Rosewood massacre is a featured article; it (or a previous version of it) has been identified as one of the best articles produced by the Wikipedia community. Even so, if you can update or improve it, please do so. | ||||||||||||||||
This article appeared on Wikipedia's Main Page as Today's featured article on August 4, 2009. | ||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||
Current status: Featured article |
This article is rated FA-class on Wikipedia's
content assessment scale. It is of interest to the following WikiProjects: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Daily pageviews of this article
A graph should have been displayed here but
graphs are temporarily disabled. Until they are enabled again, visit the interactive graph at
pageviews.wmcloud.org |
The production notes, etc. on the DVD of the film version of these events say some survivors and/or descendants said there were between 40 and 150 casualties, a far cry from 14( six whites and 8 blacks). I don't have any more official, legitimate sources than that, but it's enough of a discrepancy (the other number mentioned was either 40 or 50, also a pretty big jump) that it seems worth looking into evaluating the claimed, unverifiable numbers. FangsFirst 04:57, 6 February 2007 (UTC)
There are two mass graves. There are also deep furrows made by the draft horses, pulling a large virgin cypress trees, where bodies were laid in and covered. There were also bodies put into the water wells to foul the water, without which people could not live. High Sheriff Jim Turner, who looked into one of the mass pits put the body count at 17 or more. He traveled to Rosewood with his father, who was the county doctor. I have spent over 40 years talking to the white people who were there and documenting their stories, and I had the misfortune of owning acreage in Rosewood. I personally took a reporter and camera man from BET to the site, where we walked the rail bed to the railroad depot and then to the cemetery. Many of the county records disappeared, or were destroyed in a fire. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Robinraftis ( talk • contribs) 01:40, 16 August 2009 (UTC)
I removed the information stating " ...and a black war veteran named Phillip Mann, who planned to settle in the town". The wiki article for the movie based on this incident claims that "Mann", the character played by Ving Rhames in the film, was a fictional character. Furthermore, he seems not to be named Phillip. Furtherfurthermore, a google for "Phillip Mann" and "Rosewood" produces no relevant results. Perhaps this article needs to be looked into farther than this one discrepancy as well. 67.60.153.104 00:37, 2 April 2007 (UTC)
Image:Rosewood Florida rc12409.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.
Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Wikipedia:Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.
If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.
BetacommandBot ( talk) 13:26, 21 January 2008 (UTC)
At the end of the movie the white woman that started the trouble by crying rape, was apprently confronted at the end of the massacre by her husband. He finaly realised that the whole tale had been a lie and that she had'nt been beaten by a black man..he then proceeded to beat her himself. That's how the movie ended...anyone know if this is true or not? Does anyone know what happened to Fannie afterwards? MacSas ( talk) 04:48, 6 February 2008 (UTC)
I know what happened. Both, at Rosewood, and her next home. She pulled the same thing again, but the second time with different results. The movie was Hollywood, not the truth. Why people confuse history and fantasy, there is not enough room to contemplate. The movie was made to MAKE MONEY, NOT HISTORY!-- Robinraftis ( talk) 02:14, 16 August 2009 (UTC)
The article's reliance on journalistic accounts seems to make it sound like a newspaper rather than encyclopedia article. There is little context or history. I've added material on background but will do more, and also will do editing to reduce the blow-by-blow account.-- Parkwells ( talk) 17:15, 28 March 2008 (UTC)
The text says there were about 25-30 families, but 700 people. That doesn't make sense - even large families usually didn't number 23 members each, which is what that would amount to. If there were 15 people/family, that would be about 450 people in 1923.-- Parkwells ( talk) 17:22, 28 March 2008 (UTC)
Moni3, who has contributed to this article, has rewritten the lede to remove the word "pogrom" in favor of a vague description that contemporary scholars regard as concealing what transpired.
Moni3 argues [1] that the term pogrom does not apply broadly to ethnic groups who are targeted for killing or removal (ethic cleansing) such as is the subject of this article on Rosewood. Moni3 suggests the term pogrom applies specifically to one ethnic group. This is contrary to the dictionary definition, [2] which conveys that pogrom is often associated with but not limited to the Jewish experience.
I believe the lede in the current iteration tiptoes around the issue and that the lede should directly explain this history without euphemism. There is plenty of precedent for this, and in fact, this is discussed in the current issue of Black Commentator.
The review [3] in the Washington Post of Elliot Jaspin's Buried in the Bitter Waters: The Hidden History of Racial Cleansing in America refers to events such as the Rosewood massacre as ethnic cleansing and pogroms.
Ohio University Press, publisher of historian Charles Lumpkins' book American Pogrom: The East St. Louis Race Riot and Black Politics uses the word pogrom in the title, and the topic addresses exactly the kind of episode described in this article re: the ethnic cleansing of Rosewood.
Historian David Levering Lewis, who has won the Pulitzer Prize twice along with many other awards, use the word pogrom to describe an incident of ethnic cleansing similar to Rosewood. [4]
In the current issue of Black Commentator [5], William Strickland, a professor at University of Massachusetts Amherst, points to the very practice of watering down the language that is the problem with the lead of this article. He writes:
The problem is that non-mainstream history is an embarrassment to the national myths that make up America's identity so it is banished from the national memory; hidden from national view; concealed behind what Du Bois called The Veil. What we are left with is invented history, abetted by various "masking devices" such as historical patterns that go uncommented upon; euphemistic language such as "landed gentry" instead of slave-owners; "racial riots" instead of pogroms; "violence" instead of murder; "harassment and intimidation" instead of racial terror, ad infinitum.
Nine years ago, Los Angeles Times reporter Claudia Kolker called the ethnic cleansing that took place all across the US a pogrom in this article titled, "A Painful Present as Historians Confront a Nation's Bloody Past" Tuesday, February 22, 2000 Kolker wrote:
With a mix of revulsion and urgency, people in communities from Florida to Oklahoma, Missouri to Texas, are also beginning to study their bloody pasts. The outlines often are similar: an individual lynching turned into a full- fledged pogrom. In some riot-wracked towns, such as Harrison, Ark., black populations vanished so completely-- having fled or been murdered--that scholars liken the results to ethnic cleansing.
