548, whose main objective was to satisfy the needs of the training and education of the clergy in the new territory conquered by the Spanish Empire. Subsequently, the Lima town council would send Fray Tomás de San Martín and Captain Juan Jerónimo de Aliaga to Spain, who —largely thanks to the efforts of the former— obtained the founding order of the university from Charles I of Spain and V of the Holy Roman Empire and Queen Juana I of Castile, daughter of the Catholic Monarchs, through the Royal Provision issued on May 12, 1551, in Valladolid. In this way, the foundation of the Royal University of the City of Kings, also referred to as the Royal University of Lima, was officially carried out. [29] [30] The reading also of the Royal Certificate, which officially authorizes the operation of the "University of Lima", indicates as a mission: "indoctrinate the residents of these lands in the Christian faith and submission to the King." With this principle, the university began to function officially on January 2, 1553, in the Chapter House of the Convent of Our Lady of the Rosary of the Order of Santo Domingo, under the direction of its first rector Fray Juan Bautista de la Roca; the initial chair was taught by Andrés Cianca and Corona Cosme Carrillo, under the supervision of the rector. [31]
The orientation, in principle strictly monastic, as well as the exclusivism and conservation of the Dominicans, and the continuous decrease in members of other congregations, gave rise to the Dominicans losing predominance and also generated a reaction on the part of lay teachers; the demand for greater openness led them to ask the Royal Court for compliance with the Royal decree of 1570, which provided for a free election of the rector by the teachers of the cloister. The claim fell on Viceroy Francisco Álvarez de Toledo who favored and ended the claim with the election of Pedro Fernández de Valenzuela on May 11, 1571, the first lay rector, and the significant change in the orientation of the university. The official status of the university is reaffirmed by the papal bull Exponi Nobis of Saint Pius V of July 25, 1571, after receiving the Royal Pass from the Council of the Indies; in it he avoided the ecclesiastical courts by declaring that "it absolves friars, readers, teachers, students and any of you from any and all censures, sentences and ecclesiastical penalties, for any reason and cause contracted", likewise the university acquires with this bull its pontifical degree, which is why it is renamed the Royal and Pontifical University of the City of the Kings of Lima. Produced this first reform, the university moved to its second location, near the outskirts of San Marcelo, where the Convent of the Order of Saint Augustine had previously operated. [29] On September 6, 1574, the official name of the university was chosen by lot —among the names of the four evangelists—, finally resulting in the official name of Royal and Pontifical University of San Marcos (Saint Mark), and therefore Mark the Evangelist as the patron saint of the University. [30] In 1575, the university changes its establishment again and is located in the old Plaza del Estanque, later called Plaza de la Inquisición, where the building of the Congress of Peru is currently located, [16] place where it would continue its operation throughout the time of the Viceroyalty of Peru. [31]
The officially named University of San Marcos, then also known as the "University of Lima", began its work in the viceregal era with the faculties of Theology and Arts, [32] later the canons of Law and Medicine would be created, however in the academic field the norms that governed in Spain were adopted, that is to say, it began its functions with the teaching of Philosophy as the basis for any other higher study. On July 7, 1579, the «Chair of the General Language of the Indians» was established for the study of the most widespread family of Andean languages among the natives during the Inca Empire and the Viceroyalty of Peru: Quechua; its first professor was Juan de Balboa. [33] On November 27, 1579, the professors asked King Philip II for the institution of jurisdiction that governed the University of Salamanca, a medieval legal figure —an antecedent of the current university autonomy— that empowered the rector so that, with the exclusion of the ordinary courts, had civil and criminal jurisdiction over the members of the faculty. In 1581, and after the absolute presence of lay rectors between 1571 and 1581, Viceroy Francisco Álvarez de Toledo authorized clerics and laymen could be elected; Thus, both sectors alternately governed the University of San Marcos, during the colonial period, until 1820. [34]
The support for the secularization of the University of San Marcos given by Viceroy Francisco Álvarez de Toledo and for the institution of the jurisdiction exercised by its rector, and also exercised by the rector of the Royal Convictory of San Carlos, founded on July 7, 1770, They were the decisive factors that led the university community, students and professors, towards the realization of the Bolognese ideal that conceived the university as a space of freedom. In this way, the intellectual climate that made it possible to question and criticize the colonial system began to emerge. [17] Between 1792 and 1811, the anatomical amphitheater and medicine chairs began to develop in the historic location of the Royal Hospital of San Andrés. At that time, both the University of San Marcos and the College of Law and Letters of San Carlos and the College of Medicine of San Fernando — later incorporated into it — began to be carefully watched by the Viceroy, due to the fact that they house professors and students suspected of envisioning and managing the end of the colonial regime and the emergence of what is today the Peruvian Republic. [35] Presumably it was the privileges enjoyed by both the university and the convictory, which allowed the entry of Enlightenment thought into its cloisters, thus the theoretical and ideological doctrinal approaches of emancipation arose within it. In 1813, during the administration of Viceroy José Fernando de Abascal, the “San Fernando” Faculty of Medicine's name was established in homage to King Ferdinand VII of Spain, in Plaza de Santa Ana —today Plaza Italia— in the premises occupied by the Ministry of Government, the faculty was formed based on the College of Medicine of the same name that was located in the Plaza del Estanque. [36] Throughout its history, the university had a total of four colleges under its tutelage: the Colegio Real y Mayor de San Martín and the Colegio Real y Mayor de San Felipe y San Marcos, the Real Colegio de San Carlos —focused on law and letters, derived from the merger of the two previous ones—and the Royal College of San Fernando—focused on medicine and surgery—.
In the times of emancipation, the university acquires a main role in the formation of several of the main managing leaders of the independence of Peru. [18] From the legal point of view in relation to property, the University of San Marcos, which belonged to the monarchical State, became part of the young Republic of Peru since its independence in 1821. The First Constituent Congress of Peru, which defined the new Peruvian Republic as a reality and as a project, was initially chaired by the former rector of the University of San Marcos, Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza; Of the 64 constituent deputies, 54 were San Marcos' alumnus and Carolines'; and the place where this great assembly met was the Chapel of the University of San Marcos. [30] [37] Today, the Congress of the Republic of Peru continues to function in that same location. In 1822 the university hands over its collection of 50,000 books to form the newly founded National Library of Peru. In 1840, the Colleges of San Carlos and San Fernando are taken over by the University of San Marcos. During the government of Ramón Castilla, San Marcos was officially empowered by the president to approve new universities and control the newly created ones. [35] Throughout the 19th century, the premises of the University of San Marcos abandoned its academic functions, becoming more regular as a space for meetings of the Chamber of Deputies and the Congress of the Republic. The absence of care and the partial abandonment of their university functions led to a gradual deterioration of their environments. It is in this context of the end of the 19th century that the university completely donates its premises to the then still young Congress of the Republic of Peru. [30]
The exponential growth of the city during the industrial revolution of the 19th century, in addition to the efforts of the then President of Peru Manuel Pardo to improve the city's architecture and urban planning during the 1870s, forced the university to move to a new campus adjacent to the former Jesuit monastery where the Royal Convictory of San Carlos resided —currently, this is called the "Casona of the University Park" or simply the " Casona of San Marcos"—. In those years, San Marcos was already considered the tutelary nucleus of scientific and cultural institutions during the Viceroyalty and the nascent Republic; To this was added the fact that its professors, graduates, and even students were part of missions that created various Hispanic American universities. [31] In 1878, during the government of Manuel Pardo, the General Regulation of Public Instruction was issued, instituting the concept of major and minor universities, the first title corresponding to San Marcos and the second to the universities of Arequipa and Cusco. During the War of the Pacific and specifically during the occupation of Lima by Chilean troops, art and cultural objects and assets were taken from the university in order to be taken to Chile by sea. [30] At the end of the 19th century, the “San Fernando" Faculty of Medicine, which was located in a building in the old Plaza de Santa Ana —today Plaza Italia—, moved to its current location in the Orchard of Mestas, that of the historic premises on Avenida Grau, Barrios Altos in the historic center of Lima. [36] Once the war ended, by law of 1901 it is stated that Peruvian university education corresponds to the National University of San Marcos and the minor universities of Trujillo, Cusco, and Arequipa, which were later joined by the Catholic University of Lima and technical schools. [35]
At the beginning of the 20th century, university activists promoted a reform within the University of San Marcos; this effort transcended the limits of the university and became a reflection of a great social movement in Peru. [31] The university reform planned access to education for the middle and popular classes, which until then had a minority presence in San Marcos. These ideals began a long tradition of student activism at the university and altered the Peruvian political landscape. In 1909 the students of the University of San Marcos had active participation in protests against the Peruvian dictatorial governments. In 1916 the Federation of Students of Peru (FEP) was established, led mainly by students from San Marcos. The FEP's demands included university reforms such as updating curricula, removing untrained faculty and eliminating Peruvian government interference in the university. During the government of President Augusto Leguía, the university educational system was reorganized and university autonomy was granted. [38] In 1928, Herbert Hoover, 31st President of the United States, visited Peru. In his speech during the banquet offered by Peruvian President Augusto B. Leguía, the American president highlighted Lima as a "center of civilization" and the Major University of San Marcos as the "dean of knowledge". [39]
From the colonial era, through independence and the republic until 1946, the university was referred to both colloquially and formally —in various treaties and historical documents— as "University of Lima"; [30] that year its name was made official as the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, a name that remains to this day. Between the 1950s and 1960s, the influx of more middle-class students at the University of San Marcos led the government to emphasize and create scientific and university research areas. In 1951, as a commemoration of the 400th anniversary of the founding of the University of San Marcos, the university acquires a new piece of land to build the new University City, where the Stadium of the University of San Marcos was inaugurated that same year. On the occasion of the quadricentennial, a ceremony was also held that brought together the rectors of the main Ibero-American universities, who decided to give her the title and recognition of "Dean of America". Due to this —and also given its primacy in the country— the university has since retained the names of the University of Peru and the Dean of the Americas. [6] In 1958, a significant incident occurs during the visit of then Vice President Richard Nixon, [40] [41] [42] who would later become the 37th president of the United States and also the first president to resign after the Watergate scandal. Nixon had scheduled a conference at the University of San Marcos as part of his visit to Latin America, however, this did not take place due to the protest of San Marcos, who spoke out against US policy in the region with phrases such as: Nixon, Go Home!. [43] [44] [45] Given the incident, the conference was transferred to the Catholic University of Lima, where Nixon had a particularly bad reception. [41]
In the mid-1960s, due to the need for even more space, several faculties of the university began to move to the Ciudad Universitaria site, where 17 of the 20 faculties of the university are currently located. [46] This new campus is located in an area that housed archaeological complexes of the Maranga Culture, these were restored and protected —as in the case of Huaca San Marcos—, after having been partially destroyed during the construction of Av. Venezuela in the 1940s. In 1969, the system of organization by academic departments —today academic schools— was also introduced. [47] On September 22, 1984, the current statute of the university was promulgated. With nearly 40,000 students and more than 4,000 faculty, the university offers undergraduate studies in 65 areas, master's degrees in 77, and doctorates in 27, making it the largest academic offer in the country today. It currently has 20 faculties grouped into 6 main blocks, its academic departments publish several specialized journals and it operates 3 important museums in Lima as well as research institutes. [48] [49] According to UNESCO criteria and indicators, the University of San Marcos is the only university in Peru that covers the various areas of knowledge such as pure sciences, human sciences, historical-social sciences, health sciences, economic-business sciences, and techniques and engineering. [6] [50]
Currently, despite the budget limitations in the Peruvian university system, the University of San Marcos is considered the most important and representative Peruvian institution of higher education due to its "tradition, prestige, quality, and admission selectivity", being also recognized as the institution with the highest scientific production in Peru. [51] [52]
It has been considered the best in Peru according to university rankings such as that of the National Assembly of Rectors of Peru in 2006, which was sponsored by UNESCO, [51] the 2010, 2011 and 2012 University Ranking by Academic Performance [53] [54] [55] produced by the URAP Center, the 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 of the QS World University Rankings, [56] [57] [58] [59] the SIR World Report prepared by SCImago Research Center in 2009, 2010 and 2011; the 2020 and 2022 Scopus national scientific production ranking, [60] [61] the University Web Ranking by 4ICU of 2015 and 2016, [62] [63] and the world ranking of Webometrics universities of the Spanish National Research Council for 2011-I, 2012-I, and 2021, [64] [65] [66] [67] [68] [69] in which it was located in the 1st place.
In addition, it has a 10-year institutional license granted by the National Superintendence of Higher University Education (SUNEDU) and international institutional accreditations that certify its academic and administrative quality. [70]
Different influential Peruvians and Latin Americans have left their classrooms; [71] all acknowledging and valuing the high level of teaching of the university as the main educational entity in the country, as well as highlighting the active and important intellectual participation that the university and its students had throughout the history of Peru. [72] The University of San Marcos has been referred to many times as a reflection of Peru for having manifested and been part of the limitations and problems that eventually affected the country, however, the diversity and preparation of its students is recognized. [73]
In 2010, the Nobel Prize was awarded to a Peruvian for the first time, Mario Vargas Llosa, was awarded this distinction. [74] [75] Vargas Llosa is one of the most illustrious students that the University of San Marcos has had, [76] [77] [78] [79] [80] [81] in this sense, the university awarded him the title of Doctor honoris causa in 2001. As a tribute for obtaining the Nobel Prize, on March 30, 2011, within the framework of the celebrations for its 460th anniversary, the University of San Marcos distinguished Vargas Llosa with his highest decoration: the San Marcos Medal of Honor in the degree of Grand Cross; He also created a chair that bears his name and opened a museum room about the writer and his years in his alma mater. The ceremony was held in the "Casona de San Marcos" and was attended by intellectuals from San Marcos who have also been colleagues, friends and teachers of Vargas Llosa. [82] [83] [84] [85] [86] [87] [88] [89] In 2018, the Meritorious Society Founders of Independence recognized the National University of San Marcos as a Meritorious institution by virtue of its participation, value, and historical significance in the construction and defense of Peru, also placing the university's banner in the Hall of the Heroes. [90] In 2019, the university awards, for the first time in its modern history, a doctoral degree based on a thesis written and defended entirely in Quechua, thus marking a historic milestone for the development of research in Native American languages in the country and the region. [91] [92] [93] [94] [95] [96]
About the importance of the University of San Marcos in the history of Peru and America, the Liberator Simón Bolívar said the day he received the degree of Doctor Honoris Causa: [37]
«Gentlemen, when I stepped on the threshold of this Sanctuary of Sciences, I felt overwhelmed with respect and fear and seeing myself in the very heart of the wise men of the famous University of San Marcos, I see myself humiliated among aged men in the tasks of deep and useful meditations and elevated with such justice to the high rank they occupy in the scientific world. Naked of knowledge and without any merit, your kindness freely decorates me with a distinction that is the end and the reward of whole years of continuous studies. Gentlemen: I will forever mark this beautiful day of my life. I will never forget that I belong to the wise Academy of San Marcos. I will try to approach its worthy members, and as many minutes as I have after completing the duties to which I am contracted for now, I will use them in making efforts to reach, if not the summit of the sciences in which you find yourselves, at least in imitating you.»
