Ubiquitin-fold modifier 1, also known as UFM1, is a
protein which in humans is encoded by the UFM1gene.[5][6]
UFM1 is a
ubiquitin-like protein that is conjugated to target proteins by E1-like activating enzyme
UBA5 and E2-like conjugating enzyme
UFC1.[6] This process is often referred to as UFMylation.[7]
Function
UFM1 shares several common properties with
ubiquitin (Ub) and the other
ubiquitin-like proteins (UBLs). Ufm1 has similar
tertiary structure to Ub but lacks any obvious
sequence similarity. It is synthesized as an inactive precursor form (pro-Ufm1) which has 2 additional amino acids beyond the conserved glycine. The mechanism of Ufm1
conjugation is similar to that of ubiquitin. Mature Ufm1 has an exposed
C-terminalglycine which is essential for subsequent activation by its cognate E1 protein (Uba5). This activation step results in the formation of a high-energy thiolester bond in the presence of ATP. The Ufm1 is subsequently transferred to its cognate E2-like enzyme (Ufc1) via a similar
thioester linkage with a
cysteine at the E2 active site. Ufm1 is conjugated to a variety of target proteins and forms complexes with as yet unidentified proteins. Thus, presumably there exist E3 ligases (none have been identified to date) to perform the final step in Ufm1 conjugation to relevant targets. The modification of proteins with Ufm1 is also reversible. Two novel
cysteine proteases have been identified to date (
UFSP1 and
UFSP2) which cleave Ufm1-peptide C-terminal fusions and also removes Ufm1 from native intracellular conjugates. These proteases have no obvious homology to ubiquitin deconjugating enzymes. The proteins for Ufm1 conjugation (Uba5, Ufc1 and Ufm1) are all conserved in animals and plants (but not yeast) suggesting important roles in multicellular organisms. The exact role of Ufm1 modification in vivo is not yet known,[8] but the primary target appear to be
uL24/RPL26 in human cells.[7]
Sasakawa H, Sakata E, Yamaguchi Y, et al. (2006). "Solution structure and dynamics of Ufm1, a ubiquitin-fold modifier 1". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 343 (1): 21–6.
doi:
10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.02.107.
PMID16527251.
Ubiquitin-fold modifier 1, also known as UFM1, is a
protein which in humans is encoded by the UFM1gene.[5][6]
UFM1 is a
ubiquitin-like protein that is conjugated to target proteins by E1-like activating enzyme
UBA5 and E2-like conjugating enzyme
UFC1.[6] This process is often referred to as UFMylation.[7]
Function
UFM1 shares several common properties with
ubiquitin (Ub) and the other
ubiquitin-like proteins (UBLs). Ufm1 has similar
tertiary structure to Ub but lacks any obvious
sequence similarity. It is synthesized as an inactive precursor form (pro-Ufm1) which has 2 additional amino acids beyond the conserved glycine. The mechanism of Ufm1
conjugation is similar to that of ubiquitin. Mature Ufm1 has an exposed
C-terminalglycine which is essential for subsequent activation by its cognate E1 protein (Uba5). This activation step results in the formation of a high-energy thiolester bond in the presence of ATP. The Ufm1 is subsequently transferred to its cognate E2-like enzyme (Ufc1) via a similar
thioester linkage with a
cysteine at the E2 active site. Ufm1 is conjugated to a variety of target proteins and forms complexes with as yet unidentified proteins. Thus, presumably there exist E3 ligases (none have been identified to date) to perform the final step in Ufm1 conjugation to relevant targets. The modification of proteins with Ufm1 is also reversible. Two novel
cysteine proteases have been identified to date (
UFSP1 and
UFSP2) which cleave Ufm1-peptide C-terminal fusions and also removes Ufm1 from native intracellular conjugates. These proteases have no obvious homology to ubiquitin deconjugating enzymes. The proteins for Ufm1 conjugation (Uba5, Ufc1 and Ufm1) are all conserved in animals and plants (but not yeast) suggesting important roles in multicellular organisms. The exact role of Ufm1 modification in vivo is not yet known,[8] but the primary target appear to be
uL24/RPL26 in human cells.[7]
Sasakawa H, Sakata E, Yamaguchi Y, et al. (2006). "Solution structure and dynamics of Ufm1, a ubiquitin-fold modifier 1". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 343 (1): 21–6.
doi:
10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.02.107.
PMID16527251.