With all due respect, I ask that the lede in this article revert to the direct language--either pogrom or ethnic cleansing-- that respects the losses endured by the people of Rosewood and their descendants by stating explicitly what occurred without describing it in lesser terms that veils what went on there. Comments? Skywriter ( talk) 09:43, 30 March 2009 (UTC)
I worked on this article before, using the late 20th c. historians' report, as well as on articles about the riots in Chicago, Omaha and other cities; early and late KKK; 19th century violence and paramilitary groups in the South. Made some changes to improve the chronology of the article, as it was going back and forth between events before and after WWI (for instance, the training of black troops), as well as before and after the rise of the KKK in the 1920s. Changed some sentences to use direct voice: "Whites considered him...", rather than "he was considered..." Of course people can disagree about such changes.
Race riots in the 1920s occurred more in nearly rural small towns and villages than larger cities: Wauchula, Perry, and Rosewood were small towns, and Ocoee was rather small. It seems an overstatement to say "in the 1920s residents in most urban areas were familiar with racial violence", unless you mean familiar in terms of general knowledge, because of media coverage. More mob violence and lynchings seemed to be taking place in villages than in larger cities of Florida. It's not clear if such villages are meant to be included in the definition of "urban areas".-- Parkwells ( talk) 13:48, 17 April 2009 (UTC)
The peer review seems to have been archived, so I'll add these here rather than perturb the article.
Comments: (in addition to earlier discussion on my talk page here):
This article is of course really very good. I actually found myself re-reading some sections for clarity's sake -- and perhaps the whole "I can't believe this actually #^@!& happened!" element was there, as well. Here is how it stands against the criteria:
Refs, links and cats all seem to be in order. Overall, great work! Because the above comments and suggestions are fairly minor in scale, I have no issues with promoting this article to GA-status at this time. Best of luck at FAC, and let me know if you'd like me to take another look. I really enjoyed reading the article in full, although now I'm utterly depressed. Sigh. María ( habla con migo) 16:29, 8 May 2009 (UTC)
Again, I must ask that Google Maps be used: "Robie Mortin, Sam Carter's niece, was seven years old when her father put her on a train to Chiefland, 40 miles (64 km) east of Rosewood". Chiefland is located 20 miles from Rosewood, and the map "Map of Rosewood, Florida and the surrounding towns" must also be updated. It is quite erroneous. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Robinraftis ( talk • contribs) 20:54, 7 December 2009 (UTC)
Parkwells, you made two edits yesterday that I anticipate will get the attention of FA reviewers.
1. You reiterated the point about disfranchisement among blacks as the reason they did not vote in Rosewood. It is made again two paragraphs later. It needs to be in one place only, otherwise it is redundant. 2. Although the information about the Irish in Chicago is now cited, it also seems to me to be going in a direction that the section ultimately does not go. I understand you contributed heavily to the disfranchisement article, but I'm concerned about focusing attention in this article. How important is it to mention the Irish in Chicago when we're really addressing what happened in Levy County?
Let me know. Thanks. -- Moni3 ( talk) 12:11, 18 May 2009 (UTC)
Moni, congrats on bringing the article up to FA! You did terrific work.-- Parkwells ( talk) 16:07, 27 May 2009 (UTC)
The term "pencil mill" is used a few times in this article, including a picture. What the heck is it? An admittedly quick Google search didn't seem to bring up much of anything. A (very brief) explanation would be nice. Matt Deres ( talk) 02:52, 4 August 2009 (UTC)
That portion of Florida was rich with virgin forests. Thus, Teddy Roosevelt designated the area as a National Reserve. The cedar trees (Cedar Key, get it) were cut down, and they made the blanks, as they were called, that were glued together with lead in the middle, thus making pencils. All the mills in Cedar Key (Atsena Otie and Way Key) did was to take the fresh cut cedar and shape them then they were shipped to the finishing plants to be glued and painted.-- Robinraftis ( talk) 02:29, 16 August 2009 (UTC)
I do no think this sounds right: "The town was abandoned by black residents during the attacks. As of 2009, none has returned." Maybe because that was 86 years ago and most of the people that survived the massacre are dead anyways? Norum ( talk) 09:28, 4 August 2009 (UTC)
I just thought they were all deceased by now. Norum ( talk) 21:50, 4 August 2009 (UTC)
In the 1990s, a retired black Washington DC police officer moved to Rosewood with his family, which included his grandchildren. They were the only blacks in the area, the only black children in the Cedar Key school (K-12). He chose to move after only a year, to find a better environment for his grandchildren. Even Bo Diddly told me that they would not be in the area after dark.-- Robinraftis ( talk) 02:34, 16 August 2009 (UTC)
I edited out the reference to black codes. The black codes were not the laws that disenfranchised black citizens in Rosewood and elsewhere from the late 19th century on. The openly discriminatory black codes had been passed in the 1860s immediately after the Civil War, and all had been struck down by the Reconstruction Congress. The later laws passed disenfranchising blacks in the 1890s were not called black codes, because, although their real intent and real-world enforcement were aimed squarely at African Americans, they were carefully drafted to maintain a pretense of race neutrality and thus avoid the 15th Amendment's strictures. Pirate Dan ( talk) 13:26, 4 August 2009 (UTC)
Maybe link "well-publicized incident in December 1922" to the appropriate article. 92.129.155.132 ( talk) 13:47, 4 August 2009 (UTC)
I'm a bit disturbed by the article saying, seemingly as fact, that John Bradley and Fannie Taylor "got into a fight that day and he beat her." The two witnesses mentioned, Philomena and Arnett, are not quoted as saying that Bradley beat Fannie Taylor, or that they heard or saw an altercation while Bradley was in the house. They only say that Bradley was there that morning, and that Fannie Taylor had bruises when she emerged from the house later. Furthermore, it appears that they saw Bradley leave the house after sunrise, and thus after Fannie Taylor's neighbor heard the scream and found Fannie Taylor beaten, but with nobody but the baby in the house. That would suggest that Bradley arrived only after Fannie Taylor had already been beaten. From the article at present, I see exactly as much evidence for the Bradley-did-it thesis as for the white lynch mobs' Jesse-Hunter-did-it thesis: none.