About the importance of the University of San Marcos as the oldest Pan American university institution, Albert Einstein expressed when receiving the degree of Doctor Honoris Causa in the framework of the 400th anniversary of the university commemorated in 1951: [97] [98] [99] [100] [101]
Einstein to San Marcos | |
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Images | |
Manuscript in german by Albert Einstein in gratitude to the UNMSM (courtesy: HUJI) | |
Audio | |
Audio of Albert Einstein in gratitude to the UNMSM (courtesy: HUJI) |
«It is a great pleasure for me to give my heartfelt thanks to my colleagues at the University of San Marcos for the distinction they have awarded me. Your action shows that the oldest American institution of higher education has preserved the supra-national character of the University. Now more than ever we have reason to appreciate this spirit. The institution of the university is based on the idea of the universality of the research domain, striving to obtain truths free of extraneous purposes, intentions, or prejudices; striving for the universality of spirit without restrictions for national or political reasons, of another kind. In short, what matters is striving for the universality of mind and spirit. It is no secret that we have been much more successful in developing the mind than in developing the personality. Apparently, even the quest for knowledge is threatened by the lack of people of the truly universal spirit. If universities remain faithful to their fundamental mission, they can contribute significantly to the solution of the crises that threaten us today."
About the importance of the University of San Marcos, Mario Vargas Llosa, Nobel Prize for Literature 2010, said the day he was decorated by his alma mater: [89]
«The San Marcos years were fundamental for me from an intellectual point of view, from my literary training and also from my civic training. I have never regretted having entered the University of San Marcos and having spent six years here. [...] San Marcos had been throughout its history a dissatisfied, rebellious institution, where they had dreamed of a different future for our country. It must not be forgotten that the great intellectual figures of Peru have come out of this university, figures that both in the scientific domains and in the humanities have represented the cream of our country. [...] San Marcos is an ancient institution, as Arguedas said, antiquity is a value, and one of the Peruvian values is this university, the oldest in America, always a focus on extraordinary science, intellectual work, research, creation, and also an institution that has fought incessantly for freedom, for a better world than the one we have, for a world of greater equality, of greater opportunities, of greater tolerance, a world without violence, without repression, a world that is somehow equal to the best things that our country has given throughout history.»
The National University of San Marcos, founded on May 12, 1551, is the oldest university in the Americas, being the university that has been in continuous operation for the longest time since its foundation, and the only one of the American universities founded during the 16th century. to remain in operation without permanent closure from then to the present. [16] [35] [102] The continuous operation is relevant when observing the cases of several universities founded in the colonial era that were finally closed during the Spanish-American wars of independence or due to internal conflicts. Due to its age and continuity, and on the occasion of the four hundredth anniversary of its foundation, in 1951 a ceremony was held that brought together the rectors of the main Ibero-American universities, who decided to give it the title and recognition of "Dean of the Americas". [72]
Regarding the primacy of a university in America, there are two universities that can receive this distinction:
It is important to mention that both the University of San Marcos and the University of Santo Tomás de Aquino —and by extension the Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico— began to function as general studies and to deliver degrees on undetermined dates before becoming official as universities, the reason for which it is necessary for historians to establish starting points for the origin of the first universities in America, these being the documents with which the foundation of each university was authorized. The legal and real validity of each document remains in debate, as well as the results of future historical-legal research on the emergence of the university and higher education in America.
Since its foundation in 1551, the University of San Marcos has had various institutional symbols, among which the following stand out: [105]
«Firstly, it is established and ordered that this university have a major and minor seal with which to seal the titles of the graduates in it and the editions and letters, which are in the power of the rector who may be, in a small box under two keys that the one have the rector and the other the secretary because nothing can be sealed without both. [...] And have said seals have the arms and insignia of this university sculpted in such a way that they can be printed on what is to be sealed, which is a coat of arms placed in a partition divided from top to bottom and that on the bottom it does a cornet in the manner of the royal arms in which the garanada is, in which there is a file on the right side in the middle of the shield there will be a San Marcos writing and the lion together with him who is patron of this university, chosen by luck among many other saints and doctors of the church, and in the other half of the left hand, there will be the sea below and from it the two columns with the plux ultra that are the emblem of the new world and on top of them the three crowns and the star of the wise men, which are the arms of this city, and on top of the entire shield, this is a laureate head, with a garland, from which two cornucopias come out of the mouth on each side the tunic, the size of the top of the shield and around it is a letter saying: Academia Sancti Marci Urbis Regum in Peru; in gothic letters.»
Adelante San Marcos glorioso adelante tú siempre estarás, porque nadie ha podido vencerte y jamás nadie te vencerá. (bis) |
Es tu nombre un timbre de orgullo Tradición de nobleza y de honor, Siempre grande, siempre limpia tu bandera muy alto estará. |
Sanmarquinos unidos por siempre en tan grande y profunda misión, levantemos muy alto la frente Convencidos de nuestro valor. |
The National University of San Marcos also mentions other symbolic documents for the university. Among them are the Royal Certificate by which King Charles I of Spain authorized the foundation of the university in 1551, and the Quipu found in the Huaca San Marcos, both remain in the custody of the university as documents and materials of high historical value. [105]
The University of San Marcos was originally governed by clerics of monastic orders; during the Age of Enlightenment, the Bourbon Reforms transformed it into a secular institution, which continues to this day.
Currently, the governing bodies of the university are:
The government and administration of the faculties and schools are in charge of the Deans and the School Directors, respectively. [113] In addition, the postgraduate units of each faculty are in charge of their respective directors, with the Director of the Graduate School as the general director. [114]
Admission for undergraduate studies is mainly through an entrance examination. Although there are ways to carry out a special exam in the case of transfers, foreigners, first places in schools, and for the disabled, the most required type of exam is the ordinary one that is carried out twice a year: in March and in September. The entrance exam of the National University of San Marcos is considered the most rigorous admission exam for undergraduate studies in Peru, being statistically the most selective at the national level; This is mainly due to its difficulty and the large number of applicants that the university has. Precisely, this is expressed in the very strong competition that is generated in the admission of new students, with approximately 60,000 applicants per year for around 6,000 vacancies —divided into two admission processes: March and September, and which includes applicants who take the ordinary general exam and/or the pre-university center exam—, the selectivity ratio in admission being approximately 10%. Since 2016, the new evaluation method for each admission contest is the application of the cognitive skills test to the applicants (Test DECO®), which seeks that the applicants demonstrate ability and critical reasoning, before theorizing and memorizing when responding to different topics evaluated. It consists of an evaluation of 100 questions −30 of skills (5 in English language) and 70 of knowledge- which lasts three hours. [115] [116] In the case of postgraduate studies, both for master's degrees, specializations and doctorates, admission is made through enrollment in the Postgraduate School of the University of San Marcos. As there are a limited number of vacancies, an admission exam is carried out that is prepared and graded by a special jury according to the area of study to which it is applied. There is also high competition in this process. In 2020, after the suspension of the first admission exam on March 12, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and after spending more than 6 months without applying it, [117] the University Council decided to approve the application of the online admission exam, being the first of its kind in the history of the university, on October 2 and 3 of that same year. [118]
The University of San Marcos has 20 faculties grouped into 5 academic areas, in which 65 undergraduate programs, 77 master's degrees, and 27 doctorates are offered; Thus, it is the university with the largest number of study programs, both for undergraduate and postgraduate courses, in Peru. Currently, the organization of the university by academic areas is supervised by its Undergraduate Academic Vice-rectorate.
The area of Health Sciences is made up of the following faculties:
The following table lists the faculties that makeup area A, as well as the professional schools that make it up:
Academic area | Faculty | Department | Undergraduate | Postgraduate | Other | |||
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BA/BS | Lic. | MA/MS | Dr./PhD | Dip. | Spec. | |||
A: HEALTH SCIENCES | 01.
Faculty of Human Medicine |
01.1. Human Medicine | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ |
01.2. Obstetrics | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
01.3. Nursing | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
01.4.1. Medical Technology: Clinical Laboratory and Pathological Anatomy 01.4.2. Medical Technology: Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation 01.4.3. Medical Technology: Radiology 01.4.4. Medical Technology: Occupational Therapy |
✔ | ✔ | ||||||
01.5. Nutrition | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
04.
Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry |
04.1. Pharmacy and Biochemistry | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |
04.2. Food Science | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
04.3. Toxicology | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
05.
Faculty of Dentistry |
05.1. Odontology | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |
08.
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine |
08.1. Veterinary Medicine | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |
18.
Faculty of Psychology |
18.1. Psychology | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |
18.2. Organizational Psychology and Human Management | ✔ | ✔ |
The Basic Sciences area is made up of the following faculties:
The following table lists the faculties that makeup area B, as well as the professional schools that make it up:
Academic area | Faculty | Department | Undergraduate | Postgraduate | Other | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BA/BS | Lic. | MA/MS | Dr./PhD | Dip. | Spec. | |||
B: BASIC SCIENCES | 07. Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering | 07.1. Chemistry | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ |
10. Faculty of Biological Sciences | 10.1. Biological Sciences | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |
10.2. Genetics and Biotechnology | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
10.3. Microbiology and Parasitology | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
13. Faculty of Physical Sciences | 13.1. Physics | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |
14. Faculty of Mathematical Sciences | 14.1. Math | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |
14.2. Statistics | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
14.3. Operative investigation | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
14.4. Scientific Computing | ✔ | ✔ |
The Engineering area is made up of the following faculties:
The following table lists the faculties that makeup area C, as well as the professional schools that make it up:
Academic area | Faculty | Department | Undergraduate | Postgraduate | Other | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BA/BS | Lic. | MA/MS | Dr./PhD | Dip. | Spec. | |||
C: INGENIERÍAS | 07. Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering | 07.2. Chemical engineering | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ |
07.3. Agroindustrial engineering | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
13. Faculty of Physical Sciences | 13.2. Mechanical Engineering of Fluids | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |
16. Faculty of Geological, Mining, Metallurgical, and Geographical Engineering | 16.1. Geological Engineering | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |
16.2. Geographical Engineering | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
16.3. Mining Engineering | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
16.4. Metallurgical Engineering | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
16.5. Civil Engineering | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
16.6. Environmental engineering | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
17.
Faculty of Industrial Engineering |
17.1. Industrial Engineering | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |
17.2. Textile Engineering | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
17.3. Occupational Health and Safety Engineering | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
19. Faculty of Electronic and Electrical Engineering | 19.1. Electronic Engineering | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |
19.2. Electric engineering | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
19.3. Telecommunications Engineering | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
19.4. Biomedical engineering | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
20. Faculty of Systems Engineering and Informatics | 20.1. Systems engineer | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |
20.2. Software Engineering | ✔ | ✔ |
The area of Economics and Management Sciences is made up of the following faculties:
The following table lists the faculties that makeup area D, as well as the professional schools that make it up:
Academic area | Faculty | Department | Undergraduate | Postgraduate | Other | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BA/BS | Lic. | MA/MS | Dr./PhD | Dip. | Spec. | |||
D: ECONOMIC AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES | 09.
Faculty of Administrative Sciences |
09.1. Business Administration | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ |
09.2. Tourism Administration | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
09.3. International Business management | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
11. Faculty of Accounting Sciences | 11.1. Accounting | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |
11.2. Tax management | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
11.3. Business and Public Audit | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
12.
Faculty of Economic Sciences |
12.1. Economics | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |
12.2. Public Economics | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
12.3. International economics | ✔ | ✔ |
The area of Humanities and Legal and Social Sciences is made up of the following faculties:
The following table lists the faculties that makeup area E, as well as the professional schools that make it up:
Academic area | Faculty | Department | Undergraduate | Postgraduate | Other | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BA/BS | Lic. | MA/MS | Dr./PhD | Dip. | Spec. | |||
E: HUMANITIES, AND LEGAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES | 03. Faculty of Letters and Human Sciences | 03.1. Literature | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ |
03.2. Philosophy | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
03.3. Linguistics | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ||
03.4. Social Communication | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ||
03.5. History of Art | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
03.6. Librarianship and Information Sciences | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
03.7. Dance | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
03.8. Conservation and restoration | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
06. Faculty of Education | 06.1.1. Initial education 06.1.2. Primary education 06.1.3.1. Secondary Education: English and Spanish 06.1.3.2. Secondary Education: Language and Literature 06.1.3.3. Secondary Education: History and Geography 06.1.3.4. Secondary Education: Philosophy, Tutoring and Social Sciences 06.1.3.5. Secondary Education: Mathematics and Physics 06.1.3.6. Secondary Education: Biology and Chemistry |
✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |
06.2. Physical education | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
02. Faculty of Law and Political Science | 02.1. Law | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |
02.2. Politic Science | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
15. Faculty of Social Sciences | 15.1. History | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |
15.2. Sociology | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
15.3. Anthropology | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ||
15.4. Archeology | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ||
15.5. Social Work | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ||
15.6. Geography | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ |
Since its foundation, the University of San Marcos has passed through five different main locations, having two main transfers during the 16th century, one in the mid-19th century, and the last one in the mid-20th century: [153]
Since 1966, the University City of the National University of San Marcos, generally known as "University City of Lima" or simply "University City", is the main campus of the National University of San Marcos and the focal point of Universitary Av. — by giving this its name and for being the point from which this road expands both north and south. Its main entrances are located at Universitaria Av., Venezuela Av., Germán Amézaga Av. and Óscar Benavides Av.—formerly Colonial Av.—, in the Lima District. In the University City of the National University of San Marcos the main administrative facilities of the university are located, such as the rectory. In it are located 17 of the 20 faculties of the University of San Marcos, the central library, the Stadium of the University of San Marcos, the university gymnasium, the dining room of the University City and one of the university residences. In addition, the City includes the archaeological complex of Huaca San Marcos, which is preserved and studied by students and researchers from San Marcos. [154]
Since 2007, road works have been carried out outside the University City. The works imposed by the former mayor Luis Castañeda of the Metropolitan Municipality of Lima were widely questioned by the students, due to the fact that he intended to mutilate almost 29,000 square meters of the campus, and because the construction of a ring road would imply the disappearance of areas green areas and part of the buffer zone necessary for academic activities on campus. In 2008, specialists from the National University of Engineering and the CDL-College of Engineers of Peru joined the timely student request for the reformulation of the municipal works, pointing out that these works were oversized, that they lacked support enough technicians and that there were other options for traffic flows in the area. Currently, the works are paralyzed by a precautionary measure from the National Institute of Culture (INC), after verifying that these works damaged part of the cultural heritage in the Huaca San Marcos. Once the management of former mayor Luis Castañeda has ended, an agreement is expected between the new management of mayoress Susana Villarán and the university, which means a better benefit for both parties and for the neighbors, preserving the integrity of the Huaca San Marcos, conserving the buffer zone and green areas of the campus, and not incurring in unjustified and badly designed constructions. In January 2011, the new municipal management recognized that the ring road was unnecessary, agreeing with the position of the University of San Marcos, which was supported by the evaluations of specialists from the College of Engineers of Peru and the National University of Engineering. Representatives of the university took this news in the best way, pending a conciliation and agreement to adjust the work for the university population and the Lima commune. [155] [156]
Since 1768 the university sought to establish —in addition to the collections of each faculty— a central library, however, this would not come to fruition until 1871. Looted during the Chilean occupation during the War of the Pacific, at the beginning of the 20th a modernization process undertaken by the librarian Pedro Zulen and the Peruvian historian Jorge Basadre, a process that achieved the total reorganization and cataloging of the existing titles. [154] [157] The current "Pedro Zulen" Central Library of the university is the culmination of various computerization and modernization projects. The central library works in a 19,800 m² building, making it the largest university library in Peru and one of the largest in Latin America. It is made up of four buildings linked together, has five levels, and is located in the Civic Plaza of the university campus.
