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"the exact time of arrival being dependent on the speed of sound in air in their area"
A "shock wave" is, by definition, faster than sound. I'm not sure that the speed of sound has anything to do with how fast the blast from a nuclear explosion reaches you.
Does the speed of sound really differ that much from place to place? I think that other factors are far more important than the speed of sound in determining how quickly a shockwave will arrive. 198.24.6.155 ( talk) 17:18, 3 April 2013 (UTC)
In response to some of the chatter here, a great many people in Hiroshima and Nagasaki survived. It is not impossible to survive a nuclear attack. Getting behind something as fast as you can is better than doing nothing. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.194.160.37 ( talk) 08:54, 28 May 2012 (UTC)
Duck and cover... glad to see American intelligence was the same back in the fifties as it is now.
-G
It was used more as fodder to keep people from being upset that if a bomb WERE to drop, chances of survival would be pretty slim.
-- Liz —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.81.207.88 21:12, 13 June 2007 ( talk • contribs)
Oh yeah, G, you think you're all so "superior" over the (U.S.-)Americans, don't you? — Preceding
unsigned comment added by
71.213.0.154 (
talk) 08:24, 17 June 2013 (UTC)
In fact this strategy must works where you will need to improvise. The first danger by a nuclear weapons is the shock effect, if you duck and cover your chances to survives are high, not for the radioactive protection (yes but a little) but for earthquakes, flying debris (mainly glasses and broken windows) and for protect of the shock. Before the shock effect you must look some shelter, you will have from 7h-9h to do it before the fallout... and if you can obtain a secure shelter then you must survive at least 2-3 weeks inside it. This will be the worst part ^__^
The another options is to run (opposing to the wind) and pray for the wind don't change the direction.
Even when duck and cover is a simplist way to say it, it's a effective way to explain the most common oportunity. Of course is way better to be inside a 1meter-leaded shelter with a suply of air, food and such but for many people we will be very short of options.
-- Magallanes 01:13, 29 June 2007 (UTC)
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While most people of the world do not consider themselves superior to the people of the USA - your government, MSM and Power Elites clearly do. Otherwise, the powers-that-be would never have produced a film supporting nuclear war. With a very minimum of 20 million dead, does anyone here believe that to Duck and Cover would protect them from the long-term effects of Cite error: There are <ref>
tags on this page without content in them (see the
help page).fallout from a 'limited' nuclear attack?
84.13.14.75 (
talk) 15:44, 3 August 2014 (UTC)
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The "assessment" is preposterous. It's entirely a cynical, revisionist, post-Vietnam spin on history. It is indisputable that g, like "Duck and Cover" was part of some insidious plot to instill fear of the ever-harmless Soviet Union and had no practical value, this section needs to be fundamentally changed. -- ArminTamzarian 09:46, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
I grew up on Patrick Air Force Base, the military supply and defense command for Cape Canaveral, during the Cuban missile crisis.
One reason the drills were discontinued was that elementary school children could not distinguish between civil defense drills and fire drills. Imagine a fire where all the kids hid under desks and in bathrooms. The schools involved were Patrick Elementary School and Spessard Holland Elementary school in Brevard County, Florida.
References to paranoia are wrong. There was a real threat to the safety of many Americans. The fear of nuclear attack was not illogical, projective or imaginary to Floridians during the Kennedy administration. Slang usage of psychiatric terms is best avoided in any case.
There is much opinion throughout that needs to be objectified, linked and sourced. In paragraph 2, the critics are unnamed yet "paranoia" is no sopressure groups. -- Bonarien 00:09, 14 Mar 2005 (UTC)
Anyone want to speak to the merge issue? Tedernst 22:35, 9 November 2005 (UTC)
If anything, this article is too fair and objective. I grew up in L.A. during the Seventies, and we had these drills quite frequently. As early as in the third grade we knew what a farce it was. One day, I recall, as our teacher was giving us the routine "in the event of an emergency" talk, some kid suddenly yelled out, laughing, "You mean if the Russkies nuke us?" The woman immediately snapped back, "I didn't say that," because of course they were under instructions not to "traumatize" us poor tykes. Complete dissociation from reality. Everyone knew that a nuclear attack would make us instant crispy critters. Hence: "In the event of a nuclear attack, get under the desk, cover your head with your hands, and kiss your ass goodbye."