Is there additional evidence against Bradley that I'm overlooking?
Pirate Dan ( talk) 15:36, 4 August 2009 (UTC)
Bradley did not beat Frannie. Frannie's son told me so.-- Robinraftis ( talk) 02:38, 16 August 2009 (UTC)
On my first and second readings, the phrase The town was abandoned by black residents during the attacks. As of 2009, none have returned. made me think that Rosewood remains a ghost town with no inhabitants. It's implied later in the article this is untrue. Is it an abandoned town or no? Could someone rephrase these 2 sentences to be more precise on this count? Tempshill ( talk) 20:22, 4 August 2009 (UTC)
The word "seeking" is misspelled here. Because it is link-enabled, I at first assumed there was some ulterior reason for the misspelling. However, the article does not bear that out, nor does the disambiguation page for "seaking." If this is a reference to a specific misspelling in a pertinent document, that should be explained explicitly. Otherwise, the spelling error should be corrected. I'll be happy to correct it if there are no objections here. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Boegiboe ( talk • contribs) 03:30, 6 August 2009 (UTC)
According to the book Emancipation Betrayed by Paul Ortiz (University of California press) there was a similar incident on a much larger scale in the town of Ocoee, FA on November 2, 1920. The entire community was wiped out, and between 30 and sixty African Americans and two Whites were killed(Page 221-223). 69.122.132.127 ( talk) 20:09, 13 July 2010 (UTC)
An editor added this mystery novel published in 2001 as one of the representations of the Rosewood story, but another editor deleted it because of lack of citation. I was curious about it and found the book and its author discussed in a 2008 published book of interviews with 24 Florida crime writers, as the author has had several mysteries set in Florida, with some recurring main characters. She uses the form to deal with complex social issues. Such mysteries are one of the ways in which complex events continue to be studied and interpreted through popular literature, and I think it is worthy of inclusion, especially as there is a recent book about it. The interview covered much of the author's process in doing research and writing the novel. She used the state's investigation as part of the setting of the novel's action and events. I cited the 2008 source, but an editor removed all of this material, source and all. This is certainly the type of information that can be added to an article. A second source is weaker, a site called Book Review.com. Parkwells ( talk) 18:19, 10 May 2011 (UTC)
In many articles about major events or historic controversies, the section that deals with adaptations or representation of the events in art and culture is called "In popular culture". I understood there was interest in Wikipedia in using such standard headers, and renamed the section "In popular culture" that included discussion of films and books about Rosewood. An editor removed that. This article's having achieved FA status two years ago does not mean it should never change. Parkwells ( talk) 18:19, 10 May 2011 (UTC)
Looking at the overall article content, I added the following (the material in quotes in the following) to the Lede: Racial disturbances were common during the early 20th century in the United States, associated with the nation's rapid social changes "and movement of labor to northern cities, as well as the South's disfranchisement of black voters and reinforcement of white supremacy." This was to convey the breadth of changes; these are all supported by the content of the sections in the main body of the article. These changes were removed. Parkwells ( talk) 18:24, 10 May 2011 (UTC)
The lede should really be trimmed down, and it should have citations (although, maybe not necessarily required). These excerpts belong under the heading 'Background': "Racial disturbances were common during the early 20th century in the United States, reflecting the nation's rapid social changes. Florida had an especially high number of lynchings in the years before the massacre, including a well-publicized incident in December 1922," "Rosewood was a quiet, primarily black, self-sufficient whistle stop on the Seaboard Air Line Railway," and "Racial disturbances were common during the early 20th century in the United States, reflecting the nation's rapid social changes. Florida had an especially high number of lynchings in the years before the massacre, including a well-publicized incident in December 1922." They tell us nothing essential about the 'Rosewood massacre' and are essentially background information. I would make the changes right now, but since there is an ongoing discussion about the lede, it seems better that I make note of these problems here. 24.16.133.58 ( talk) 12:39, 21 May 2011 (UTC)
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Watts Riots which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. — RMCD bot 04:59, 9 December 2014 (UTC)
(Discussion was closed "without prejudice against reopening move requests individually or in small groups").
The result of the move request was: moved. Number 5 7 21:44, 17 February 2015 (UTC)
Rosewood Massacre →
Rosewood massacre – In this context, massacre is
mostly lowercase in books, with most uppercase uses being only in title-case citations to articles and books such as "Rosewood ; Like Judgment Day: The True Story of the Rosewood Massacre and Its Aftermath" and the PBS documentary "The Rosewood Massacre: The Untold Story" and the 60-minutes episode "The Rosewood Massacre" and the History Channel documentary "The Rosewood Massacre", while a great majority of uses in text are lowercase, suggesting it is not usually treated as a proper name by most authors. Per the lead advice of
MOS:CAPS, then, we should use lowercase.
Dicklyon (
talk) 01:11, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
the opening paragraph: "Racial disturbances were common during the early 20th century in the United States, reflecting the nation's rapid social changes."
"reflecting the nation's rapid changes" is a euphemism. Is it too much to state: "reflecting the middle and lower southern state's intransigence accepting as equal those of different color" ? The 13th, 14th and 15th amendments passed within a 5 year span after the civil war were willfully circumvented by these same, mostly, southerners. Do you need all the wiki articles on Reconstruction?