The building has the capacity to serve 2,500 users simultaneously. It has a multifunctional stage, 400 seats, and various high-tech systems that allow surveillance by video cameras, Internet connection, videoconference systems, multimedia projectors, radio links, and professional audio and sound equipment. The library has all its automated processes, such as those related to the acquisition of university publications, as well as the cataloging and classification of the texts and resources offered by the library. The university seeks to digitize all the information of national origin found in the library through its virtual library service, thus in the medium term it would include collections of newspapers and magazines —dating back to the 18th century—, books by renowned Peruvian authors and important works that, due to their small number or being unique copies, are of restricted use. The Central Library "Pedro Zulen", under the auspices of UNESCO, leads the initiative to develop and implement digitalization and electronic publication processes in the area of these and other documents, using international standards such as OAI-PMH, TEI Lite, Dublin Core, ETD-MS, XML, among others. This initiative which has received the name of Cybertesis of the University of San Marcos is currently the largest repository in Peru. [154] [158]
Each one of the faculties of the National University of San Marcos has its own specialized library in the study areas of each faculty, these are connected to each other through the Library System (SISBIB) of the university. Currently, in addition to the library system, the University of San Marcos has the "Pedro Zulen" Central Library, which includes most of the university's titles, and which directs the main activity of SISBIB. [154] In addition to the central library and the libraries of each faculty located in the University City, the SISBIB is also in charge of four specialized libraries located like other university dependencies: Spain Library of the Arts, Library "Raúl Porras Barrenechea Institute", Library of the Museum of Natural History "Javier Prado", and Library-Museum "Temple-Radicati". [159]
The current San Marcos University Clinic, inaugurated in February 1998 by reorganizing the previous clinical offices, is located within the university campus. At this health center, care is provided to students, retirees, teachers, administrative staff and the neighboring community, performing operations and other emergency cases due to trauma, burns, and serious injuries. It provides pharmacy, radiology, respiratory disease care, diabetes screening, AIDS screening, psychology, dentistry, gynecology, cosmetic surgery, etc. [154] [160] Regularly carries out, in conjunction with other institutions, vaccination, blood donation and sexual education campaigns. [161]
The University of San Marcos has two residence halls for its two main campuses:
The Stadium of the National University of San Marcos, officially known as the "Colossus of America", is located practically in the center of the University City. Its main accesses are through the block 5 of Av. Amézaga and the block 36 of Av. Venezuela, in the city of Lima, Peru. It was inaugurated in 1951 commemorating the 400th anniversary of the founding of the University of San Marcos. The San Marcos stadium initially had a total capacity of 70,000 people, becoming at the time the stadium with the highest capacity in Peru. [164] It has recently been conditioned to an official capacity of 32,000 people. The remodeled venue will be the official venue for the 2019 South American U-17 Championship and the 2019 Pan American Games.
At the local level, it has been the official stadium of the university soccer team, Club Deportivo Universidad San Marcos, which played until 2011 in the Second Division of Peru. In addition to sports practice, the stadium has also been used as a space for the devleopment of extra-curricular activities for students, teachers and administrative staff of the University of San Marcos. [165] In recent years it has also been the scene of massive concerts, featuring bands and artists such as Metallica, [166] Korn, Gustavo Cerati, Marc Anthony, Bon Jovi, [167] Green Day, The Smashing Pumpkins, Fania All-Stars, Iron Maiden, Shakira, Slayer, Van Halen, Bad Religion, Juanes, Aerosmith, Pearl Jam, Noel Gallagher, Lady Gaga, etc. [168]
The Cultural Center "La Casona" of San Marcos (acronym: CCSM), commonly known as "La Casona" of the University Park, is the main historical site of the university. Founded as the headquarters of the Jesuit novitiate of Saint Antony Aboot, it became the central headquarters of the university in 1861, remaining as such until the 1960s, when the university moved to its current campus in the University City of Lima. After its recent restoration, the "Casona" is the main reference of the cultural and artistic activity of the University, and one of the best-preserved constructions of the colonial era in the city of Lima. It is one of the main tourist attractions of the Historic Center of Lima. The complex is part of the area and the list of buildings in the historic center of the capital that in 1988 was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.
The Faculty of Medicine of the National University of San Marcos "San Fernando" (acronym: FMSF-UNMSM) is one of the twenty faculties that make up the said university. The faculty, within the organization of the university, is part of the Health Sciences area and has the Schools of Human Medicine, Obstetrics, Nursing, Medical Technology, and Nutrition, which offer both undergraduate and graduate studies. The Faculty of Medicine is also the focal point of the San Fernando campus, which has the largest number of faculties and schools related to the health sciences. The campus is located in Barrios Altos. Within the campus there is also the Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, the Botanical Garden of Lima, a university dining room (Cangallo), the Medical Student Center and its academy; and there is also the Central Morgue of Lima.
Faculty that has only the School of Veterinary Medicine, which offers both undergraduate and postgraduate studies. The campus has the school buildings, a hospital for little and exotic animals, a university dining room, and the postgraduate classrooms. It is located on its own campus in the district of San Borja (ex fundo Cahuache).
Throughout its history, the National University of San Marcos has significantly contributed to the scientific development of Peru. Currently, the National University of San Marcos is one of the few Peruvian universities that conduct research – only 10 out of over 80 universities. [169] This is mostly due to the fact the national government has not properly financed research development in the last decades. [170]
Regarding the development of research activities in San Marcos, halfway through the 20th century, the Peruvian government issued provisions to place emphasis on and create areas of scientific and student-led research. As a result, throughout these years many museums and institutes have been created within San Marcos to promote research in different areas of human knowledge. During the last years of the decade of 1990 and the beginning of 2000, the university renewed its research system through the assignation of specific projects to diverse academic departments. [171]
Currently, the University of San Marcos has 37 academic research units usually referred to as institutes. [172] [173] [174] Each of these are grouped according to the academic area in which they carry out their research, thus they are classified mainly in the areas of: health sciences, basic sciences, engineering, economic and management sciences, and humanities and legal and social sciences. According to their areas of study, the research centers have museums and specialized laboratories where they exhibit and carry out studies on subjects related to their areas. Each institute also has its own publications where they present reports and results of the work and studies of their researchers. [172] In addition to these institutes, the University of San Marcos is also in charge of other important institutes, museums, cultural centers, libraries, and seminaries in Lima that —in a non-compulsory way— carry out research jointly with their related faculties. [175]
Since 2015, after winning the first competition for centers of excellence convened by the National Council of Science and Technology (CONCYTEC), the University of San Marcos also has the Center for Technological, Biomedical and Environmental Research (acronym: CITBM), This being the first center of excellence in Peru dedicated to the integration of scientific research with development and technological innovation. It is led by the University of San Marcos and is made up of three national companies and three international centers of excellence. It also has several national and international collaborators. The center's two lines of research are: biotechnology and health; and water, soil and society. [176]
Below is a list of the main research institutes of the University of San Marcos: [175]
Health Sciences:
|
Basic Sciences:
Engineering:
|
Economics and Management Sciences:
Humanities, and legal and social sciences:
|
Some of the previously mentioned research institutes of the University of San Marcos are described below: [177]
In addition to the research institutes, the university has around 500 research groups grouped by academic areas and faculty, these are the research nuclei of specific topics that operate under the leadership of research professors supported by students, graduates, and associated researchers. [210]
According to the annual balance prepared by the National Council of Science, Technology and Technological Innovation (CONCYTEC) of Peru in 2009, 20% of Peruvian scientific production was generated by the National University of San Marcos, which makes it the Peruvian institution with the highest scientific production in all lines of activity. [211] In the same way, according to the Ibero-American Ranking of research institutions —prepared by SCImago research group—, the University of San Marcos is positioned in Peru as the main public university in research activity and scientific publications. [212] [213] [214] [215] [216] [217] [218] [219] [220] [221] Several scientific publications of the University of San Marcos and its research institutes appear in prestigious popular science magazines, such as the journals Nature [222] and Science. [223] Among the most relevant research topics published in the last decades, the investigations that have been carried out in the citadel of Caral, medical investigations on diabetes, and the discoveries of the fossil of the prehistoric giant cetacean stand out: Livyatan melvillei, [224] of the prehistoric giant penguin: Inkayacu paracasensis, [225] and the first Plesiosaur fossil located in Peruvian territory. [226] [227]
The following is the number of scientific publications of the University of San Marcos from 1990 to 2019 (the most recent year of data published and considered by the 2021 edition of the SCImago Institutions Rankings):
Scientific publications from 1990 to 2005 (according to initial official reports, for annual periods) | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year of publication | 1990 | 1991 | 1992 | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 |
No. of publications | 23 | 30 | 18 | 23 | 15 | 32 | 18 | 28 | 26 | 26 | 25 | 31 | 42 | 59 | 59 | 58 |
Source: Thomson Scientific (Institute for Scientific Information) [213] |
Scientific publications from 2003 to 2019 (according to the most recent official reports, for five-year periods) | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Years of publication | 2003–2007 | 2004–2008 | 2005–2009 | 2006–2010 | 2007–2011 | 2008–2012 | 2009–2013 | 2011–2015 | 2012–2016 | 2013–2017 | 2014–2018 | 2015–2019 | ||||
No. of publications | 342 | 383 | 438 | 535 | 638 | 750 | 892 | 1125 | 1265 | 1386 | 1574 | 1791 | ||||
Source: SIR Ibero-American Ranking [212] |
The main scientific publications of the University of San Marcos are published in academic journals Alma Máter —humanities, social sciences, and business sciences— and Theorema —basic sciences, health sciences, and engineering— [228] and in the 20 official magazines of each of the university's faculties, which are listed below. In addition to the magazines listed below, each professional school also has its own academic journal: [229]
Health Sciences:
Basic Sciences: |
Engineering:
Economics and management sciences: |
Humanities and legal and social sciences: |
Below is a brief description of the main academic publications of the faculties of the University of San Marcos, listed above: [230]
The Editorial Fund of the University of San Marcos is the division in charge of publishing books, magazines, and newspapers under the seal of the university after the proposals have passed rigorous selection procedures. For a work to be published, it must also comply with the imposed publication regulations, as well as with the style manual that the label indicates through its website. The publications are made both in the traditional printed format and via the Internet. The publications of the editorial fund can be purchased at the bookstore and production center of the university: CENPROLID, located in the "University City".
University rankings | |
---|---|
Global – Overall | |
QS World [251] | 901–950 (2024) |
THE World [252] | 1500+ (2023) |
Together with the Cayetano Heredia University and the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, the National University of San Marcos is one of the only three Peruvian universities, and so far the only public one, which has managed to rank first nationally in several editions of different international university rankings. [253] [254] [255] [256] [257] [258]
In the first national university ranking in Peru, prepared by the National Assembly of Rectors of Peru under the auspices of UNESCO in 2006, the National University of San Marcos ranked first in the country. [51] In 2021, the Webometrics Ranking of World Universities of the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) ranked the National University of San Marcos as the best university in the country, in its first ranking of the year. [259] [260] [261] In 2022, the university was awarded by the National Council of Science, Technology and Technological Innovation of Peru (Concytec) and the Elsevier corporation for being the institution with the historical highest number of scientific publications in Scopus (6,907), the largest bibliographic database of abstracts and citations of articles in all the universities of Peru. [262]
In addition to the agreements of the university itself described above, it has counted as a main member of the Strategic Alliance of Peruvian Universities with agreements to achieve exchanges of undergraduate and postgraduate students from the three main Peruvian universities —UNMSM, UNI and UNALM— and others public and private Peruvian universities as associated members. These exchange programs have occurred mainly with universities in Germany, France, Spain, and Italy, and Japan, as well as other Latin American, European, North American, and Asian countries.
Currently, the National University of San Marcos has two important cultural centers in two of its historic buildings. The well-known Casona de San Marcos —its main cultural center— and the Colegio Real de San Marcos.
The Cultural Center "La Casona" of San Marcos (acronym: CCSM), is the main historical venue of the university. Founded as the headquarters of the Jesuit novitiate of San Antonio Abad, it became the headquarters of the university in 1861, remaining as such until the middle of the 20th century, when the university moved to its current campus in Ciudad Universitaria. After its recent restoration, the "Casona" is the main reference point for the cultural and artistic activity of the University, and one of the best-preserved buildings from the colonial era in the city of Lima. [263] It is one of the main tourist attractions of the Historic Center of Lima. The complex is part of the area and the list of buildings in the historic center of the capital that in 1988 was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.
The history of the Casona goes back to the year 1605 when Antonio Correa Ureña gave the Jesuits an important donation for the construction of their novitiate or probation house. In the early years, the complex consisted only of a chapel and two courtyards. After its destruction by the 1746 earthquake, it was rebuilt by the Jesuits following the same layout as before. It would remain like this until 1767 when the Jesuit order was expelled from the Viceroyalty of Peru, and it became the location of the Real Convictorio de San Carlos. In 1821, after the independence of Peru was proclaimed, the Casona complex became the main premises of the University of San Marcos, then reaching its maximum splendor. The general hall of the Casona had historical importance as the location of the first Constituent Congress of Peru at the time of independence, in addition to witnessing the events of the War of the Pacific with the Chilean invasion in Lima and the destruction and appropriation of several of its collections. [263] [264] [265]
Since the transfer of the university, the Casona remained a place of great historical value and importance not only for the university but for the city, which is why in 1989 the National University of San Marcos, the Spanish Agency for International Cooperation (AECI) and the National Institute of Culture sign a Peru-Spain agreement to achieve the restoration of the architectural complex and adapting it to new use as a space dedicated to culture, research, and artistic creation. Currently, the Casona, as the Cultural Center of San Marcos, offers cultural extension courses, and exhibitions, and is the headquarters of several university museums and research centers. Inside the Casona, the Salón de Grados stands out —formerly the Chapel of Loreto—, where the official ceremonies of the honorary doctorates awarded by the university are held. [265] [266]
The "Royal College" Cultural Center of Contemporary Peruvian Cultures, established as such in 2006, is the second cultural center of the University of San Marcos and also one of the historic buildings of Lima as it is located in the environment of the old "Royal College" of San Marcos dating from the colonial period, next to the Congress of the Republic of Peru. It is made up of three units of the university: the Institute of Applied Linguistics CILA, the "Domingo Angulo" Historical Archive of the University of San Marcos, and the Andean Rural History Seminar. Exhibitions and shows are regularly held, which mainly take place in the exhibition hall of the Royal College. [267] [268]
The history of the Royal College dates back to the end of the 16th century, when it was founded on the initiative of Viceroy Francisco Álvarez de Toledo in 1592. It was a school that studied canons and laws, for the education of the children, grandchildren, and descendants of the conquerors, Spaniards, and residents of the kingdom, as well as people of recognized merit. The rector of the college was also the rector of the University of San Marcos; the day-to-day administration of the school fell to the vice-rector, who lived in the cloister. Both positions had a duration of two years and were maintained even in the event that the rector ceased to be the rector of the University. The rectoral biennium ran from June 28, the eve of the feast of Saint Peter and Saint Paul. The constitutions and ceremonies of the Colegio Mayor Santa Cruz were kept in the College. After the Bourbon Reforms that led to the expulsion of the Jesuits, the campus was recast as the Convictorio de San Carlos. At the end of the 18th century, the War Inspector Gabriel de Avilés y del Fierro dedicated the premises to the headquarters of the Royal Regiment of Lima. Later, during the Republican era, it was the headquarters of the General Staff of the Army. Since the end of the 20th century, the University of San Marcos has given the Royal College the functions of a Cultural Center and Historical Archive.
The University of San Marcos has the following higher education and research centers, two of which also function as house museums and have their respective specialized libraries:
In addition to the two centers for higher studies and research that also function as house museums, the University of San Marcos currently has five institutions that function exclusively as museums, these are:
The National University of San Marcos has under its custody various archaeological sites, remains, pieces, and historical collections, highlighting the following:
The University of San Marcos, in addition to its central Library and the libraries of its faculties located mainly in the University City, has four other important specialized libraries: [299]
Through its "Domingo Angulo" Historical Archive, the National University of San Marcos preserves copies of documents and writings of great historical relevance dating from the 16th, 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries, such as the Royal Provision and the Royal Decree of Emperor Carlos I of Spain and V of the Holy Roman Germanic Empire of May 12, 1551, and the papal bull Exponi Nobis of Pius V of July 25, 1571, with which the constitution of the University of San Marcos as the first university in the American continent. In 2019, the "Colonial Fund and Founding Documents of the National University of San Marcos: 1551 -1852” was incorporated into the UNESCO Memory of the World Register, in recognition of its significance for global collective memory.