I entered first grade in suburban Boston in 1971... to my knowledge, no Boston-area schoolchild ever heard of this in the 1970s. Surely this was phased out most everywhere in the U.S. by the early 1960s? -- Wlindley 23:51, 22 October 2007 (UTC)
with those, having one after each sentence. Can we drop at least some of those, please? It's heavily distracting.
In U.S. Army basic training in the 1970s, soldiers were taught to fall immediately down, covering face and hands and using their bodies to shield their weapons from the heat of the blast.[citation needed]
This citation needed should be dropped. It's still actively taught in Marine Corps Basic Training. Pick up any Basic Instruction manual and you'll be able to find it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.46.56.34 ( talk) 19:51, 9 March 2010 (UTC)
I'm very surprised by ridiculous claim that this is something "unique" to USA. I remember vividly "Civil Defense" days at elementary school, when we practiced "lay down and cover" with raincoats and plastic bags (to cover hands and feet). "Remember - always feet towards epicentre!"
Unfortunately, I have no evidence aside my own memory from late 1980s Czechoslovakia. Podlesh 21:58, 18 June 2007 (UTC)
Just watched this video and was intrigued by the image used after the credits. It's attached. This looks very similar to the All Seeing Eye, which I know is frequently brought up in conspiracy theories and stuff like that. Anyway, is there a spot for this observation on this page? I don't really know anything about it beyond the fact that it is there.
File:Duck and Cover End Title.jpg Hendo1769 20:21, 11 November 2007 (UTC)
It makes me really sad that people criticize the whole "duck and cover" tactic.
I also think that the "in popular culture" section should be taken down. That, or changed to "list of media spoofs and insults", or something like that.
I hate that section; it's nothing but a list of people and shows that all call the ideal stupid. It's not informative, it's not very encyclopedic, and it is very Biased. I'm not a politically correct person, but the section in question really does violate the "Wikipedia is Neutral" policy. There is nothing neutral about a list of people and shows calling it stupid. It sways opinions.
Really, all that does is fuel the belief that the whole protection theory is ludicrous, and I hate that. To all of you "superiors" and mockers, I bet that if any bomb, not just a nuclear type, exploded, you too would jump under a desk or cower in your cellar, "ducking and covering" just like everyone else. So, unless you have somehow survived an explosive and seen exactly what happens, I would wait and give criticism when criticism is due. That, or do some serious reading.
This isn't just a paranoid video, either.
In the 1950s, WWII just ended, and the Hiroshima and Nagasaki explosions were still fresh in every one's minds. Russia (then the USSR) was starting to build its nuke-arsenal, and the Cold War was just around the corner.
People lived in fear that a war might break out at any time, and the Air Raid system was established for this reason. In the Blitz of WWII, people in England often had to duck and cover, be in basements or otherwise, to avoid being blasted sky high by Nazi bombers. This tactic is also employed in tornado drills, and I have actually done it for actual tornado purposes. For your information, I have seen, first handed, people saved by this tactic in severe weather, and I've read about it in earthquakes. I say that you need to read. Also, if you've ever heard of "Cuban Missle Crisis", perhaps it would make sense... especially in Florida, where I happen to have some friends living.
On the subject of nukes, however, you have somewhat of a point. Anyone too close to an Atomic Bomb will instantly be vaporized, with no hope of survival. Anyone near the fall-out (the zone where radiation sickness occurs) region will suffer a similar fate of radiation sickness.
Yet, if you have ever watched a video of a nuclear weapon exploding, you will notice how blinding it is, and the wall of dust flying outward. This is where ducking and covering comes in handy.
You see, the "flash" mentioned in this video is in fact the blinding light of the bomb undergoing fission. Though the mushroom cloud itself is huge, the fall-out region is enormous, and the light can be seen for miles. Whenever a massive explosion or collision happens, it will send out a high speed, pressurized wall of air and debris with it. This is called a "shock wave", and its force can literally blow off windows and tear down houses without any actual help from the bomb itself. It comes before the bomb, and extends far from the mushroom cloud's reach. It is highly destructive in its own right.
