Timbira | |
---|---|
Native to | Brazil |
Region | Maranhão, Pará, Tocantins |
Ethnicity | Timbira |
Native speakers | 5,000 (2005–2008) [1] |
Macro-Jê
| |
Dialects | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | Variously:
ram –
Canela
xra –
Krahô
gvp –
Pará Gavião
xri –
Krĩkatí
xre –
Krẽje |
Glottolog |
timb1253 |
Timbira is a dialect continuum of the Northern Jê language group of the Jê languages ̣( Macro-Jê) spoken in Brazil. The various dialects are distinct enough to sometimes be considered separate languages. The principal varieties, Krahô /ˈkrɑːhoʊ/ [2] (Craó), and Canela /kæˈnɛlə/ [2] (Kanela), have 2000 speakers apiece, few of whom speak Portuguese. Pará Gavião has 600–700 speakers. Krẽje, however, is nearly extinct, with only 30 speakers in 1995.
Timibira has been intensive contact with various Tupi-Guarani languages of the lower Tocantins- Mearim area, such as Guajajára, Tembé, Guajá, and Urubú-Ka'apór. Ararandewára, Turiwára, Tupinamba, and Nheengatu have also been spoken in the area. Some of people in the area are also remembers of Anambé and Amanajé. [3]
Linguistic varieties of Timbira include: [4]
Loukotka (1968) divides the Timbira tribes into two groups, Timbirá ( Canela) and Krao. [5] The majority are included under Timbira:
Ramirez et al. (2015) considers Timbira-Kayapó to be a dialect continuum, as follows: [6]
Apart from Kapiekran, all Krao varieties are recognized by the ISO. Under the Timbira group, Loukotka included several purported languages for which nothing is recorded: Kukoekamekran, Karákatajé, Kenpokatajé, Kanakatayé, Norokwajé (Ñurukwayé). The Poncatagê (Põkateye) are likewise unidentifiable.
Another common convention for division, though geographic rather than linguistic, is Western Timbira (Apinayé alone) vs Eastern Timbira (Canela, Krikatí, Krahô, Gavião, and others).
Gurupy is a river, sometimes used to refer to the Krenye.
This section is empty. You can help by
adding to it. (August 2020) |
Timbira | |
---|---|
Native to | Brazil |
Region | Maranhão, Pará, Tocantins |
Ethnicity | Timbira |
Native speakers | 5,000 (2005–2008) [1] |
Macro-Jê
| |
Dialects | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | Variously:
ram –
Canela
xra –
Krahô
gvp –
Pará Gavião
xri –
Krĩkatí
xre –
Krẽje |
Glottolog |
timb1253 |
Timbira is a dialect continuum of the Northern Jê language group of the Jê languages ̣( Macro-Jê) spoken in Brazil. The various dialects are distinct enough to sometimes be considered separate languages. The principal varieties, Krahô /ˈkrɑːhoʊ/ [2] (Craó), and Canela /kæˈnɛlə/ [2] (Kanela), have 2000 speakers apiece, few of whom speak Portuguese. Pará Gavião has 600–700 speakers. Krẽje, however, is nearly extinct, with only 30 speakers in 1995.
Timibira has been intensive contact with various Tupi-Guarani languages of the lower Tocantins- Mearim area, such as Guajajára, Tembé, Guajá, and Urubú-Ka'apór. Ararandewára, Turiwára, Tupinamba, and Nheengatu have also been spoken in the area. Some of people in the area are also remembers of Anambé and Amanajé. [3]
Linguistic varieties of Timbira include: [4]
Loukotka (1968) divides the Timbira tribes into two groups, Timbirá ( Canela) and Krao. [5] The majority are included under Timbira:
Ramirez et al. (2015) considers Timbira-Kayapó to be a dialect continuum, as follows: [6]
Apart from Kapiekran, all Krao varieties are recognized by the ISO. Under the Timbira group, Loukotka included several purported languages for which nothing is recorded: Kukoekamekran, Karákatajé, Kenpokatajé, Kanakatayé, Norokwajé (Ñurukwayé). The Poncatagê (Põkateye) are likewise unidentifiable.
Another common convention for division, though geographic rather than linguistic, is Western Timbira (Apinayé alone) vs Eastern Timbira (Canela, Krikatí, Krahô, Gavião, and others).
Gurupy is a river, sometimes used to refer to the Krenye.
This section is empty. You can help by
adding to it. (August 2020) |