Regards, Philip Psw808 ( talk) 23:18, 19 May 2015 (UTC)
The term "massacre," titling this article, misrepresents the incident being described. this term was used by none of the actual Rosewood participants, whether victims or perpetrators (they spoke of a "race riot" or even a "race war," or simply "that thing at Rosewood.") The "massacre" usage emerged vaguely in exaggerated local legends in later decades, then after the incident's rediscovery by mass media in 1982 it was used as a shorthand term while knowledge of what had actually happened at Rosewood in 1923 was still fragmentary. In public forums, the term was introduced by the Florida journalist who discovered the Rosewood incident, Gary Moore, in his expose article of July 25, 1982, in the St. Petersburg Times, where he was a staff writer. It was also used a year later when Moore took the still-coalescing Rosewood evidence to the television program "60 Minutes" and was background reporter on a segment airing Dec. 11, 1983. Ironically, Moore later reported that resources furnished by CBS News allowed him to trace a number of new survivors of the incident whose generally agreeing depiction conclusively contradicted impressions of a classic massacre. Moore said there was discussion of this at 60 Minutes taping on-site at Rosewood, but the audience requirements of television seemed to preclude adjustment from the original, legend-based impression of the incident. The resulting 60 Minutes script, apparently written by field producer Joel Bernstein and voiced by commentator Ed Bradley, said at its opening, "perhaps as many" as 40 people were killed at Rosewood (a barely justifiable gloss of the changing ambiguities in the early evidence), but the script closed with a flat assertion: "40 people died here," which was known at the time to be false. The real death toll, resulting not only from informant descriptions and (sometimes questionable) death certificates but from extensive tracing of community residents, was eight, of whom six of the dead were black and two white. This was not an impulsive or bigoted assumption but the repeated result of testing the possibilities from a number of different perspectives, by successive examiners ranging from university historians to the Florida Department of Law Enforcment, and the result agreed closely with survivor consensus. During this process over the course of the 1980s and into the early 1990s, Moore himself abandoned the term "massacre" and spoke against it, as shown by his update article of March 7, 1993, in Tropic, the Sunday supplemental magazine of the Miami Herald. By then the case was receiving new national publicity in the Rosewood claims case in the Florida Legislature, which assigned a team of historians from the State University System to review the evidence. They, too, carefully avoided the "massacre" terminology, titling their widely quoted report of Dec. 22, 1993: "A Documented History of the Incident Which Occurred at Rosewood, Florida." The term "massacre" is generally understood to mean a mass mowing-down of targets at a single stroke, whether a small number as in the "St. Valentine's Day Massacre" or hundreds or thousands in the landmark massacres of the world. The week-long Rosewood incident, by contrast, involved a series of individual homicides: Sam Carter killed Jan.1; Sarah Carrier killed Jan. 4 in an apparent target panic during a nightriding aggression; Poly Wilkerson and Henry Andrews (whites) killed a short time later on Jan. 4 as a home invasion was repelled; Lexie Gordon killed in a spree shooting elsewhere in the wee hours of Jan. 5; Sylvester Carrier killed after a series of firefights as daybreak came on Jan. 5; Mingo Williams killed 20 miles away around noon on Jan. 5; and James Carrier killed on Jan. 6. The Rosewood incident of January 1-7, 1923, was a very serious case of racial injustice and mob violence, but sensationalized terminolgy cheapens this solemnity--and, indeed, insults the suffering of victims of real massacres worldwide. Rosewood was almost a complete secret when unearthed in 1982, owing to the fitful phases of racial controversy in American history. After it came back into public prominence, a number of other such bygone cases were unearthed across the South and beyond, especially by journalist Elliot Jaspin (Bury Me in the Bitter Waters, 2008). Jaspin, complaining that preoccupation with the Rosewood case was tending to obscure the prevalence of racial de-population incidents elsewhere, suggested useful terminology for the phenomenon in general. Taking into consideration the misleading governmental implications of the term "ethnic cleansing" (from the Balkans in the 1990s), Jaspin has suggested for incidents such as Roseewood the term "racial cleansing." This also answers those who might object to a more technical-sounding but less impactful term: "forced de-population." It is perhaps a measure of general avoidance of this topic in American culture that no institutional certification of Jaspin's suggested terminology has occurred. It is noted here that in Wikipedia's history of internal discussions on how to characterize the Rosewood events, extensive discussion occurred on the term "pogrom"--though remarkably little knowledge of the field involving pogroms was exhibited in the discussion. The passion suggested by this--in the absence of real knowledge--points in a more difficult direction: The Wikipedia entry "Rosewood massacre" is not only mislabeled but is filled with demonstrable fact errors, which apparently arose as passions generated by the subject matter overrode Wikipedia's internal monitoring. The entire article should be removed and refashioned from the by-now documented facts. The present attempt to remedy only the article's execrable lead (do readers really need to be told that a massacre is volent?) is in a sense a test toward the larger goal. Complete revision is imperative. Borbollon ( talk) 23:27, 17 September 2015 (UTC)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,
I have just modified 3 external links on Rosewood massacre. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.
This message was posted before February 2018.
After February 2018, "External links modified" talk page sections are no longer generated or monitored by InternetArchiveBot. No special action is required regarding these talk page notices, other than
regular verification using the archive tool instructions below. Editors
have permission to delete these "External links modified" talk page sections if they want to de-clutter talk pages, but see the
RfC before doing mass systematic removals. This message is updated dynamically through the template {{
source check}}
(last update: 18 January 2022).
Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot ( Report bug) 08:23, 6 October 2017 (UTC)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,
I have just modified one external link on Rosewood massacre. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.
This message was posted before February 2018.
After February 2018, "External links modified" talk page sections are no longer generated or monitored by InternetArchiveBot. No special action is required regarding these talk page notices, other than
regular verification using the archive tool instructions below. Editors
have permission to delete these "External links modified" talk page sections if they want to de-clutter talk pages, but see the
RfC before doing mass systematic removals. This message is updated dynamically through the template {{
source check}}
(last update: 18 January 2022).
Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot ( Report bug) 09:12, 17 February 2018 (UTC)
Have only just learned of the Rosewood event after looking at various Florida scholarship programs. I'm not very active on Wikipedia and don't have time to relearn formatting so wanted to at least mention it here and let someone else more expert on the topic and Wikipedia add the Rosewood Family Scholarship Program to this article in case they believe it should be added. FYI - While the link is for a 2020/21 PDF, the url looks generic, like they will replace the same link with future year PDFs. -- remando ( talk) 18:10, 30 December 2020 (UTC)
Rosewood massacre is a featured article; it (or a previous version of it) has been identified as one of the best articles produced by the Wikipedia community. Even so, if you can update or improve it, please do so. | ||||||||||||||||
This article appeared on Wikipedia's Main Page as Today's featured article on August 4, 2009. | ||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||
Current status: Featured article |
This article is rated FA-class on Wikipedia's
content assessment scale. It is of interest to the following WikiProjects: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Daily pageviews of this article
A graph should have been displayed here but
graphs are temporarily disabled. Until they are enabled again, visit the interactive graph at
pageviews.wmcloud.org |
The production notes, etc. on the DVD of the film version of these events say some survivors and/or descendants said there were between 40 and 150 casualties, a far cry from 14( six whites and 8 blacks). I don't have any more official, legitimate sources than that, but it's enough of a discrepancy (the other number mentioned was either 40 or 50, also a pretty big jump) that it seems worth looking into evaluating the claimed, unverifiable numbers. FangsFirst 04:57, 6 February 2007 (UTC)
There are two mass graves. There are also deep furrows made by the draft horses, pulling a large virgin cypress trees, where bodies were laid in and covered. There were also bodies put into the water wells to foul the water, without which people could not live. High Sheriff Jim Turner, who looked into one of the mass pits put the body count at 17 or more. He traveled to Rosewood with his father, who was the county doctor. I have spent over 40 years talking to the white people who were there and documenting their stories, and I had the misfortune of owning acreage in Rosewood. I personally took a reporter and camera man from BET to the site, where we walked the rail bed to the railroad depot and then to the cemetery. Many of the county records disappeared, or were destroyed in a fire. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Robinraftis ( talk • contribs) 01:40, 16 August 2009 (UTC)
I removed the information stating " ...and a black war veteran named Phillip Mann, who planned to settle in the town". The wiki article for the movie based on this incident claims that "Mann", the character played by Ving Rhames in the film, was a fictional character. Furthermore, he seems not to be named Phillip. Furtherfurthermore, a google for "Phillip Mann" and "Rosewood" produces no relevant results. Perhaps this article needs to be looked into farther than this one discrepancy as well. 67.60.153.104 00:37, 2 April 2007 (UTC)
Image:Rosewood Florida rc12409.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.
Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Wikipedia:Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.
If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.
BetacommandBot ( talk) 13:26, 21 January 2008 (UTC)
At the end of the movie the white woman that started the trouble by crying rape, was apprently confronted at the end of the massacre by her husband. He finaly realised that the whole tale had been a lie and that she had'nt been beaten by a black man..he then proceeded to beat her himself. That's how the movie ended...anyone know if this is true or not? Does anyone know what happened to Fannie afterwards? MacSas ( talk) 04:48, 6 February 2008 (UTC)
I know what happened. Both, at Rosewood, and her next home. She pulled the same thing again, but the second time with different results. The movie was Hollywood, not the truth. Why people confuse history and fantasy, there is not enough room to contemplate. The movie was made to MAKE MONEY, NOT HISTORY!-- Robinraftis ( talk) 02:14, 16 August 2009 (UTC)
The article's reliance on journalistic accounts seems to make it sound like a newspaper rather than encyclopedia article. There is little context or history. I've added material on background but will do more, and also will do editing to reduce the blow-by-blow account.-- Parkwells ( talk) 17:15, 28 March 2008 (UTC)
The text says there were about 25-30 families, but 700 people. That doesn't make sense - even large families usually didn't number 23 members each, which is what that would amount to. If there were 15 people/family, that would be about 450 people in 1923.-- Parkwells ( talk) 17:22, 28 March 2008 (UTC)
Moni3, who has contributed to this article, has rewritten the lede to remove the word "pogrom" in favor of a vague description that contemporary scholars regard as concealing what transpired.
Moni3 argues [1] that the term pogrom does not apply broadly to ethnic groups who are targeted for killing or removal (ethic cleansing) such as is the subject of this article on Rosewood. Moni3 suggests the term pogrom applies specifically to one ethnic group. This is contrary to the dictionary definition, [2] which conveys that pogrom is often associated with but not limited to the Jewish experience.
I believe the lede in the current iteration tiptoes around the issue and that the lede should directly explain this history without euphemism. There is plenty of precedent for this, and in fact, this is discussed in the current issue of Black Commentator.
The review [3] in the Washington Post of Elliot Jaspin's Buried in the Bitter Waters: The Hidden History of Racial Cleansing in America refers to events such as the Rosewood massacre as ethnic cleansing and pogroms.
Ohio University Press, publisher of historian Charles Lumpkins' book American Pogrom: The East St. Louis Race Riot and Black Politics uses the word pogrom in the title, and the topic addresses exactly the kind of episode described in this article re: the ethnic cleansing of Rosewood.
Historian David Levering Lewis, who has won the Pulitzer Prize twice along with many other awards, use the word pogrom to describe an incident of ethnic cleansing similar to Rosewood. [4]
In the current issue of Black Commentator [5], William Strickland, a professor at University of Massachusetts Amherst, points to the very practice of watering down the language that is the problem with the lead of this article. He writes:
The problem is that non-mainstream history is an embarrassment to the national myths that make up America's identity so it is banished from the national memory; hidden from national view; concealed behind what Du Bois called The Veil. What we are left with is invented history, abetted by various "masking devices" such as historical patterns that go uncommented upon; euphemistic language such as "landed gentry" instead of slave-owners; "racial riots" instead of pogroms; "violence" instead of murder; "harassment and intimidation" instead of racial terror, ad infinitum.
Nine years ago, Los Angeles Times reporter Claudia Kolker called the ethnic cleansing that took place all across the US a pogrom in this article titled, "A Painful Present as Historians Confront a Nation's Bloody Past" Tuesday, February 22, 2000 Kolker wrote:
With a mix of revulsion and urgency, people in communities from Florida to Oklahoma, Missouri to Texas, are also beginning to study their bloody pasts. The outlines often are similar: an individual lynching turned into a full- fledged pogrom. In some riot-wracked towns, such as Harrison, Ark., black populations vanished so completely-- having fled or been murdered--that scholars liken the results to ethnic cleansing.