The "flash" can also blind any of its unlucky viewers. Have any of you ever stared at the sun? If you look at it for too long, you can damage your eyes. Now, a nuclear bomb's flash is much brighter than the sun for an instant or so. It will blind in seconds.
Where does ducking and covering come into this?
Okay. Let's think.
When a shard of glass comes your way at high speeds, what would happen?
That's right! It would slice you to bits!
Now, if that same shard of glass hit something thick and/or heavy, say... a wall or a desk you are taking shelter in or under, it would collide with the item, and if it managed to penetrate, said projectile would do less damage than if you were out in the open.
I learned in elementary school that covering your face and neck, as well as putting something heavy on top of you, would prevent the ceiling from killing you instantly, or being guillotined from a beam falling from above. It would hurt severely, and you may lose a hand, a leg, or get paralyzed, but would you rather be in an Emergency Room or in a grave?
By getting away from windows and attempting to seek shelter, your chance of surviving would greatly increase.
In the case of a bomb, it's location, location, location. If you are within the blast range or the fall-out, of course you would die. If you are far enough away to survive vaporization or radiation sickness or cancer, that shock wave could still get you.
Before you criticize it, try using some common sense. Anyone who would want a chance of survival would seek some kind of shelter. It's logic!
I would say "duh", but this is an encyclopedia.
I kind of feel like making a userbox that says "this user believes that ducking and covering may save lives", and link it to the actual article (not the talk page).
I believe I've spoken my point,
TurtleShroom! :) †Jesus Loves You and Died for you!† 21:39, 9 December 2008 (UTC)
Ok. The assessment is simply misleading. "Within a considerable radius—depending on the explosion's height and yield—ducking and covering would offer negligible protection against the intense heat, shock waves, and radiation following a nuclear explosion." Negligible meaning not practically different than doing nothing. Source here: Real life example Hiroshima destructive radius of total destruction 1 mile, Closest known survivor Akiko Takakura 300M from ground 0 saved by the building she was in. But the entry of Yoshitaka Kawamoto should stand the most testament. He was only a kilometer away from ground 0, well within the total destruction zone, meaning he had approximately 3 seconds between the visible explosion and the arrival of the blast. A number of his classmates survive the collapse of the school. To give you an idea, at 1km radius blast area is about 3km2 at 1 mile radius blast area is about 8km2 meaning that more of the area WITHIN the radius of total destruction was as far or further out than Kawamoto and his classmates. All of the people in that area potentially benefit from "Duck and Cover". And that is just the total destruction zone, the light damage zone is much much larger such that the entirety of the total destruction zone (less than half of which is practicably unsurvivable) makes up only about 10% of the area of the blast. So think about that, in a dense population center, OVER 90% of the people potentially effected by the nuclear blast would benefit from "Duck and Cover"
Considering the total destruction radius is less than a third of the blast radius, and more than 90% of the effected area benefits from "Duck and Cover" The statement "Within a considerable radius..." is misleading to the point of either being deliberately deceptive or so uniformed about explosions and their effects that they should steer clear of writing about them.
Unless someone responds with a serious, scientifically based cite in the next couple of days, I will change the opening of this assessment to be more realistic. Yes I did work in the nuclear weapons business.
Next, unless someone can cite me a pole showing most people believe that the purpose behind the civil exercises was "less practical use than psychological use to keep the danger of nuclear war high on the public mind" I will change the opening of that sentence from "The exercises of civil defense are now seen" to "Some people now believe the civil defense exercises "
Mikethemoose ( talk) 06:30, 23 February 2011 (UTC)
I can't remeber how it went, but there was a popular parady that ended "and put your head between your knees and kiss your ass goodbye".
It would be interesting to have a section about the paradys in the article.
Wendingwanderer ( talk) 07:26, 24 January 2009 (UTC)WendingWanderer
The radiological defense book I had access to in the late 1950s detailed effects of actual atomic bomb tests (early 1950s 20 kiloton range) on material and personnel. Some of the nukes in todays arsenals are that size down to 0.5 kilotons. Not all nukes are megaton city-busters and those are actually hard to deliver.