Various institutions of the University of San Marcos such as the Central Library, the Museum of Natural History, the Archeology and Anthropology Museum, and the Raúl Porras Barrenechea Institute, among others, also have what were private collections and manuscripts of illustrious San Marcos people who left as a legacy to his university; works by authors and researchers such as César Vallejo, José María Arguedas, Raúl Porras Barrenechea, Ella Dunbar Temple, Julio César Tello, Antonio Raimondi, etc. These manuscripts and collections are kept by the University of San Marcos and entrusted to the corresponding university dependency according to their historical and scientific context.
The University of San Marcos has agencies and departments that promote cultural activities, below is a description of some of them:
The Casona of the National University of San Marcos —historical location of the university with more than 400 years of history—, the Royal College of the National University of San Marcos and the Basilica and Convent of Santo Domingo, are monuments that are part of the area and the list of buildings in the Historic Center of Lima recognized as World Heritage by UNESCO since 1988.
The National University of San Marcos also has —or is historically related to— several monuments considered by the Ministry of Culture of Peru as Cultural Heritage of the Nation, as they are architectural works or places of artistic, historical, cultural, and social value. [310]
The University of San Marcos has been very important in university sports activity in Peru. [311] [312] On August 7, 1924, San Marcos students founded the University Sports Federation of Peru (FEDUP). Since 1936, this federation has organized the National University Sports Games, the Regional University Sports Games and the National University Championships. In addition, since 1963 it has participated in the Universiade. [313]
Most university sports activities take place in the Gymnasium and in the San Marcos University Stadium. Sports and disciplines include: soccer, futsal, volleyball, rugby, shooting, table tennis, basketball, athletics, long-distance running (middle-distance running and long-distance running), handball, Olympic swimming, synchronized swimming, water polo, Greco-Roman wrestling, karate, judo, kung fu, wushu, taekwondo, aikido, capoeira, Wing Chun, tai chi, xingyiquan, baguazhang, qigong, powerlifting, weightlifting, aerobics, rhythmic gymnastics, fencing, among others. Parallel to this, the university has a lot of teams that participate in the national and regional leagues of different sports. [311] In this field, the basketball team of the University of San Marcos stands out, which participates in the Lima Basketball League, both in the men's division and in the women's superior division. [314] [315] [312]
In the case of soccer, which is the most popular sport in Peru, it has always had special significance for San Marcos students. Throughout its history, the University of San Marcos has had various professional football teams, including the University Football Federation ( Club Universitario de Deportes), founded in 1924 by students of the association of the representative teams of the Faculties of the then Royal and Pontifical University of San Marcos and the Special Schools of Engineering, Agronomy and Central Normal until was separated from the university and became private due to problems with the authorities in 1932; and the Deportivo Universidad San Marcos that came to dispute the second division until 2012. [316]
The first university Games were held in 1936, in the city of Lima. Among others, the following participated: the La Molina National Agrarian University, the National University of Engineering, the National University of Saint Augustine of Arequipa, the National University of San Antonio Abad of Cuzco and the National University of San Marcos, which was the first university to host the event. Since then, the distance of four years between each Games was marked —recently they have been taking place every 2 years—, having a special edition to commemorate the four hundredth anniversary of the founding of the National University of San Marcos in 1951. That year, as partof the urban development of Lima and of incentive to the university sport, the Stadium of the University of San Marcos was inaugurated in the center of the main campus. [317]
The University of San Marcos has teams for the different sports disciplines with which it has been national champion in most editions of what are now called Universiade: National university games —San Marcos has won 9 of the 11 editions where a champion was declared—, thus being the most successful university in these national games. [318] [319] [320]
Likewise, for the celebration of the 2019 Pan American Games, the Organizing Committee of Lima 2019 chose various sports facilities located between the city of Lima, as well as in Callao, as Pan American venues. Among them, the National University of San Marcos, which had its stadium remodeled to host the event. [321] [322]
The Stadium of the National University of San Marcos was the sole venue of the 2019 South American U-17 Championship that took place in Peru. The tournament champion was Argentina, which achieved its fourth title in this category. Peru was in fifth place. [323]
Football, the most popular sport in Peru, has always had special significance for San Marcos students. Throughout its history, the University of San Marcos has had various professional soccer teams, among them the Federación Universitaria de Fútbol (today the Club Universitario de Deportes) and the Club Deportivo Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos.
«At the beginning of the decade of the 20 there was a marked interest in the authorities of the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos to encourage sports among students. Young people also showed a great predisposition to practice it, but there was a discipline that predominated in the taste of boys compared to all others: soccer. The teachers of that time did not see with good eyes that young students spend several hours of their time doing sports, because they considered that this would be detrimental to their academic performance. However, history was written and the young people from the different faculties organized themselves to give shape to what they called the Federación Universitaria —today Club Universitario de Deportes".
— Luciano Rico Molina [324]
José Rubio Galindo, a student at the Faculty of Letters, and Luis Málaga Arenas, a student at the Faculty of Medicine, dedicated their free hours to exchanging ideas with a view to realizing a common desire: "to form a great institution." [325] [326] Then they would join Plácido Galindo, Eduardo Astengo, Rafael Quirós, Mario de las Casas, Alberto Denegri, Luis de Souza Ferreira (who scored the first Peruvian goal in a FIFA World Cup), [327] Andrés Rotta, Carlos Galindo, Francisco Sabroso, Jorge Góngora, Pablo Pacheco, Carlos Lassus and Carlos Cillóniz among others.
Thus, on August 7, 1924, at 7:00 p.m. (UTC-5), university students met at the headquarters of the Federation of Students of Peru, at 106, Juan de la Coba street, in the city of Lima, [328] giving rise to the Federación Universitaria de Fútbol as an association of the representative teams of the Faculties of the University of San Marcos and the Special Schools of Engineering, Agronomy and Central Normal. [325] [329]
In the founding act of the club, it was determined to establish as a shield a garnet-colored letter "U" enclosed in a circle of the same color with a white background. [330] The design was in charge of Luis Málaga Arenas from Arequipa, at that time a delegate of the "San Fernando" Faculty of Medicine and one of the most enthusiastic managers of the formation of the Federación Universitaria de Fútbol. [331] The first shields were large and had a very rustic finish. They were used on the left side of the chest and in some cases in the center of the uniform. [332] Currently, the official design of the shield uses more stylized typography and the background of the shield is cream. In sportswear, it is always used on the left side.
The National Sports Committee, the highest body of Peruvian sports at that time, recognized the Federación Universitaria as if it were a League. Hence, together with the Peruvian Football League, the Amateur Association, the Callao League, Circolo Sportivo Italiano and Lima Cricket and Football Club, they formed the Football Federation. [333] After participating in different inter-university tournaments and friendly matches between 1924 and 1927, [325] the Peruvian Football Federation invited the Federación Universitaria to participate in the Selection and Competition Championship (First Division Tournament) of 1928. [325]
It made its official debut on May 27 against the José Olaya de Chorrillos Club, whom it beat 7:1. [334] At the end of the championship, the Federación Universitaria ranked second behind Alianza Lima, with which they played for the title in three games: (1:0 victory, 1:1 draw and 2:0 defeat). [325] In 1929, the championship only had the participation of twelve teams due to the suspension of Alianza Lima for refusing to cede its players to the national team. [335] In this tournament, Federación Universitaria obtained its first national title, at the end of the championship with seven wins, three draws and one loss, completing seventeen points, one more than Circolo Sportivo Italiano, which it had defeated 7:0. [335] Carlos Cillóniz, a Federación Universitaria footballer, scored eight goals, becoming the top scorer in the championship. [336]
In 1930, the first FIFA World Cup was held in Montevideo, Uruguay, and the Peruvian team attended the event with a squad that featured eight players from the Federación Universitaria squad ( Eduardo Astengo, Carlos Cillóniz, Luis de Souza Ferreira, Alberto Denegri, Arturo Fernández, Plácido Galindo, Jorge Góngora and Pablo Pacheco). [337] After the World Cup, the club's first official tour took place: it traveled to the provinces by steamboat to face the Association White Star, which it defeated 1:0, [334] then he toured Huacho and participated in the Gubbins Cup. [333] That same year, it was part of group 2 in the national tournament, achieving two victories and a draw, with which he advanced to the final league, where it placed third. [338]
The following year, discrepancies arose internally with the authorities of the National University of San Marcos, since the rector José Antonio Encinas prohibited the use of the name —Federación Universitaria de Fútbol— and this led to the change, by Club Universitario de Deportes, becoming independent. totally from university. [325] The club, which is currently the team with the most national titles in the history of Peruvian football, maintains an important historical link with the University of San Marcos. [339] [340]
In 2001, the University of San Marcos created the Club Deportivo Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, which was born as a club in the summer of 2001. In subsequent years it would rise in the district and regional leagues until it reached the Second Division of Peru, where it played until 2011. Club San Marcos played at home in the San Marcos stadium located on the university campus. The team baptized with the name "The lions", because this animal is the symbol of Mark the Evangelist, had its best participation in 2006, when it reached the runner-up position in the Second Division. [316]
Later, the university creates Deportivo San Marcos. The club participates from 2013 to date in the first division of Cercado de Lima. It is one of the main cheerleading teams in the tournament and was runner-up three times. He qualified several times for the Interleague tournament in Lima. Then the San Marcos Cultural Sports Association, which participated in the Pueblo Libre district league in 2013 and qualified for the Lima Interleagues of the same period. Finally, the university has its own football team that participates in the University Football League organized by FEDUP, from 2008 to the present.
Both formally and colloquially the characters that have been part of the National University of San Marcos; students, professors, researchers, and even those who have been awarded the distinction of honorary professor or the title of Doctor honoris causa, have received the title of sanmarquinos. [341] [342] The word has been in common use by the Peruvian population throughout its history to refer to the close and prominent figures of this house of studies, and even to the pets and animals adopted by the university community. [343] [344] [345]
In its more than 470 years of history, the National University of San Marcos has seen numerous students, professors, researchers, deans, and rectors who have stood out at the local, national, Latin American, and global levels. The University of San Marcos has had a very significant influence on the development of science, medicine, engineering, law, politics, social, humanities, arts and sports subjects, throughout the history of Peru, managing to highlight the students and professors in decisive times for the national reality such as: throughout the Viceroyalty —16th, 17th and 17th centuries —; during the process of Independence —18th and 19th centuries —; and in the current republican era —19th, 20th and 21st centuries. Among the most outstanding people from San Marcos we can mention scientists and engineers such as Pedro Peralta y Barnuevo, Santiago Antúnez de Mayolo —candidate for the 1943 Nobel Prize in Physics—, [346] Federico Villarreal, Alfred Rosenblatt, Eduardo de Habich, Carlos Bustamante Monteverde and Harald Helfgott; doctors like Hipólito Unanue, Cayetano Heredia, Daniel Alcides Carrión and Alberto Barton; [347] writers and artists such as Mario Vargas Llosa — 2010 Nobel Prize in Literature , the only Peruvian Nobel to date—, César Vallejo, Alfredo Bryce Echenique, José María Arguedas —candidate for the 1971 Nobel Prize in Literature—, Ricardo Palma, Abraham Valdelomar, Javier Heraud, Blanca Varela, Ventura García Calderón —candidate for the 1934 Nobel Prize in Literature — and Alberto Hidalgo —candidate for the 1966 Nobel Prize in Literature—; social researchers such as Julio César Tello, [348] María Rostworowski, Ruth Shady, José de la Riva Agüero y Osma, Javier Prado y Ugarteche, Raúl Porras Barrenechea and Jorge Basadre; lawyers and politicians such as Francisco García-Calderón Landa —candidate for the 1934 Nobel Prize in Literature—, Mariano H. Cornejo Zenteno —candidate for the Nobel Peace Prize from 1931 to 1939—, José Bernardo de Tagle, Bernardo O'Higgins, Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre, Víctor Andrés Belaúnde, Miguelina Acosta Cárdenas, and Beatriz Merino; economists like Javier Silva Ruete and Daniel Schydlowsky Rosenberg; twenty-one Presidents of the Republic of Peru; among many others. [349] [116] [350] [351] [352] [353] [354] [355] [356] [357] [358] [359] [360] [361] [362] [363] [364] [365] [366]
The Honoris causa doctorate is the highest academic distinction conferred by this higher house of studies. The University of San Marcos began to award this recognition in the 19th century to the two greatest liberators of South America: José de San Martín and Simón Bolívar. In addition to these, among the main figures who have received this recognition from the university during the 20th and 21st centuries are Pope John Paul II, French President Charles de Gaulle, Argentine writer Jorge Luis Borges, researchers Alberto Barton and Maria Reiche, the Secretary-generals of the United Nations Javier Pérez de Cuéllar and Ban Ki-moon, and the Nobel Prize laureates: Albert Einstein, Peter Agre, Peter C. Doherty, Pablo Neruda, Camilo José Cela, Mario Vargas Llosa, Muhammad Yunus, Adolfo Pérez Esquivel, Peter Diamond, Robert C. Merton, Eric Maskin, Cristóbal Pissarides, among others [116] [367]
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|
Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos | |
Latin: Academia S. Marci Vrbis Regvm in Perv | |
Former name | Royal and Pontifical University of the City of the Kings of Lima, University of Lima |
---|---|
Motto | Universidad del Perú, Decana de América |
Motto in English | University of Peru, Dean of the Americas |
Type | Public university |
Established | May 12, 1551 (473 years ago) |
Founder |
Charles I of Spain (founder) Tomás de San Martín (promoter) |
Affiliation | National Association of Public Universities of Peru, Association of National Universities of Peru, International Association of Universities, Iberoamerican Association of Postgraduate Universities, Organización Universitaria Interamericana, Red IDi, Association of Universities of Latin America and the Caribbean, Universia, Fudan-Latin America University Consortium, Red Peruana de Universidades Nacionales para la Internacionalización |
Endowment | PEN S/. 469,029,428 (FY 2013) [1] [2] |
Rector | Jeri Ramón Ruffner [3] |
Academic staff | 3315 (2017) [4] |
Students | 37 468 (2020) [4] [5] [6] [7] |
Undergraduates | 30 866 |
Postgraduates | 6 602 |
Location | Lima , 12°03′30″S 77°05′00″W / 12.05833°S 77.08333°W |
Campus | Urban, 170 acres (69 ha) |
Colors | Gold White |
Mascot | Lion |
Website | unmsm.edu.pe |
The National University of San Marcos (Spanish: Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, UNMSM) is a public research university located in Lima, the capital of Peru. At the continental level, it is the first officially established ( privilege by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor) and the oldest continuously operating university in the Americas, [8] which is why it appears in official documents and publications as "University of Peru, Dean University of the Americas". [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14]
The university had its beginnings in the general studies that were offered in the cloisters of the convent of the Rosario of the order of Santo Domingo —current Basilica and Convent of Santo Domingo— around 1548. Its official foundation was conceived by Fray Thomas de San Martín on May 12, 1551; with the decree of Emperor Charles I of Spain and V of the Holy Roman Empire, in 1571, it acquired the degree of pontifical granted by Pope Pius V with which it ended up being named as the "Royal and Pontifical University of the City of the Kings of Lima". [15] [16] Being recognized by the Spanish Crown as the first university in America officially founded by Real cédula, it is also referred to as the "University of Lima" throughout the Viceroyalty. [17] Throughout its history, the university had a total of four colleges under tutelage: the Colegio Real y Mayor de San Martín and the Colegio Real y Mayor de San Felipe y San Marcos, the Real Colegio de San Carlos —focused on law and letters, derived from the merger of the two previous ones—and the Royal College of San Fernando—focused on medicine and surgery—. In the times of emancipation, it acquired a main role in the formation of several of the leaders managing the independence of Peru. [18] After the proclamation of independence and during the republic, it maintains both colloquially and formally —in various treaties and documents historical—its name as "University of Lima" until 1946, the year in which its current name and denomination as National and Major University were made official. [19]