With all due respect, I ask that the lede in this article revert to the direct language--either pogrom or ethnic cleansing-- that respects the losses endured by the people of Rosewood and their descendants by stating explicitly what occurred without describing it in lesser terms that veils what went on there. Comments? Skywriter ( talk) 09:43, 30 March 2009 (UTC)
I worked on this article before, using the late 20th c. historians' report, as well as on articles about the riots in Chicago, Omaha and other cities; early and late KKK; 19th century violence and paramilitary groups in the South. Made some changes to improve the chronology of the article, as it was going back and forth between events before and after WWI (for instance, the training of black troops), as well as before and after the rise of the KKK in the 1920s. Changed some sentences to use direct voice: "Whites considered him...", rather than "he was considered..." Of course people can disagree about such changes.
Race riots in the 1920s occurred more in nearly rural small towns and villages than larger cities: Wauchula, Perry, and Rosewood were small towns, and Ocoee was rather small. It seems an overstatement to say "in the 1920s residents in most urban areas were familiar with racial violence", unless you mean familiar in terms of general knowledge, because of media coverage. More mob violence and lynchings seemed to be taking place in villages than in larger cities of Florida. It's not clear if such villages are meant to be included in the definition of "urban areas".-- Parkwells ( talk) 13:48, 17 April 2009 (UTC)
The peer review seems to have been archived, so I'll add these here rather than perturb the article.
Comments: (in addition to earlier discussion on my talk page here):
This article is of course really very good. I actually found myself re-reading some sections for clarity's sake -- and perhaps the whole "I can't believe this actually #^@!& happened!" element was there, as well. Here is how it stands against the criteria:
Refs, links and cats all seem to be in order. Overall, great work! Because the above comments and suggestions are fairly minor in scale, I have no issues with promoting this article to GA-status at this time. Best of luck at FAC, and let me know if you'd like me to take another look. I really enjoyed reading the article in full, although now I'm utterly depressed. Sigh. María ( habla con migo) 16:29, 8 May 2009 (UTC)
Again, I must ask that Google Maps be used: "Robie Mortin, Sam Carter's niece, was seven years old when her father put her on a train to Chiefland, 40 miles (64 km) east of Rosewood". Chiefland is located 20 miles from Rosewood, and the map "Map of Rosewood, Florida and the surrounding towns" must also be updated. It is quite erroneous. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Robinraftis ( talk • contribs) 20:54, 7 December 2009 (UTC)
Parkwells, you made two edits yesterday that I anticipate will get the attention of FA reviewers.
1. You reiterated the point about disfranchisement among blacks as the reason they did not vote in Rosewood. It is made again two paragraphs later. It needs to be in one place only, otherwise it is redundant. 2. Although the information about the Irish in Chicago is now cited, it also seems to me to be going in a direction that the section ultimately does not go. I understand you contributed heavily to the disfranchisement article, but I'm concerned about focusing attention in this article. How important is it to mention the Irish in Chicago when we're really addressing what happened in Levy County?
Let me know. Thanks. -- Moni3 ( talk) 12:11, 18 May 2009 (UTC)
Moni, congrats on bringing the article up to FA! You did terrific work.-- Parkwells ( talk) 16:07, 27 May 2009 (UTC)
The term "pencil mill" is used a few times in this article, including a picture. What the heck is it? An admittedly quick Google search didn't seem to bring up much of anything. A (very brief) explanation would be nice. Matt Deres ( talk) 02:52, 4 August 2009 (UTC)
That portion of Florida was rich with virgin forests. Thus, Teddy Roosevelt designated the area as a National Reserve. The cedar trees (Cedar Key, get it) were cut down, and they made the blanks, as they were called, that were glued together with lead in the middle, thus making pencils. All the mills in Cedar Key (Atsena Otie and Way Key) did was to take the fresh cut cedar and shape them then they were shipped to the finishing plants to be glued and painted.-- Robinraftis ( talk) 02:29, 16 August 2009 (UTC)
I do no think this sounds right: "The town was abandoned by black residents during the attacks. As of 2009, none has returned." Maybe because that was 86 years ago and most of the people that survived the massacre are dead anyways? Norum ( talk) 09:28, 4 August 2009 (UTC)
I just thought they were all deceased by now. Norum ( talk) 21:50, 4 August 2009 (UTC)
In the 1990s, a retired black Washington DC police officer moved to Rosewood with his family, which included his grandchildren. They were the only blacks in the area, the only black children in the Cedar Key school (K-12). He chose to move after only a year, to find a better environment for his grandchildren. Even Bo Diddly told me that they would not be in the area after dark.-- Robinraftis ( talk) 02:34, 16 August 2009 (UTC)
I edited out the reference to black codes. The black codes were not the laws that disenfranchised black citizens in Rosewood and elsewhere from the late 19th century on. The openly discriminatory black codes had been passed in the 1860s immediately after the Civil War, and all had been struck down by the Reconstruction Congress. The later laws passed disenfranchising blacks in the 1890s were not called black codes, because, although their real intent and real-world enforcement were aimed squarely at African Americans, they were carefully drafted to maintain a pretense of race neutrality and thus avoid the 15th Amendment's strictures. Pirate Dan ( talk) 13:26, 4 August 2009 (UTC)
Maybe link "well-publicized incident in December 1922" to the appropriate article. 92.129.155.132 ( talk) 13:47, 4 August 2009 (UTC)
I'm a bit disturbed by the article saying, seemingly as fact, that John Bradley and Fannie Taylor "got into a fight that day and he beat her." The two witnesses mentioned, Philomena and Arnett, are not quoted as saying that Bradley beat Fannie Taylor, or that they heard or saw an altercation while Bradley was in the house. They only say that Bradley was there that morning, and that Fannie Taylor had bruises when she emerged from the house later. Furthermore, it appears that they saw Bradley leave the house after sunrise, and thus after Fannie Taylor's neighbor heard the scream and found Fannie Taylor beaten, but with nobody but the baby in the house. That would suggest that Bradley arrived only after Fannie Taylor had already been beaten. From the article at present, I see exactly as much evidence for the Bradley-did-it thesis as for the white lynch mobs' Jesse-Hunter-did-it thesis: none.