But for 1949 to 1954:
Nuclear explosions in the actual tests were not instant universal destruction. At sufficient distance and sometimes with minimal cover material survived. It seems insane that they had soldiers in some of those tests, but soldiers who ducked-and-covered in trenches surprisingly near the test sites survived. The preferred tactic for maximum material damage--air burst--generally sent the radioactive material into the stratosphere so blast and heat were bigger problems that radioactive fallout. Scoffing at duck-and-cover as a first response to nuclear attack is as unrealistic as saying no point in building a tornado shelter, no one can resist a Force Five tornado. Naaman Brown ( talk) 18:13, 23 August 2009 (UTC)
Technically speaking if you are in a tornado shelter and you take a direct hit from a category 5 tornado you are dead no matter what Puma6374 ( talk) 21:17, 26 October 2020 (UTC)
The New York Times today has a good article about the current U.S. policy; it's not too far from this one. Might be a good article to use. -- Bobak ( talk) 18:28, 16 December 2010 (UTC)
This article states: "assume the fetal position, lying face-down and covering their heads with their hands" Which is it? The fetal position doesn't even resemble "covering their heads with their hands" —Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.158.61.140 ( talk) 18:40, 17 January 2011 (UTC)
The movie shows intergrated classrooms in 1951 with black and white students in the same classroom. While this may have been somewhat common in Northern cities, it would be unheard of in Southern cities. I wonder if a different version was produced for showing in the Southern states? Seki1949 ( talk) 15:33, 19 July 2012 (UTC)
I came here to mention the fact that a lot of POV-pushers have infiltrated this article in an interesting way. There is a lot of blather and fluff that needs rewriting and purging. But I am torn as to how to see this subject even now.
Not too long ago I was reading up about the effects of nuclear weapons. Add to this the facts versus the inevitable propaganda and hype associated with this topic. Nuclear warfare quickly touches political and conspiratorial views, plus societal and emotional sentiments, with a smattering of logic, scientific debate, and the occasional esoteric platitude thrown in for good measure. Yeah, well, so I am stricken by the latter in this case.
It would seem that regardless of the many things you and I know about the effects of nuclear weapons, the truth of the matter is that they can be a lot more bark than bite. Now, I am not trying to minimize the real danger of them, but I think that there is a legitimate discussion to be had about how a nuclear weapon would damage a modern, industrial target.
Recall that the proponents of the bomb always intended them to be used against industrial targets. Yeah, the silly capitalists wanted to target, uh, the infrastructure of capitalism: the city that manufactures products that are in turn necessary for waging war. In today's world the developed nations are producing most of their products in and around city centers, or at least that is where they warehouse and distribute them. So the Bomb needs to be dropped on a city for maximum effectiveness against an enemy state.
The problem is this. A modern city is made of virtually indestructible buildings... reinforced concrete, blocks, bricks, etc. Obviously there are many steel-framed buildings, too, and some of the concrete is poorly designed, but those are considerable stronger than a typical stick-frame house like the one shown on this page. Keep in mind that hospitals and schools are very likely to be some of the strongest buildings in town.
With that background, understand that a lot of work was done estimating the effects of a bomb blast. Stage left: Enter the films of blast waves hitting mock-up homes, people, animals, and trees. Yea for the scientists, they have their blast curves! Let's print them and give them out to the weapons designers and the folks aiming the missiles. The problem is going to be a shock... The blast curves are not accurate; they overstate the amount of damage done to modern cities because they neglect the shielding effect of structures.
There was really no major push to consider the fortification and protection afforded by modern buildings. The blast curves and practically every bomb that was ever test are geared for deserts, tropical islands, and uninproved land. There is no consideration given for the fact that buildings will tend to shield and protect people inside and people and facilities further from ground zero.
Now, this won't be much of a comfort to anyone directly below a blast or someone outside and within the true kill radius. But there is some unknown factor which will greatly attenuate blasts that are inside a modern city, making the likely effects less severe for a great number of people who might be within the kill radius of a bomb dropped on a desert. And so the bombs are more survivable that the hype would suggest, especially at the fringes.