In its 471 years of operation, the University of San Marcos has passed through several locations, of which it maintains and stands out: the " Casona de San Marcos", a historic location of the university with more than 400 years of history —part of the area and of the list of buildings in the Historic Center of Lima that were recognized as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1988 [20] [21] [22] [23]—and that are currently the venue for the main cultural activities and the granting of high degrees by the university; the current premises of the "San Fernando" Faculty of Medicine, inaugurated in 1901 for the first medical school in the country; and the so-called " University City", which has been its main headquarters since 1960, where most of the faculties, the central library, the university stadium and the rectory are located, and most of the academic and research activities are carried out. All these premises are located in the Cercado de Lima. The University of San Marcos currently has 66 professional schools, [24] grouped into 20 faculties, [25] and these in turn in 5 academic areas, [26] being the Peruvian university that covers the largest number of university subjects. All faculties offer both undergraduate and postgraduate programs. It also has various centers, institutions, and dependencies; such as its cultural centers, museums, libraries, clinics, and university clinics, editorial fund, among others. In addition, through its "Domingo Angulo" historical archive, the university preserves documents and writings of great historical relevance dating from the 16th, 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries. In 2019, the "Colonial Fund and Foundational Documents of the National University of San Marcos: 1551–1852” was incorporated into the UNESCO Memory of the World Register, in recognition of its significance for the global collective memory. [27] [28]
The origin of the National University of San Marcos is also the origin of higher education in Peru and the Americas, which dates back to the General Studies carried out in the cloisters of the Convent of the Rosario of the Order of Santo Domingo—current Basilica and Convento de Santo Domingo—, near the Plaza de Armas in Lima around 1548, whose main objective was to satisfy the needs of the training and education of the clergy in the new territory conquered by the Spanish Empire. Subsequently, the Lima town council would send Fray Tomás de San Martín and Captain Juan Jerónimo de Aliaga to Spain, who —largely thanks to the efforts of the former— obtained the founding order of the university from Charles I of Spain and V of the Holy Roman Empire and Queen Juana I of Castile, daughter of the Catholic Monarchs, through the Royal Provision issued on May 12, 1551, in Valladolid. In this way, the foundation of the Royal University of the City of Kings, also referred to as the Royal University of Lima, was officially carried out. [29] [30] The reading also of the Royal Certificate, which officially authorizes the operation of the "University of Lima", indicates as a mission: "indoctrinate the residents of these lands in the Christian faith and submission to the King." With this principle, the university began to function officially on January 2, 1553, in the Chapter House of the Convent of Our Lady of the Rosary of the Order of Santo Domingo, under the direction of its first rector Fray Juan Bautista de la Roca; the initial chair was taught by Andrés Cianca and Corona Cosme Carrillo, under the supervision of the rector. [31]
The orientation, in principle strictly monastic, as well as the exclusivism and conservation of the Dominicans, and the continuous decrease in members of other congregations, gave rise to the Dominicans losing predominance and also generated a reaction on the part of lay teachers; the demand for greater openness led them to ask the Royal Court for compliance with the Royal decree of 1570, which provided for a free election of the rector by the teachers of the cloister. The claim fell on Viceroy Francisco Álvarez de Toledo who favored and ended the claim with the election of Pedro Fernández de Valenzuela on May 11, 1571, the first lay rector, and the significant change in the orientation of the university. The official status of the university is reaffirmed by the papal bull Exponi Nobis of Saint Pius V of July 25, 1571, after receiving the Royal Pass from the Council of the Indies; in it he avoided the ecclesiastical courts by declaring that "it absolves friars, readers, teachers, students and any of you from any and all censures, sentences and ecclesiastical penalties, for any reason and cause contracted", likewise the university acquires with this bull its pontifical degree, which is why it is renamed the Royal and Pontifical University of the City of the Kings of Lima. Produced this first reform, the university moved to its second location, near the outskirts of San Marcelo, where the Convent of the Order of Saint Augustine had previously operated. [29] On September 6, 1574, the official name of the university was chosen by lot —among the names of the four evangelists—, finally resulting in the official name of Royal and Pontifical University of San Marcos (Saint Mark), and therefore Mark the Evangelist as the patron saint of the University. [30] In 1575, the university changes its establishment again and is located in the old Plaza del Estanque, later called Plaza de la Inquisición, where the building of the Congress of Peru is currently located, [16] place where it would continue its operation throughout the time of the Viceroyalty of Peru. [31]
The officially named University of San Marcos, then also known as the "University of Lima", began its work in the viceregal era with the faculties of Theology and Arts, [32] later the canons of Law and Medicine would be created, however in the academic field the norms that governed in Spain were adopted, that is to say, it began its functions with the teaching of Philosophy as the basis for any other higher study. On July 7, 1579, the «Chair of the General Language of the Indians» was established for the study of the most widespread family of Andean languages among the natives during the Inca Empire and the Viceroyalty of Peru: Quechua; its first professor was Juan de Balboa. [33] On November 27, 1579, the professors asked King Philip II for the institution of jurisdiction that governed the University of Salamanca, a medieval legal figure —an antecedent of the current university autonomy— that empowered the rector so that, with the exclusion of the ordinary courts, had civil and criminal jurisdiction over the members of the faculty. In 1581, and after the absolute presence of lay rectors between 1571 and 1581, Viceroy Francisco Álvarez de Toledo authorized clerics and laymen could be elected; Thus, both sectors alternately governed the University of San Marcos, during the colonial period, until 1820. [34]
The support for the secularization of the University of San Marcos given by Viceroy Francisco Álvarez de Toledo and for the institution of the jurisdiction exercised by its rector, and also exercised by the rector of the Royal Convictory of San Carlos, founded on July 7, 1770, They were the decisive factors that led the university community, students and professors, towards the realization of the Bolognese ideal that conceived the university as a space of freedom. In this way, the intellectual climate that made it possible to question and criticize the colonial system began to emerge. [17] Between 1792 and 1811, the anatomical amphitheater and medicine chairs began to develop in the historic location of the Royal Hospital of San Andrés. At that time, both the University of San Marcos and the College of Law and Letters of San Carlos and the College of Medicine of San Fernando — later incorporated into it — began to be carefully watched by the Viceroy, due to the fact that they house professors and students suspected of envisioning and managing the end of the colonial regime and the emergence of what is today the Peruvian Republic. [35] Presumably it was the privileges enjoyed by both the university and the convictory, which allowed the entry of Enlightenment thought into its cloisters, thus the theoretical and ideological doctrinal approaches of emancipation arose within it. In 1813, during the administration of Viceroy José Fernando de Abascal, the “San Fernando” Faculty of Medicine's name was established in homage to King Ferdinand VII of Spain, in Plaza de Santa Ana —today Plaza Italia— in the premises occupied by the Ministry of Government, the faculty was formed based on the College of Medicine of the same name that was located in the Plaza del Estanque. [36] Throughout its history, the university had a total of four colleges under its tutelage: the Colegio Real y Mayor de San Martín and the Colegio Real y Mayor de San Felipe y San Marcos, the Real Colegio de San Carlos —focused on law and letters, derived from the merger of the two previous ones—and the Royal College of San Fernando—focused on medicine and surgery—.
In the times of emancipation, the university acquires a main role in the formation of several of the main managing leaders of the independence of Peru. [18] From the legal point of view in relation to property, the University of San Marcos, which belonged to the monarchical State, became part of the young Republic of Peru since its independence in 1821. The First Constituent Congress of Peru, which defined the new Peruvian Republic as a reality and as a project, was initially chaired by the former rector of the University of San Marcos, Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza; Of the 64 constituent deputies, 54 were San Marcos' alumnus and Carolines'; and the place where this great assembly met was the Chapel of the University of San Marcos. [30] [37] Today, the Congress of the Republic of Peru continues to function in that same location. In 1822 the university hands over its collection of 50,000 books to form the newly founded National Library of Peru. In 1840, the Colleges of San Carlos and San Fernando are taken over by the University of San Marcos. During the government of Ramón Castilla, San Marcos was officially empowered by the president to approve new universities and control the newly created ones. [35] Throughout the 19th century, the premises of the University of San Marcos abandoned its academic functions, becoming more regular as a space for meetings of the Chamber of Deputies and the Congress of the Republic. The absence of care and the partial abandonment of their university functions led to a gradual deterioration of their environments. It is in this context of the end of the 19th century that the university completely donates its premises to the then still young Congress of the Republic of Peru. [30]
The exponential growth of the city during the industrial revolution of the 19th century, in addition to the efforts of the then President of Peru Manuel Pardo to improve the city's architecture and urban planning during the 1870s, forced the university to move to a new campus adjacent to the former Jesuit monastery where the Royal Convictory of San Carlos resided —currently, this is called the "Casona of the University Park" or simply the " Casona of San Marcos"—. In those years, San Marcos was already considered the tutelary nucleus of scientific and cultural institutions during the Viceroyalty and the nascent Republic; To this was added the fact that its professors, graduates, and even students were part of missions that created various Hispanic American universities. [31] In 1878, during the government of Manuel Pardo, the General Regulation of Public Instruction was issued, instituting the concept of major and minor universities, the first title corresponding to San Marcos and the second to the universities of Arequipa and Cusco. During the War of the Pacific and specifically during the occupation of Lima by Chilean troops, art and cultural objects and assets were taken from the university in order to be taken to Chile by sea. [30] At the end of the 19th century, the “San Fernando" Faculty of Medicine, which was located in a building in the old Plaza de Santa Ana —today Plaza Italia—, moved to its current location in the Orchard of Mestas, that of the historic premises on Avenida Grau, Barrios Altos in the historic center of Lima. [36] Once the war ended, by law of 1901 it is stated that Peruvian university education corresponds to the National University of San Marcos and the minor universities of Trujillo, Cusco, and Arequipa, which were later joined by the Catholic University of Lima and technical schools. [35]
At the beginning of the 20th century, university activists promoted a reform within the University of San Marcos; this effort transcended the limits of the university and became a reflection of a great social movement in Peru. [31] The university reform planned access to education for the middle and popular classes, which until then had a minority presence in San Marcos. These ideals began a long tradition of student activism at the university and altered the Peruvian political landscape. In 1909 the students of the University of San Marcos had active participation in protests against the Peruvian dictatorial governments. In 1916 the Federation of Students of Peru (FEP) was established, led mainly by students from San Marcos. The FEP's demands included university reforms such as updating curricula, removing untrained faculty and eliminating Peruvian government interference in the university. During the government of President Augusto Leguía, the university educational system was reorganized and university autonomy was granted. [38] In 1928, Herbert Hoover, 31st President of the United States, visited Peru. In his speech during the banquet offered by Peruvian President Augusto B. Leguía, the American president highlighted Lima as a "center of civilization" and the Major University of San Marcos as the "dean of knowledge". [39]
From the colonial era, through independence and the republic until 1946, the university was referred to both colloquially and formally —in various treaties and historical documents— as "University of Lima"; [30] that year its name was made official as the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, a name that remains to this day. Between the 1950s and 1960s, the influx of more middle-class students at the University of San Marcos led the government to emphasize and create scientific and university research areas. In 1951, as a commemoration of the 400th anniversary of the founding of the University of San Marcos, the university acquires a new piece of land to build the new University City, where the Stadium of the University of San Marcos was inaugurated that same year. On the occasion of the quadricentennial, a ceremony was also held that brought together the rectors of the main Ibero-American universities, who decided to give her the title and recognition of "Dean of America". Due to this —and also given its primacy in the country— the university has since retained the names of the University of Peru and the Dean of the Americas. [6] In 1958, a significant incident occurs during the visit of then Vice President Richard Nixon, [40] [41] [42] who would later become the 37th president of the United States and also the first president to resign after the Watergate scandal. Nixon had scheduled a conference at the University of San Marcos as part of his visit to Latin America, however, this did not take place due to the protest of San Marcos, who spoke out against US policy in the region with phrases such as: Nixon, Go Home!. [43] [44] [45] Given the incident, the conference was transferred to the Catholic University of Lima, where Nixon had a particularly bad reception. [41]
In the mid-1960s, due to the need for even more space, several faculties of the university began to move to the Ciudad Universitaria site, where 17 of the 20 faculties of the university are currently located. [46] This new campus is located in an area that housed archaeological complexes of the Maranga Culture, these were restored and protected —as in the case of Huaca San Marcos—, after having been partially destroyed during the construction of Av. Venezuela in the 1940s. In 1969, the system of organization by academic departments —today academic schools— was also introduced. [47] On September 22, 1984, the current statute of the university was promulgated. With nearly 40,000 students and more than 4,000 faculty, the university offers undergraduate studies in 65 areas, master's degrees in 77, and doctorates in 27, making it the largest academic offer in the country today. It currently has 20 faculties grouped into 6 main blocks, its academic departments publish several specialized journals and it operates 3 important museums in Lima as well as research institutes. [48] [49] According to UNESCO criteria and indicators, the University of San Marcos is the only university in Peru that covers the various areas of knowledge such as pure sciences, human sciences, historical-social sciences, health sciences, economic-business sciences, and techniques and engineering. [6] [50]
Currently, despite the budget limitations in the Peruvian university system, the University of San Marcos is considered the most important and representative Peruvian institution of higher education due to its "tradition, prestige, quality, and admission selectivity", being also recognized as the institution with the highest scientific production in Peru. [51] [52]
It has been considered the best in Peru according to university rankings such as that of the National Assembly of Rectors of Peru in 2006, which was sponsored by UNESCO, [51] the 2010, 2011 and 2012 University Ranking by Academic Performance [53] [54] [55] produced by the URAP Center, the 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 of the QS World University Rankings, [56] [57] [58] [59] the SIR World Report prepared by SCImago Research Center in 2009, 2010 and 2011; the 2020 and 2022 Scopus national scientific production ranking, [60] [61] the University Web Ranking by 4ICU of 2015 and 2016, [62] [63] and the world ranking of Webometrics universities of the Spanish National Research Council for 2011-I, 2012-I, and 2021, [64] [65] [66] [67] [68] [69] in which it was located in the 1st place.