Is there additional evidence against Bradley that I'm overlooking?
Pirate Dan ( talk) 15:36, 4 August 2009 (UTC)
Bradley did not beat Frannie. Frannie's son told me so.-- Robinraftis ( talk) 02:38, 16 August 2009 (UTC)
On my first and second readings, the phrase The town was abandoned by black residents during the attacks. As of 2009, none have returned. made me think that Rosewood remains a ghost town with no inhabitants. It's implied later in the article this is untrue. Is it an abandoned town or no? Could someone rephrase these 2 sentences to be more precise on this count? Tempshill ( talk) 20:22, 4 August 2009 (UTC)
The word "seeking" is misspelled here. Because it is link-enabled, I at first assumed there was some ulterior reason for the misspelling. However, the article does not bear that out, nor does the disambiguation page for "seaking." If this is a reference to a specific misspelling in a pertinent document, that should be explained explicitly. Otherwise, the spelling error should be corrected. I'll be happy to correct it if there are no objections here. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Boegiboe ( talk • contribs) 03:30, 6 August 2009 (UTC)
According to the book Emancipation Betrayed by Paul Ortiz (University of California press) there was a similar incident on a much larger scale in the town of Ocoee, FA on November 2, 1920. The entire community was wiped out, and between 30 and sixty African Americans and two Whites were killed(Page 221-223). 69.122.132.127 ( talk) 20:09, 13 July 2010 (UTC)
An editor added this mystery novel published in 2001 as one of the representations of the Rosewood story, but another editor deleted it because of lack of citation. I was curious about it and found the book and its author discussed in a 2008 published book of interviews with 24 Florida crime writers, as the author has had several mysteries set in Florida, with some recurring main characters. She uses the form to deal with complex social issues. Such mysteries are one of the ways in which complex events continue to be studied and interpreted through popular literature, and I think it is worthy of inclusion, especially as there is a recent book about it. The interview covered much of the author's process in doing research and writing the novel. She used the state's investigation as part of the setting of the novel's action and events. I cited the 2008 source, but an editor removed all of this material, source and all. This is certainly the type of information that can be added to an article. A second source is weaker, a site called Book Review.com. Parkwells ( talk) 18:19, 10 May 2011 (UTC)
In many articles about major events or historic controversies, the section that deals with adaptations or representation of the events in art and culture is called "In popular culture". I understood there was interest in Wikipedia in using such standard headers, and renamed the section "In popular culture" that included discussion of films and books about Rosewood. An editor removed that. This article's having achieved FA status two years ago does not mean it should never change. Parkwells ( talk) 18:19, 10 May 2011 (UTC)
Looking at the overall article content, I added the following (the material in quotes in the following) to the Lede: Racial disturbances were common during the early 20th century in the United States, associated with the nation's rapid social changes "and movement of labor to northern cities, as well as the South's disfranchisement of black voters and reinforcement of white supremacy." This was to convey the breadth of changes; these are all supported by the content of the sections in the main body of the article. These changes were removed. Parkwells ( talk) 18:24, 10 May 2011 (UTC)
The lede should really be trimmed down, and it should have citations (although, maybe not necessarily required). These excerpts belong under the heading 'Background': "Racial disturbances were common during the early 20th century in the United States, reflecting the nation's rapid social changes. Florida had an especially high number of lynchings in the years before the massacre, including a well-publicized incident in December 1922," "Rosewood was a quiet, primarily black, self-sufficient whistle stop on the Seaboard Air Line Railway," and "Racial disturbances were common during the early 20th century in the United States, reflecting the nation's rapid social changes. Florida had an especially high number of lynchings in the years before the massacre, including a well-publicized incident in December 1922." They tell us nothing essential about the 'Rosewood massacre' and are essentially background information. I would make the changes right now, but since there is an ongoing discussion about the lede, it seems better that I make note of these problems here. 24.16.133.58 ( talk) 12:39, 21 May 2011 (UTC)
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Watts Riots which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. — RMCD bot 04:59, 9 December 2014 (UTC)
(Discussion was closed "without prejudice against reopening move requests individually or in small groups").
The result of the move request was: moved. Number 5 7 21:44, 17 February 2015 (UTC)
Rosewood Massacre →
Rosewood massacre – In this context, massacre is
mostly lowercase in books, with most uppercase uses being only in title-case citations to articles and books such as "Rosewood ; Like Judgment Day: The True Story of the Rosewood Massacre and Its Aftermath" and the PBS documentary "The Rosewood Massacre: The Untold Story" and the 60-minutes episode "The Rosewood Massacre" and the History Channel documentary "The Rosewood Massacre", while a great majority of uses in text are lowercase, suggesting it is not usually treated as a proper name by most authors. Per the lead advice of
MOS:CAPS, then, we should use lowercase.
Dicklyon (
talk) 01:11, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
the opening paragraph: "Racial disturbances were common during the early 20th century in the United States, reflecting the nation's rapid social changes."
"reflecting the nation's rapid changes" is a euphemism. Is it too much to state: "reflecting the middle and lower southern state's intransigence accepting as equal those of different color" ? The 13th, 14th and 15th amendments passed within a 5 year span after the civil war were willfully circumvented by these same, mostly, southerners. Do you need all the wiki articles on Reconstruction?