In addition, it has a 10-year institutional license granted by the National Superintendence of Higher University Education (SUNEDU) and international institutional accreditations that certify its academic and administrative quality. [70]
Different influential Peruvians and Latin Americans have left their classrooms; [71] all acknowledging and valuing the high level of teaching of the university as the main educational entity in the country, as well as highlighting the active and important intellectual participation that the university and its students had throughout the history of Peru. [72] The University of San Marcos has been referred to many times as a reflection of Peru for having manifested and been part of the limitations and problems that eventually affected the country, however, the diversity and preparation of its students is recognized. [73]
In 2010, the Nobel Prize was awarded to a Peruvian for the first time, Mario Vargas Llosa, was awarded this distinction. [74] [75] Vargas Llosa is one of the most illustrious students that the University of San Marcos has had, [76] [77] [78] [79] [80] [81] in this sense, the university awarded him the title of Doctor honoris causa in 2001. As a tribute for obtaining the Nobel Prize, on March 30, 2011, within the framework of the celebrations for its 460th anniversary, the University of San Marcos distinguished Vargas Llosa with his highest decoration: the San Marcos Medal of Honor in the degree of Grand Cross; He also created a chair that bears his name and opened a museum room about the writer and his years in his alma mater. The ceremony was held in the "Casona de San Marcos" and was attended by intellectuals from San Marcos who have also been colleagues, friends and teachers of Vargas Llosa. [82] [83] [84] [85] [86] [87] [88] [89] In 2018, the Meritorious Society Founders of Independence recognized the National University of San Marcos as a Meritorious institution by virtue of its participation, value, and historical significance in the construction and defense of Peru, also placing the university's banner in the Hall of the Heroes. [90] In 2019, the university awards, for the first time in its modern history, a doctoral degree based on a thesis written and defended entirely in Quechua, thus marking a historic milestone for the development of research in Native American languages in the country and the region. [91] [92] [93] [94] [95] [96]
About the importance of the University of San Marcos in the history of Peru and America, the Liberator Simón Bolívar said the day he received the degree of Doctor Honoris Causa: [37]
«Gentlemen, when I stepped on the threshold of this Sanctuary of Sciences, I felt overwhelmed with respect and fear and seeing myself in the very heart of the wise men of the famous University of San Marcos, I see myself humiliated among aged men in the tasks of deep and useful meditations and elevated with such justice to the high rank they occupy in the scientific world. Naked of knowledge and without any merit, your kindness freely decorates me with a distinction that is the end and the reward of whole years of continuous studies. Gentlemen: I will forever mark this beautiful day of my life. I will never forget that I belong to the wise Academy of San Marcos. I will try to approach its worthy members, and as many minutes as I have after completing the duties to which I am contracted for now, I will use them in making efforts to reach, if not the summit of the sciences in which you find yourselves, at least in imitating you.»
About the importance of the University of San Marcos as the oldest Pan American university institution, Albert Einstein expressed when receiving the degree of Doctor Honoris Causa in the framework of the 400th anniversary of the university commemorated in 1951: [97] [98] [99] [100] [101]
Einstein to San Marcos | |
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Images | |
Manuscript in german by Albert Einstein in gratitude to the UNMSM (courtesy: HUJI) | |
Audio | |
Audio of Albert Einstein in gratitude to the UNMSM (courtesy: HUJI) |
«It is a great pleasure for me to give my heartfelt thanks to my colleagues at the University of San Marcos for the distinction they have awarded me. Your action shows that the oldest American institution of higher education has preserved the supra-national character of the University. Now more than ever we have reason to appreciate this spirit. The institution of the university is based on the idea of the universality of the research domain, striving to obtain truths free of extraneous purposes, intentions, or prejudices; striving for the universality of spirit without restrictions for national or political reasons, of another kind. In short, what matters is striving for the universality of mind and spirit. It is no secret that we have been much more successful in developing the mind than in developing the personality. Apparently, even the quest for knowledge is threatened by the lack of people of the truly universal spirit. If universities remain faithful to their fundamental mission, they can contribute significantly to the solution of the crises that threaten us today."
About the importance of the University of San Marcos, Mario Vargas Llosa, Nobel Prize for Literature 2010, said the day he was decorated by his alma mater: [89]
«The San Marcos years were fundamental for me from an intellectual point of view, from my literary training and also from my civic training. I have never regretted having entered the University of San Marcos and having spent six years here. [...] San Marcos had been throughout its history a dissatisfied, rebellious institution, where they had dreamed of a different future for our country. It must not be forgotten that the great intellectual figures of Peru have come out of this university, figures that both in the scientific domains and in the humanities have represented the cream of our country. [...] San Marcos is an ancient institution, as Arguedas said, antiquity is a value, and one of the Peruvian values is this university, the oldest in America, always a focus on extraordinary science, intellectual work, research, creation, and also an institution that has fought incessantly for freedom, for a better world than the one we have, for a world of greater equality, of greater opportunities, of greater tolerance, a world without violence, without repression, a world that is somehow equal to the best things that our country has given throughout history.»
The National University of San Marcos, founded on May 12, 1551, is the oldest university in the Americas, being the university that has been in continuous operation for the longest time since its foundation, and the only one of the American universities founded during the 16th century. to remain in operation without permanent closure from then to the present. [16] [35] [102] The continuous operation is relevant when observing the cases of several universities founded in the colonial era that were finally closed during the Spanish-American wars of independence or due to internal conflicts. Due to its age and continuity, and on the occasion of the four hundredth anniversary of its foundation, in 1951 a ceremony was held that brought together the rectors of the main Ibero-American universities, who decided to give it the title and recognition of "Dean of the Americas". [72]
Regarding the primacy of a university in America, there are two universities that can receive this distinction:
It is important to mention that both the University of San Marcos and the University of Santo Tomás de Aquino —and by extension the Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico— began to function as general studies and to deliver degrees on undetermined dates before becoming official as universities, the reason for which it is necessary for historians to establish starting points for the origin of the first universities in America, these being the documents with which the foundation of each university was authorized. The legal and real validity of each document remains in debate, as well as the results of future historical-legal research on the emergence of the university and higher education in America.
Since its foundation in 1551, the University of San Marcos has had various institutional symbols, among which the following stand out: [105]
«Firstly, it is established and ordered that this university have a major and minor seal with which to seal the titles of the graduates in it and the editions and letters, which are in the power of the rector who may be, in a small box under two keys that the one have the rector and the other the secretary because nothing can be sealed without both. [...] And have said seals have the arms and insignia of this university sculpted in such a way that they can be printed on what is to be sealed, which is a coat of arms placed in a partition divided from top to bottom and that on the bottom it does a cornet in the manner of the royal arms in which the garanada is, in which there is a file on the right side in the middle of the shield there will be a San Marcos writing and the lion together with him who is patron of this university, chosen by luck among many other saints and doctors of the church, and in the other half of the left hand, there will be the sea below and from it the two columns with the plux ultra that are the emblem of the new world and on top of them the three crowns and the star of the wise men, which are the arms of this city, and on top of the entire shield, this is a laureate head, with a garland, from which two cornucopias come out of the mouth on each side the tunic, the size of the top of the shield and around it is a letter saying: Academia Sancti Marci Urbis Regum in Peru; in gothic letters.»
Adelante San Marcos glorioso adelante tú siempre estarás, porque nadie ha podido vencerte y jamás nadie te vencerá. (bis) |
Es tu nombre un timbre de orgullo Tradición de nobleza y de honor, Siempre grande, siempre limpia tu bandera muy alto estará. |
Sanmarquinos unidos por siempre en tan grande y profunda misión, levantemos muy alto la frente Convencidos de nuestro valor. |
The National University of San Marcos also mentions other symbolic documents for the university. Among them are the Royal Certificate by which King Charles I of Spain authorized the foundation of the university in 1551, and the Quipu found in the Huaca San Marcos, both remain in the custody of the university as documents and materials of high historical value. [105]
The University of San Marcos was originally governed by clerics of monastic orders; during the Age of Enlightenment, the Bourbon Reforms transformed it into a secular institution, which continues to this day.
Currently, the governing bodies of the university are:
The government and administration of the faculties and schools are in charge of the Deans and the School Directors, respectively. [113] In addition, the postgraduate units of each faculty are in charge of their respective directors, with the Director of the Graduate School as the general director. [114]
Admission for undergraduate studies is mainly through an entrance examination. Although there are ways to carry out a special exam in the case of transfers, foreigners, first places in schools, and for the disabled, the most required type of exam is the ordinary one that is carried out twice a year: in March and in September. The entrance exam of the National University of San Marcos is considered the most rigorous admission exam for undergraduate studies in Peru, being statistically the most selective at the national level; This is mainly due to its difficulty and the large number of applicants that the university has. Precisely, this is expressed in the very strong competition that is generated in the admission of new students, with approximately 60,000 applicants per year for around 6,000 vacancies —divided into two admission processes: March and September, and which includes applicants who take the ordinary general exam and/or the pre-university center exam—, the selectivity ratio in admission being approximately 10%. Since 2016, the new evaluation method for each admission contest is the application of the cognitive skills test to the applicants (Test DECO®), which seeks that the applicants demonstrate ability and critical reasoning, before theorizing and memorizing when responding to different topics evaluated. It consists of an evaluation of 100 questions −30 of skills (5 in English language) and 70 of knowledge- which lasts three hours. [115] [116] In the case of postgraduate studies, both for master's degrees, specializations and doctorates, admission is made through enrollment in the Postgraduate School of the University of San Marcos. As there are a limited number of vacancies, an admission exam is carried out that is prepared and graded by a special jury according to the area of study to which it is applied. There is also high competition in this process. In 2020, after the suspension of the first admission exam on March 12, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and after spending more than 6 months without applying it, [117] the University Council decided to approve the application of the online admission exam, being the first of its kind in the history of the university, on October 2 and 3 of that same year. [118]
The University of San Marcos has 20 faculties grouped into 5 academic areas, in which 65 undergraduate programs, 77 master's degrees, and 27 doctorates are offered; Thus, it is the university with the largest number of study programs, both for undergraduate and postgraduate courses, in Peru. Currently, the organization of the university by academic areas is supervised by its Undergraduate Academic Vice-rectorate.
The area of Health Sciences is made up of the following faculties:
The following table lists the faculties that makeup area A, as well as the professional schools that make it up:
Academic area | Faculty | Department | Undergraduate | Postgraduate | Other | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BA/BS | Lic. | MA/MS | Dr./PhD | Dip. | Spec. | |||
A: HEALTH SCIENCES | 01.
Faculty of Human Medicine |
01.1. Human Medicine | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ |
01.2. Obstetrics | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
01.3. Nursing | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
01.4.1. Medical Technology: Clinical Laboratory and Pathological Anatomy 01.4.2. Medical Technology: Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation 01.4.3. Medical Technology: Radiology 01.4.4. Medical Technology: Occupational Therapy |
✔ | ✔ | ||||||
01.5. Nutrition | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
04.
Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry |
04.1. Pharmacy and Biochemistry | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |
04.2. Food Science | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
04.3. Toxicology | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
05.
Faculty of Dentistry |
05.1. Odontology | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |
08.
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine |
08.1. Veterinary Medicine | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |
18.
Faculty of Psychology |
18.1. Psychology | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |
18.2. Organizational Psychology and Human Management | ✔ | ✔ |
The Basic Sciences area is made up of the following faculties:
The following table lists the faculties that makeup area B, as well as the professional schools that make it up:
Academic area | Faculty | Department | Undergraduate | Postgraduate | Other | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BA/BS | Lic. | MA/MS | Dr./PhD | Dip. | Spec. | |||
B: BASIC SCIENCES | 07. Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering | 07.1. Chemistry | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ |
10. Faculty of Biological Sciences | 10.1. Biological Sciences | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |
10.2. Genetics and Biotechnology | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
10.3. Microbiology and Parasitology | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
13. Faculty of Physical Sciences | 13.1. Physics | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |
14. Faculty of Mathematical Sciences | 14.1. Math | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |
14.2. Statistics | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
14.3. Operative investigation | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
14.4. Scientific Computing | ✔ | ✔ |
The Engineering area is made up of the following faculties:
The following table lists the faculties that makeup area C, as well as the professional schools that make it up:
Academic area | Faculty | Department | Undergraduate | Postgraduate | Other | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BA/BS | Lic. | MA/MS | Dr./PhD | Dip. | Spec. | |||
C: INGENIERÍAS | 07. Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering | 07.2. Chemical engineering | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ |
07.3. Agroindustrial engineering | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
13. Faculty of Physical Sciences | 13.2. Mechanical Engineering of Fluids | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |
16. Faculty of Geological, Mining, Metallurgical, and Geographical Engineering | 16.1. Geological Engineering | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |
16.2. Geographical Engineering | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
16.3. Mining Engineering | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
16.4. Metallurgical Engineering | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
16.5. Civil Engineering | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
16.6. Environmental engineering | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
17.
Faculty of Industrial Engineering |
17.1. Industrial Engineering | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |
17.2. Textile Engineering | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
17.3. Occupational Health and Safety Engineering | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
19. Faculty of Electronic and Electrical Engineering | 19.1. Electronic Engineering | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |
19.2. Electric engineering | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
19.3. Telecommunications Engineering | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
19.4. Biomedical engineering | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
20. Faculty of Systems Engineering and Informatics | 20.1. Systems engineer | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |
20.2. Software Engineering | ✔ | ✔ |
The area of Economics and Management Sciences is made up of the following faculties:
The following table lists the faculties that makeup area D, as well as the professional schools that make it up:
Academic area | Faculty | Department | Undergraduate | Postgraduate | Other | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BA/BS | Lic. | MA/MS | Dr./PhD | Dip. | Spec. | |||
D: ECONOMIC AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES | 09.
Faculty of Administrative Sciences |
09.1. Business Administration | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ |
09.2. Tourism Administration | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
09.3. International Business management | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
11. Faculty of Accounting Sciences | 11.1. Accounting | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |
11.2. Tax management | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
11.3. Business and Public Audit | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
12.
Faculty of Economic Sciences |
12.1. Economics | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |
12.2. Public Economics | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
12.3. International economics | ✔ | ✔ |
The area of Humanities and Legal and Social Sciences is made up of the following faculties:
The following table lists the faculties that makeup area E, as well as the professional schools that make it up:
Academic area | Faculty | Department | Undergraduate | Postgraduate | Other | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BA/BS | Lic. | MA/MS | Dr./PhD | Dip. | Spec. | |||
E: HUMANITIES, AND LEGAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES | 03. Faculty of Letters and Human Sciences | 03.1. Literature | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ |
03.2. Philosophy | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
03.3. Linguistics | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ||
03.4. Social Communication | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ||
03.5. History of Art | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
03.6. Librarianship and Information Sciences | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
03.7. Dance | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
03.8. Conservation and restoration | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
06. Faculty of Education | 06.1.1. Initial education 06.1.2. Primary education 06.1.3.1. Secondary Education: English and Spanish 06.1.3.2. Secondary Education: Language and Literature 06.1.3.3. Secondary Education: History and Geography 06.1.3.4. Secondary Education: Philosophy, Tutoring and Social Sciences 06.1.3.5. Secondary Education: Mathematics and Physics 06.1.3.6. Secondary Education: Biology and Chemistry |
✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |
06.2. Physical education | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
02. Faculty of Law and Political Science | 02.1. Law | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |
02.2. Politic Science | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
15. Faculty of Social Sciences | 15.1. History | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |
15.2. Sociology | ✔ | ✔ | ||||||
15.3. Anthropology | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ||
15.4. Archeology | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ||
15.5. Social Work | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ||
15.6. Geography | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ |
Since its foundation, the University of San Marcos has passed through five different main locations, having two main transfers during the 16th century, one in the mid-19th century, and the last one in the mid-20th century: [153]
Since 1966, the University City of the National University of San Marcos, generally known as "University City of Lima" or simply "University City", is the main campus of the National University of San Marcos and the focal point of Universitary Av. — by giving this its name and for being the point from which this road expands both north and south. Its main entrances are located at Universitaria Av., Venezuela Av., Germán Amézaga Av. and Óscar Benavides Av.—formerly Colonial Av.—, in the Lima District. In the University City of the National University of San Marcos the main administrative facilities of the university are located, such as the rectory. In it are located 17 of the 20 faculties of the University of San Marcos, the central library, the Stadium of the University of San Marcos, the university gymnasium, the dining room of the University City and one of the university residences. In addition, the City includes the archaeological complex of Huaca San Marcos, which is preserved and studied by students and researchers from San Marcos. [154]
Since 2007, road works have been carried out outside the University City. The works imposed by the former mayor Luis Castañeda of the Metropolitan Municipality of Lima were widely questioned by the students, due to the fact that he intended to mutilate almost 29,000 square meters of the campus, and because the construction of a ring road would imply the disappearance of areas green areas and part of the buffer zone necessary for academic activities on campus. In 2008, specialists from the National University of Engineering and the CDL-College of Engineers of Peru joined the timely student request for the reformulation of the municipal works, pointing out that these works were oversized, that they lacked support enough technicians and that there were other options for traffic flows in the area. Currently, the works are paralyzed by a precautionary measure from the National Institute of Culture (INC), after verifying that these works damaged part of the cultural heritage in the Huaca San Marcos. Once the management of former mayor Luis Castañeda has ended, an agreement is expected between the new management of mayoress Susana Villarán and the university, which means a better benefit for both parties and for the neighbors, preserving the integrity of the Huaca San Marcos, conserving the buffer zone and green areas of the campus, and not incurring in unjustified and badly designed constructions. In January 2011, the new municipal management recognized that the ring road was unnecessary, agreeing with the position of the University of San Marcos, which was supported by the evaluations of specialists from the College of Engineers of Peru and the National University of Engineering. Representatives of the university took this news in the best way, pending a conciliation and agreement to adjust the work for the university population and the Lima commune. [155] [156]
Since 1768 the university sought to establish —in addition to the collections of each faculty— a central library, however, this would not come to fruition until 1871. Looted during the Chilean occupation during the War of the Pacific, at the beginning of the 20th a modernization process undertaken by the librarian Pedro Zulen and the Peruvian historian Jorge Basadre, a process that achieved the total reorganization and cataloging of the existing titles. [154] [157] The current "Pedro Zulen" Central Library of the university is the culmination of various computerization and modernization projects. The central library works in a 19,800 m² building, making it the largest university library in Peru and one of the largest in Latin America. It is made up of four buildings linked together, has five levels, and is located in the Civic Plaza of the university campus.