Regards, Philip Psw808 ( talk) 23:18, 19 May 2015 (UTC)
The term "massacre," titling this article, misrepresents the incident being described. this term was used by none of the actual Rosewood participants, whether victims or perpetrators (they spoke of a "race riot" or even a "race war," or simply "that thing at Rosewood.") The "massacre" usage emerged vaguely in exaggerated local legends in later decades, then after the incident's rediscovery by mass media in 1982 it was used as a shorthand term while knowledge of what had actually happened at Rosewood in 1923 was still fragmentary. In public forums, the term was introduced by the Florida journalist who discovered the Rosewood incident, Gary Moore, in his expose article of July 25, 1982, in the St. Petersburg Times, where he was a staff writer. It was also used a year later when Moore took the still-coalescing Rosewood evidence to the television program "60 Minutes" and was background reporter on a segment airing Dec. 11, 1983. Ironically, Moore later reported that resources furnished by CBS News allowed him to trace a number of new survivors of the incident whose generally agreeing depiction conclusively contradicted impressions of a classic massacre. Moore said there was discussion of this at 60 Minutes taping on-site at Rosewood, but the audience requirements of television seemed to preclude adjustment from the original, legend-based impression of the incident. The resulting 60 Minutes script, apparently written by field producer Joel Bernstein and voiced by commentator Ed Bradley, said at its opening, "perhaps as many" as 40 people were killed at Rosewood (a barely justifiable gloss of the changing ambiguities in the early evidence), but the script closed with a flat assertion: "40 people died here," which was known at the time to be false. The real death toll, resulting not only from informant descriptions and (sometimes questionable) death certificates but from extensive tracing of community residents, was eight, of whom six of the dead were black and two white. This was not an impulsive or bigoted assumption but the repeated result of testing the possibilities from a number of different perspectives, by successive examiners ranging from university historians to the Florida Department of Law Enforcment, and the result agreed closely with survivor consensus. During this process over the course of the 1980s and into the early 1990s, Moore himself abandoned the term "massacre" and spoke against it, as shown by his update article of March 7, 1993, in Tropic, the Sunday supplemental magazine of the Miami Herald. By then the case was receiving new national publicity in the Rosewood claims case in the Florida Legislature, which assigned a team of historians from the State University System to review the evidence. They, too, carefully avoided the "massacre" terminology, titling their widely quoted report of Dec. 22, 1993: "A Documented History of the Incident Which Occurred at Rosewood, Florida." The term "massacre" is generally understood to mean a mass mowing-down of targets at a single stroke, whether a small number as in the "St. Valentine's Day Massacre" or hundreds or thousands in the landmark massacres of the world. The week-long Rosewood incident, by contrast, involved a series of individual homicides: Sam Carter killed Jan.1; Sarah Carrier killed Jan. 4 in an apparent target panic during a nightriding aggression; Poly Wilkerson and Henry Andrews (whites) killed a short time later on Jan. 4 as a home invasion was repelled; Lexie Gordon killed in a spree shooting elsewhere in the wee hours of Jan. 5; Sylvester Carrier killed after a series of firefights as daybreak came on Jan. 5; Mingo Williams killed 20 miles away around noon on Jan. 5; and James Carrier killed on Jan. 6. The Rosewood incident of January 1-7, 1923, was a very serious case of racial injustice and mob violence, but sensationalized terminolgy cheapens this solemnity--and, indeed, insults the suffering of victims of real massacres worldwide. Rosewood was almost a complete secret when unearthed in 1982, owing to the fitful phases of racial controversy in American history. After it came back into public prominence, a number of other such bygone cases were unearthed across the South and beyond, especially by journalist Elliot Jaspin (Bury Me in the Bitter Waters, 2008). Jaspin, complaining that preoccupation with the Rosewood case was tending to obscure the prevalence of racial de-population incidents elsewhere, suggested useful terminology for the phenomenon in general. Taking into consideration the misleading governmental implications of the term "ethnic cleansing" (from the Balkans in the 1990s), Jaspin has suggested for incidents such as Roseewood the term "racial cleansing." This also answers those who might object to a more technical-sounding but less impactful term: "forced de-population." It is perhaps a measure of general avoidance of this topic in American culture that no institutional certification of Jaspin's suggested terminology has occurred. It is noted here that in Wikipedia's history of internal discussions on how to characterize the Rosewood events, extensive discussion occurred on the term "pogrom"--though remarkably little knowledge of the field involving pogroms was exhibited in the discussion. The passion suggested by this--in the absence of real knowledge--points in a more difficult direction: The Wikipedia entry "Rosewood massacre" is not only mislabeled but is filled with demonstrable fact errors, which apparently arose as passions generated by the subject matter overrode Wikipedia's internal monitoring. The entire article should be removed and refashioned from the by-now documented facts. The present attempt to remedy only the article's execrable lead (do readers really need to be told that a massacre is volent?) is in a sense a test toward the larger goal. Complete revision is imperative. Borbollon ( talk) 23:27, 17 September 2015 (UTC)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,
I have just modified 3 external links on Rosewood massacre. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.
This message was posted before February 2018.
After February 2018, "External links modified" talk page sections are no longer generated or monitored by InternetArchiveBot. No special action is required regarding these talk page notices, other than
regular verification using the archive tool instructions below. Editors
have permission to delete these "External links modified" talk page sections if they want to de-clutter talk pages, but see the
RfC before doing mass systematic removals. This message is updated dynamically through the template {{
source check}}
(last update: 18 January 2022).
Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot ( Report bug) 08:23, 6 October 2017 (UTC)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,
I have just modified one external link on Rosewood massacre. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.
This message was posted before February 2018.
After February 2018, "External links modified" talk page sections are no longer generated or monitored by InternetArchiveBot. No special action is required regarding these talk page notices, other than
regular verification using the archive tool instructions below. Editors
have permission to delete these "External links modified" talk page sections if they want to de-clutter talk pages, but see the
RfC before doing mass systematic removals. This message is updated dynamically through the template {{
source check}}
(last update: 18 January 2022).
Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot ( Report bug) 09:12, 17 February 2018 (UTC)
Have only just learned of the Rosewood event after looking at various Florida scholarship programs. I'm not very active on Wikipedia and don't have time to relearn formatting so wanted to at least mention it here and let someone else more expert on the topic and Wikipedia add the Rosewood Family Scholarship Program to this article in case they believe it should be added. FYI - While the link is for a 2020/21 PDF, the url looks generic, like they will replace the same link with future year PDFs. -- remando ( talk) 18:10, 30 December 2020 (UTC)