The building has the capacity to serve 2,500 users simultaneously. It has a multifunctional stage, 400 seats, and various high-tech systems that allow surveillance by video cameras, Internet connection, videoconference systems, multimedia projectors, radio links, and professional audio and sound equipment. The library has all its automated processes, such as those related to the acquisition of university publications, as well as the cataloging and classification of the texts and resources offered by the library. The university seeks to digitize all the information of national origin found in the library through its virtual library service, thus in the medium term it would include collections of newspapers and magazines —dating back to the 18th century—, books by renowned Peruvian authors and important works that, due to their small number or being unique copies, are of restricted use. The Central Library "Pedro Zulen", under the auspices of UNESCO, leads the initiative to develop and implement digitalization and electronic publication processes in the area of these and other documents, using international standards such as OAI-PMH, TEI Lite, Dublin Core, ETD-MS, XML, among others. This initiative which has received the name of Cybertesis of the University of San Marcos is currently the largest repository in Peru. [154] [158]
Each one of the faculties of the National University of San Marcos has its own specialized library in the study areas of each faculty, these are connected to each other through the Library System (SISBIB) of the university. Currently, in addition to the library system, the University of San Marcos has the "Pedro Zulen" Central Library, which includes most of the university's titles, and which directs the main activity of SISBIB. [154] In addition to the central library and the libraries of each faculty located in the University City, the SISBIB is also in charge of four specialized libraries located like other university dependencies: Spain Library of the Arts, Library "Raúl Porras Barrenechea Institute", Library of the Museum of Natural History "Javier Prado", and Library-Museum "Temple-Radicati". [159]
The current San Marcos University Clinic, inaugurated in February 1998 by reorganizing the previous clinical offices, is located within the university campus. At this health center, care is provided to students, retirees, teachers, administrative staff and the neighboring community, performing operations and other emergency cases due to trauma, burns, and serious injuries. It provides pharmacy, radiology, respiratory disease care, diabetes screening, AIDS screening, psychology, dentistry, gynecology, cosmetic surgery, etc. [154] [160] Regularly carries out, in conjunction with other institutions, vaccination, blood donation and sexual education campaigns. [161]
The University of San Marcos has two residence halls for its two main campuses:
The Stadium of the National University of San Marcos, officially known as the "Colossus of America", is located practically in the center of the University City. Its main accesses are through the block 5 of Av. Amézaga and the block 36 of Av. Venezuela, in the city of Lima, Peru. It was inaugurated in 1951 commemorating the 400th anniversary of the founding of the University of San Marcos. The San Marcos stadium initially had a total capacity of 70,000 people, becoming at the time the stadium with the highest capacity in Peru. [164] It has recently been conditioned to an official capacity of 32,000 people. The remodeled venue will be the official venue for the 2019 South American U-17 Championship and the 2019 Pan American Games.
At the local level, it has been the official stadium of the university soccer team, Club Deportivo Universidad San Marcos, which played until 2011 in the Second Division of Peru. In addition to sports practice, the stadium has also been used as a space for the devleopment of extra-curricular activities for students, teachers and administrative staff of the University of San Marcos. [165] In recent years it has also been the scene of massive concerts, featuring bands and artists such as Metallica, [166] Korn, Gustavo Cerati, Marc Anthony, Bon Jovi, [167] Green Day, The Smashing Pumpkins, Fania All-Stars, Iron Maiden, Shakira, Slayer, Van Halen, Bad Religion, Juanes, Aerosmith, Pearl Jam, Noel Gallagher, Lady Gaga, etc. [168]
The Cultural Center "La Casona" of San Marcos (acronym: CCSM), commonly known as "La Casona" of the University Park, is the main historical site of the university. Founded as the headquarters of the Jesuit novitiate of Saint Antony Aboot, it became the central headquarters of the university in 1861, remaining as such until the 1960s, when the university moved to its current campus in the University City of Lima. After its recent restoration, the "Casona" is the main reference of the cultural and artistic activity of the University, and one of the best-preserved constructions of the colonial era in the city of Lima. It is one of the main tourist attractions of the Historic Center of Lima. The complex is part of the area and the list of buildings in the historic center of the capital that in 1988 was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.
The Faculty of Medicine of the National University of San Marcos "San Fernando" (acronym: FMSF-UNMSM) is one of the twenty faculties that make up the said university. The faculty, within the organization of the university, is part of the Health Sciences area and has the Schools of Human Medicine, Obstetrics, Nursing, Medical Technology, and Nutrition, which offer both undergraduate and graduate studies. The Faculty of Medicine is also the focal point of the San Fernando campus, which has the largest number of faculties and schools related to the health sciences. The campus is located in Barrios Altos. Within the campus there is also the Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, the Botanical Garden of Lima, a university dining room (Cangallo), the Medical Student Center and its academy; and there is also the Central Morgue of Lima.
Faculty that has only the School of Veterinary Medicine, which offers both undergraduate and postgraduate studies. The campus has the school buildings, a hospital for little and exotic animals, a university dining room, and the postgraduate classrooms. It is located on its own campus in the district of San Borja (ex fundo Cahuache).
Throughout its history, the National University of San Marcos has significantly contributed to the scientific development of Peru. Currently, the National University of San Marcos is one of the few Peruvian universities that conduct research – only 10 out of over 80 universities. [169] This is mostly due to the fact the national government has not properly financed research development in the last decades. [170]
Regarding the development of research activities in San Marcos, halfway through the 20th century, the Peruvian government issued provisions to place emphasis on and create areas of scientific and student-led research. As a result, throughout these years many museums and institutes have been created within San Marcos to promote research in different areas of human knowledge. During the last years of the decade of 1990 and the beginning of 2000, the university renewed its research system through the assignation of specific projects to diverse academic departments. [171]
Currently, the University of San Marcos has 37 academic research units usually referred to as institutes. [172] [173] [174] Each of these are grouped according to the academic area in which they carry out their research, thus they are classified mainly in the areas of: health sciences, basic sciences, engineering, economic and management sciences, and humanities and legal and social sciences. According to their areas of study, the research centers have museums and specialized laboratories where they exhibit and carry out studies on subjects related to their areas. Each institute also has its own publications where they present reports and results of the work and studies of their researchers. [172] In addition to these institutes, the University of San Marcos is also in charge of other important institutes, museums, cultural centers, libraries, and seminaries in Lima that —in a non-compulsory way— carry out research jointly with their related faculties. [175]
Since 2015, after winning the first competition for centers of excellence convened by the National Council of Science and Technology (CONCYTEC), the University of San Marcos also has the Center for Technological, Biomedical and Environmental Research (acronym: CITBM), This being the first center of excellence in Peru dedicated to the integration of scientific research with development and technological innovation. It is led by the University of San Marcos and is made up of three national companies and three international centers of excellence. It also has several national and international collaborators. The center's two lines of research are: biotechnology and health; and water, soil and society. [176]
Below is a list of the main research institutes of the University of San Marcos: [175]
Health Sciences:
|
Basic Sciences:
Engineering:
|
Economics and Management Sciences:
Humanities, and legal and social sciences:
|
Some of the previously mentioned research institutes of the University of San Marcos are described below: [177]
In addition to the research institutes, the university has around 500 research groups grouped by academic areas and faculty, these are the research nuclei of specific topics that operate under the leadership of research professors supported by students, graduates, and associated researchers. [210]
According to the annual balance prepared by the National Council of Science, Technology and Technological Innovation (CONCYTEC) of Peru in 2009, 20% of Peruvian scientific production was generated by the National University of San Marcos, which makes it the Peruvian institution with the highest scientific production in all lines of activity. [211] In the same way, according to the Ibero-American Ranking of research institutions —prepared by SCImago research group—, the University of San Marcos is positioned in Peru as the main public university in research activity and scientific publications. [212] [213] [214] [215] [216] [217] [218] [219] [220] [221] Several scientific publications of the University of San Marcos and its research institutes appear in prestigious popular science magazines, such as the journals Nature [222] and Science. [223] Among the most relevant research topics published in the last decades, the investigations that have been carried out in the citadel of Caral, medical investigations on diabetes, and the discoveries of the fossil of the prehistoric giant cetacean stand out: Livyatan melvillei, [224] of the prehistoric giant penguin: Inkayacu paracasensis, [225] and the first Plesiosaur fossil located in Peruvian territory. [226] [227]
The following is the number of scientific publications of the University of San Marcos from 1990 to 2019 (the most recent year of data published and considered by the 2021 edition of the SCImago Institutions Rankings):
Scientific publications from 1990 to 2005 (according to initial official reports, for annual periods) | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year of publication | 1990 | 1991 | 1992 | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 |
No. of publications | 23 | 30 | 18 | 23 | 15 | 32 | 18 | 28 | 26 | 26 | 25 | 31 | 42 | 59 | 59 | 58 |
Source: Thomson Scientific (Institute for Scientific Information) [213] |
Scientific publications from 2003 to 2019 (according to the most recent official reports, for five-year periods) | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Years of publication | 2003–2007 | 2004–2008 | 2005–2009 | 2006–2010 | 2007–2011 | 2008–2012 | 2009–2013 | 2011–2015 | 2012–2016 | 2013–2017 | 2014–2018 | 2015–2019 | ||||
No. of publications | 342 | 383 | 438 | 535 | 638 | 750 | 892 | 1125 | 1265 | 1386 | 1574 | 1791 | ||||
Source: SIR Ibero-American Ranking [212] |
The main scientific publications of the University of San Marcos are published in academic journals Alma Máter —humanities, social sciences, and business sciences— and Theorema —basic sciences, health sciences, and engineering— [228] and in the 20 official magazines of each of the university's faculties, which are listed below. In addition to the magazines listed below, each professional school also has its own academic journal: [229]
Health Sciences:
Basic Sciences: |
Engineering:
Economics and management sciences: |
Humanities and legal and social sciences: |
Below is a brief description of the main academic publications of the faculties of the University of San Marcos, listed above: [230]
The Editorial Fund of the University of San Marcos is the division in charge of publishing books, magazines, and newspapers under the seal of the university after the proposals have passed rigorous selection procedures. For a work to be published, it must also comply with the imposed publication regulations, as well as with the style manual that the label indicates through its website. The publications are made both in the traditional printed format and via the Internet. The publications of the editorial fund can be purchased at the bookstore and production center of the university: CENPROLID, located in the "University City".
University rankings | |
---|---|
Global – Overall | |
QS World [251] | 901–950 (2024) |
THE World [252] | 1500+ (2023) |
Together with the Cayetano Heredia University and the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, the National University of San Marcos is one of the only three Peruvian universities, and so far the only public one, which has managed to rank first nationally in several editions of different international university rankings. [253] [254] [255] [256] [257] [258]
In the first national university ranking in Peru, prepared by the National Assembly of Rectors of Peru under the auspices of UNESCO in 2006, the National University of San Marcos ranked first in the country. [51] In 2021, the Webometrics Ranking of World Universities of the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) ranked the National University of San Marcos as the best university in the country, in its first ranking of the year. [259] [260] [261] In 2022, the university was awarded by the National Council of Science, Technology and Technological Innovation of Peru (Concytec) and the Elsevier corporation for being the institution with the historical highest number of scientific publications in Scopus (6,907), the largest bibliographic database of abstracts and citations of articles in all the universities of Peru. [262]
In addition to the agreements of the university itself described above, it has counted as a main member of the Strategic Alliance of Peruvian Universities with agreements to achieve exchanges of undergraduate and postgraduate students from the three main Peruvian universities —UNMSM, UNI and UNALM— and others public and private Peruvian universities as associated members. These exchange programs have occurred mainly with universities in Germany, France, Spain, and Italy, and Japan, as well as other Latin American, European, North American, and Asian countries.
Currently, the National University of San Marcos has two important cultural centers in two of its historic buildings. The well-known Casona de San Marcos —its main cultural center— and the Colegio Real de San Marcos.
The Cultural Center "La Casona" of San Marcos (acronym: CCSM), is the main historical venue of the university. Founded as the headquarters of the Jesuit novitiate of San Antonio Abad, it became the headquarters of the university in 1861, remaining as such until the middle of the 20th century, when the university moved to its current campus in Ciudad Universitaria. After its recent restoration, the "Casona" is the main reference point for the cultural and artistic activity of the University, and one of the best-preserved buildings from the colonial era in the city of Lima. [263] It is one of the main tourist attractions of the Historic Center of Lima. The complex is part of the area and the list of buildings in the historic center of the capital that in 1988 was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.
The history of the Casona goes back to the year 1605 when Antonio Correa Ureña gave the Jesuits an important donation for the construction of their novitiate or probation house. In the early years, the complex consisted only of a chapel and two courtyards. After its destruction by the 1746 earthquake, it was rebuilt by the Jesuits following the same layout as before. It would remain like this until 1767 when the Jesuit order was expelled from the Viceroyalty of Peru, and it became the location of the Real Convictorio de San Carlos. In 1821, after the independence of Peru was proclaimed, the Casona complex became the main premises of the University of San Marcos, then reaching its maximum splendor. The general hall of the Casona had historical importance as the location of the first Constituent Congress of Peru at the time of independence, in addition to witnessing the events of the War of the Pacific with the Chilean invasion in Lima and the destruction and appropriation of several of its collections. [263] [264] [265]
Since the transfer of the university, the Casona remained a place of great historical value and importance not only for the university but for the city, which is why in 1989 the National University of San Marcos, the Spanish Agency for International Cooperation (AECI) and the National Institute of Culture sign a Peru-Spain agreement to achieve the restoration of the architectural complex and adapting it to new use as a space dedicated to culture, research, and artistic creation. Currently, the Casona, as the Cultural Center of San Marcos, offers cultural extension courses, and exhibitions, and is the headquarters of several university museums and research centers. Inside the Casona, the Salón de Grados stands out —formerly the Chapel of Loreto—, where the official ceremonies of the honorary doctorates awarded by the university are held. [265] [266]
The "Royal College" Cultural Center of Contemporary Peruvian Cultures, established as such in 2006, is the second cultural center of the University of San Marcos and also one of the historic buildings of Lima as it is located in the environment of the old "Royal College" of San Marcos dating from the colonial period, next to the Congress of the Republic of Peru. It is made up of three units of the university: the Institute of Applied Linguistics CILA, the "Domingo Angulo" Historical Archive of the University of San Marcos, and the Andean Rural History Seminar. Exhibitions and shows are regularly held, which mainly take place in the exhibition hall of the Royal College. [267] [268]
The history of the Royal College dates back to the end of the 16th century, when it was founded on the initiative of Viceroy Francisco Álvarez de Toledo in 1592. It was a school that studied canons and laws, for the education of the children, grandchildren, and descendants of the conquerors, Spaniards, and residents of the kingdom, as well as people of recognized merit. The rector of the college was also the rector of the University of San Marcos; the day-to-day administration of the school fell to the vice-rector, who lived in the cloister. Both positions had a duration of two years and were maintained even in the event that the rector ceased to be the rector of the University. The rectoral biennium ran from June 28, the eve of the feast of Saint Peter and Saint Paul. The constitutions and ceremonies of the Colegio Mayor Santa Cruz were kept in the College. After the Bourbon Reforms that led to the expulsion of the Jesuits, the campus was recast as the Convictorio de San Carlos. At the end of the 18th century, the War Inspector Gabriel de Avilés y del Fierro dedicated the premises to the headquarters of the Royal Regiment of Lima. Later, during the Republican era, it was the headquarters of the General Staff of the Army. Since the end of the 20th century, the University of San Marcos has given the Royal College the functions of a Cultural Center and Historical Archive.
The University of San Marcos has the following higher education and research centers, two of which also function as house museums and have their respective specialized libraries:
In addition to the two centers for higher studies and research that also function as house museums, the University of San Marcos currently has five institutions that function exclusively as museums, these are:
The National University of San Marcos has under its custody various archaeological sites, remains, pieces, and historical collections, highlighting the following:
The University of San Marcos, in addition to its central Library and the libraries of its faculties located mainly in the University City, has four other important specialized libraries: [299]
Through its "Domingo Angulo" Historical Archive, the National University of San Marcos preserves copies of documents and writings of great historical relevance dating from the 16th, 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries, such as the Royal Provision and the Royal Decree of Emperor Carlos I of Spain and V of the Holy Roman Germanic Empire of May 12, 1551, and the papal bull Exponi Nobis of Pius V of July 25, 1571, with which the constitution of the University of San Marcos as the first university in the American continent. In 2019, the "Colonial Fund and Founding Documents of the National University of San Marcos: 1551 -1852” was incorporated into the UNESCO Memory of the World Register, in recognition of its significance for global collective memory.
Various institutions of the University of San Marcos such as the Central Library, the Museum of Natural History, the Archeology and Anthropology Museum, and the Raúl Porras Barrenechea Institute, among others, also have what were private collections and manuscripts of illustrious San Marcos people who left as a legacy to his university; works by authors and researchers such as César Vallejo, José María Arguedas, Raúl Porras Barrenechea, Ella Dunbar Temple, Julio César Tello, Antonio Raimondi, etc. These manuscripts and collections are kept by the University of San Marcos and entrusted to the corresponding university dependency according to their historical and scientific context.
The University of San Marcos has agencies and departments that promote cultural activities, below is a description of some of them:
The Casona of the National University of San Marcos —historical location of the university with more than 400 years of history—, the Royal College of the National University of San Marcos and the Basilica and Convent of Santo Domingo, are monuments that are part of the area and the list of buildings in the Historic Center of Lima recognized as World Heritage by UNESCO since 1988.
The National University of San Marcos also has —or is historically related to— several monuments considered by the Ministry of Culture of Peru as Cultural Heritage of the Nation, as they are architectural works or places of artistic, historical, cultural, and social value. [310]
The University of San Marcos has been very important in university sports activity in Peru. [311] [312] On August 7, 1924, San Marcos students founded the University Sports Federation of Peru (FEDUP). Since 1936, this federation has organized the National University Sports Games, the Regional University Sports Games and the National University Championships. In addition, since 1963 it has participated in the Universiade. [313]
Most university sports activities take place in the Gymnasium and in the San Marcos University Stadium. Sports and disciplines include: soccer, futsal, volleyball, rugby, shooting, table tennis, basketball, athletics, long-distance running (middle-distance running and long-distance running), handball, Olympic swimming, synchronized swimming, water polo, Greco-Roman wrestling, karate, judo, kung fu, wushu, taekwondo, aikido, capoeira, Wing Chun, tai chi, xingyiquan, baguazhang, qigong, powerlifting, weightlifting, aerobics, rhythmic gymnastics, fencing, among others. Parallel to this, the university has a lot of teams that participate in the national and regional leagues of different sports. [311] In this field, the basketball team of the University of San Marcos stands out, which participates in the Lima Basketball League, both in the men's division and in the women's superior division. [314] [315] [312]
In the case of soccer, which is the most popular sport in Peru, it has always had special significance for San Marcos students. Throughout its history, the University of San Marcos has had various professional football teams, including the University Football Federation ( Club Universitario de Deportes), founded in 1924 by students of the association of the representative teams of the Faculties of the then Royal and Pontifical University of San Marcos and the Special Schools of Engineering, Agronomy and Central Normal until was separated from the university and became private due to problems with the authorities in 1932; and the Deportivo Universidad San Marcos that came to dispute the second division until 2012. [316]
The first university Games were held in 1936, in the city of Lima. Among others, the following participated: the La Molina National Agrarian University, the National University of Engineering, the National University of Saint Augustine of Arequipa, the National University of San Antonio Abad of Cuzco and the National University of San Marcos, which was the first university to host the event. Since then, the distance of four years between each Games was marked —recently they have been taking place every 2 years—, having a special edition to commemorate the four hundredth anniversary of the founding of the National University of San Marcos in 1951. That year, as partof the urban development of Lima and of incentive to the university sport, the Stadium of the University of San Marcos was inaugurated in the center of the main campus. [317]
The University of San Marcos has teams for the different sports disciplines with which it has been national champion in most editions of what are now called Universiade: National university games —San Marcos has won 9 of the 11 editions where a champion was declared—, thus being the most successful university in these national games. [318] [319] [320]
Likewise, for the celebration of the 2019 Pan American Games, the Organizing Committee of Lima 2019 chose various sports facilities located between the city of Lima, as well as in Callao, as Pan American venues. Among them, the National University of San Marcos, which had its stadium remodeled to host the event. [321] [322]
The Stadium of the National University of San Marcos was the sole venue of the 2019 South American U-17 Championship that took place in Peru. The tournament champion was Argentina, which achieved its fourth title in this category. Peru was in fifth place. [323]
Football, the most popular sport in Peru, has always had special significance for San Marcos students. Throughout its history, the University of San Marcos has had various professional soccer teams, among them the Federación Universitaria de Fútbol (today the Club Universitario de Deportes) and the Club Deportivo Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos.
«At the beginning of the decade of the 20 there was a marked interest in the authorities of the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos to encourage sports among students. Young people also showed a great predisposition to practice it, but there was a discipline that predominated in the taste of boys compared to all others: soccer. The teachers of that time did not see with good eyes that young students spend several hours of their time doing sports, because they considered that this would be detrimental to their academic performance. However, history was written and the young people from the different faculties organized themselves to give shape to what they called the Federación Universitaria —today Club Universitario de Deportes".
— Luciano Rico Molina [324]
José Rubio Galindo, a student at the Faculty of Letters, and Luis Málaga Arenas, a student at the Faculty of Medicine, dedicated their free hours to exchanging ideas with a view to realizing a common desire: "to form a great institution." [325] [326] Then they would join Plácido Galindo, Eduardo Astengo, Rafael Quirós, Mario de las Casas, Alberto Denegri, Luis de Souza Ferreira (who scored the first Peruvian goal in a FIFA World Cup), [327] Andrés Rotta, Carlos Galindo, Francisco Sabroso, Jorge Góngora, Pablo Pacheco, Carlos Lassus and Carlos Cillóniz among others.
Thus, on August 7, 1924, at 7:00 p.m. (UTC-5), university students met at the headquarters of the Federation of Students of Peru, at 106, Juan de la Coba street, in the city of Lima, [328] giving rise to the Federación Universitaria de Fútbol as an association of the representative teams of the Faculties of the University of San Marcos and the Special Schools of Engineering, Agronomy and Central Normal. [325] [329]
In the founding act of the club, it was determined to establish as a shield a garnet-colored letter "U" enclosed in a circle of the same color with a white background. [330] The design was in charge of Luis Málaga Arenas from Arequipa, at that time a delegate of the "San Fernando" Faculty of Medicine and one of the most enthusiastic managers of the formation of the Federación Universitaria de Fútbol. [331] The first shields were large and had a very rustic finish. They were used on the left side of the chest and in some cases in the center of the uniform. [332] Currently, the official design of the shield uses more stylized typography and the background of the shield is cream. In sportswear, it is always used on the left side.
The National Sports Committee, the highest body of Peruvian sports at that time, recognized the Federación Universitaria as if it were a League. Hence, together with the Peruvian Football League, the Amateur Association, the Callao League, Circolo Sportivo Italiano and Lima Cricket and Football Club, they formed the Football Federation. [333] After participating in different inter-university tournaments and friendly matches between 1924 and 1927, [325] the Peruvian Football Federation invited the Federación Universitaria to participate in the Selection and Competition Championship (First Division Tournament) of 1928. [325]
It made its official debut on May 27 against the José Olaya de Chorrillos Club, whom it beat 7:1. [334] At the end of the championship, the Federación Universitaria ranked second behind Alianza Lima, with which they played for the title in three games: (1:0 victory, 1:1 draw and 2:0 defeat). [325] In 1929, the championship only had the participation of twelve teams due to the suspension of Alianza Lima for refusing to cede its players to the national team. [335] In this tournament, Federación Universitaria obtained its first national title, at the end of the championship with seven wins, three draws and one loss, completing seventeen points, one more than Circolo Sportivo Italiano, which it had defeated 7:0. [335] Carlos Cillóniz, a Federación Universitaria footballer, scored eight goals, becoming the top scorer in the championship. [336]
In 1930, the first FIFA World Cup was held in Montevideo, Uruguay, and the Peruvian team attended the event with a squad that featured eight players from the Federación Universitaria squad ( Eduardo Astengo, Carlos Cillóniz, Luis de Souza Ferreira, Alberto Denegri, Arturo Fernández, Plácido Galindo, Jorge Góngora and Pablo Pacheco). [337] After the World Cup, the club's first official tour took place: it traveled to the provinces by steamboat to face the Association White Star, which it defeated 1:0, [334] then he toured Huacho and participated in the Gubbins Cup. [333] That same year, it was part of group 2 in the national tournament, achieving two victories and a draw, with which he advanced to the final league, where it placed third. [338]
The following year, discrepancies arose internally with the authorities of the National University of San Marcos, since the rector José Antonio Encinas prohibited the use of the name —Federación Universitaria de Fútbol— and this led to the change, by Club Universitario de Deportes, becoming independent. totally from university. [325] The club, which is currently the team with the most national titles in the history of Peruvian football, maintains an important historical link with the University of San Marcos. [339] [340]
In 2001, the University of San Marcos created the Club Deportivo Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, which was born as a club in the summer of 2001. In subsequent years it would rise in the district and regional leagues until it reached the Second Division of Peru, where it played until 2011. Club San Marcos played at home in the San Marcos stadium located on the university campus. The team baptized with the name "The lions", because this animal is the symbol of Mark the Evangelist, had its best participation in 2006, when it reached the runner-up position in the Second Division. [316]
Later, the university creates Deportivo San Marcos. The club participates from 2013 to date in the first division of Cercado de Lima. It is one of the main cheerleading teams in the tournament and was runner-up three times. He qualified several times for the Interleague tournament in Lima. Then the San Marcos Cultural Sports Association, which participated in the Pueblo Libre district league in 2013 and qualified for the Lima Interleagues of the same period. Finally, the university has its own football team that participates in the University Football League organized by FEDUP, from 2008 to the present.
Both formally and colloquially the characters that have been part of the National University of San Marcos; students, professors, researchers, and even those who have been awarded the distinction of honorary professor or the title of Doctor honoris causa, have received the title of sanmarquinos. [341] [342] The word has been in common use by the Peruvian population throughout its history to refer to the close and prominent figures of this house of studies, and even to the pets and animals adopted by the university community. [343] [344] [345]
In its more than 470 years of history, the National University of San Marcos has seen numerous students, professors, researchers, deans, and rectors who have stood out at the local, national, Latin American, and global levels. The University of San Marcos has had a very significant influence on the development of science, medicine, engineering, law, politics, social, humanities, arts and sports subjects, throughout the history of Peru, managing to highlight the students and professors in decisive times for the national reality such as: throughout the Viceroyalty —16th, 17th and 17th centuries —; during the process of Independence —18th and 19th centuries —; and in the current republican era —19th, 20th and 21st centuries. Among the most outstanding people from San Marcos we can mention scientists and engineers such as Pedro Peralta y Barnuevo, Santiago Antúnez de Mayolo —candidate for the 1943 Nobel Prize in Physics—, [346] Federico Villarreal, Alfred Rosenblatt, Eduardo de Habich, Carlos Bustamante Monteverde and Harald Helfgott; doctors like Hipólito Unanue, Cayetano Heredia, Daniel Alcides Carrión and Alberto Barton; [347] writers and artists such as Mario Vargas Llosa — 2010 Nobel Prize in Literature , the only Peruvian Nobel to date—, César Vallejo, Alfredo Bryce Echenique, José María Arguedas —candidate for the 1971 Nobel Prize in Literature—, Ricardo Palma, Abraham Valdelomar, Javier Heraud, Blanca Varela, Ventura García Calderón —candidate for the 1934 Nobel Prize in Literature — and Alberto Hidalgo —candidate for the 1966 Nobel Prize in Literature—; social researchers such as Julio César Tello, [348] María Rostworowski, Ruth Shady, José de la Riva Agüero y Osma, Javier Prado y Ugarteche, Raúl Porras Barrenechea and Jorge Basadre; lawyers and politicians such as Francisco García-Calderón Landa —candidate for the 1934 Nobel Prize in Literature—, Mariano H. Cornejo Zenteno —candidate for the Nobel Peace Prize from 1931 to 1939—, José Bernardo de Tagle, Bernardo O'Higgins, Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre, Víctor Andrés Belaúnde, Miguelina Acosta Cárdenas, and Beatriz Merino; economists like Javier Silva Ruete and Daniel Schydlowsky Rosenberg; twenty-one Presidents of the Republic of Peru; among many others. [349] [116] [350] [351] [352] [353] [354] [355] [356] [357] [358] [359] [360] [361] [362] [363] [364] [365] [366]
The Honoris causa doctorate is the highest academic distinction conferred by this higher house of studies. The University of San Marcos began to award this recognition in the 19th century to the two greatest liberators of South America: José de San Martín and Simón Bolívar. In addition to these, among the main figures who have received this recognition from the university during the 20th and 21st centuries are Pope John Paul II, French President Charles de Gaulle, Argentine writer Jorge Luis Borges, researchers Alberto Barton and Maria Reiche, the Secretary-generals of the United Nations Javier Pérez de Cuéllar and Ban Ki-moon, and the Nobel Prize laureates: Albert Einstein, Peter Agre, Peter C. Doherty, Pablo Neruda, Camilo José Cela, Mario Vargas Llosa, Muhammad Yunus, Adolfo Pérez Esquivel, Peter Diamond, Robert C. Merton, Eric Maskin, Cristóbal Pissarides, among others [116] [367]
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