The issue now becomes how a person reacts to the initial flash of light. As much as I might laugh and wryly joke about Duck and Cover hysteria, I am becoming convinced that it does serve a legitimate purpose in a survivable bomb situation. Yeah, there will be vaporized people, and blown away people, and third-degree burn people, and even a few radiation sick people. But there are going to be those who might potentially survive a blast wave with this type of simple counter-measure.
I just wish the POV was left out of the article. While I may be able to write convincing one way or the other, I know that the issue needs to be scrutinized, even agonizingly so, in a way the permits alternative conclusions. I like to saw logs! ( talk) 01:24, 4 September 2013 (UTC)
Agree with the above, and would like to suggest improvements. I came to the page interested in duck-and-cover in terms of the broader debate on nuclear weapons/policy. I had no idea the technique is useful. At the same time, those who mock the technique have a potentially valid point of view in that the publicizing of the technique may have had some political effects, that is, in discouraging anti-nuclear opinions among some U.S. citizens (and maybe elsewhere). Certainly, the anti-nuclear movement made extensive political use of the matter. I realize wikipedia is an encyclopedia, and pop culture aspects must be controlled. In this case, however, duck-and-cover has had a huge presence in pop culture/politics. For example, I don't remember being taught the technique when in school (1970s New England), and given the info here, I assume that's because the matter had become politicized, thus it was much easier to retire the drills, especially given declining concern regarding nuclear attack (and the lack of tornadoes in that region). Readers who are strongly anti-nuclear weapons might not read the page far enough to learn anything. I'd recommend an earlier statement to the effect that criticism of the technique was partly due to a misperception as to its aims, following by a link to a separate section or page about the contested politics of duck and cover. That section/page should include some of the more prominent pop culture references. ProfessorAndro ( talk) 20:41, 16 March 2017 (UTC)
I believe the paragraph that mentions the book Hiroshima (John Hersey) is incorrect. I just read through the book and no where does it mention police going to Nagasaki to train them about the duck and cover technique. 2 possiblites...I can't read and it needs a proper citation, or it's not real information and needs to be taken off. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.151.152.127 ( talk) 03:27, 10 October 2013 (UTC)
Shelter in place ( SAME code: SPW) is the use of a structure and its indoor atmosphere to temporarily separate individuals from a hazardous outdoor atmosphere. [1] It entails closing all household doors, windows and vents and taking immediate shelter in a readily accessible location, such as a basement or central medium to small room, and trying to make it as airtight as possible by shutting off all ventilation/ HVAC systems and extensively sealing the shelter's doors and windows from all outside air contaminants with damp towels, or if available, plastic sheeting and adhesive tape. [2] Diagrams of what sheltering in place entails following a (CBRN) Chemical, biological, radiological or nuclear threat, and how long it is advised to be done for, is provided by the FEMA affiliated website ready.gov. [3]
Shelter-in-place effectiveness has been evaluated and experimental results show that proper sealing can make a substantial difference to a normal home shelter, finding it to be at least twice as effective against a host of airborne substances when compared against simply staying inside and not implementing the countermeasure, and in most airborne contaminant cases, it is usually much more effective, depending on the particle size of the substance in question. [4] [5] [6] If the occupant's breathing produced carbon dioxide is the only consumer of oxygen in the room then carbon dioxide levels would not begin to reach dangerous values until 3+ hours had passed, in all likely, 4 family home, scenarios. [7] [8]
In the military, "Shelter-in-Place" is comparable to "buttoning up" and has proved life saving in many instances. [9]
If an individual finds themselves outside during an emergency that calls for shelter-in-place, then effective but low-tech decontamination is required before entering into the shelter. [10]
In practice, depending on the exact situation, everyone within a specific distance of the airborne incident may be ordered to shelter in place or people within a closer range may be ordered to evacuate while everyone else shelters in place to minimize public exposure as much as possible. [11] Sheltering in place is generally only used for a short period of time, typically a few hours. However it can be extended if the occupants are equipped with common drain cleaner that contains sodium hydroxide- which is an effective carbon dioxide scrubber in addition to self contained oxygen candles or the more common welding Oxygen tanks, both of which also have the added benefit of producing and maintaining a shelter positive pressure which keeps any shelter leaks, leaking out rather than leaking in.
The phrase has also erroneously been used, instead of the more accurate lockdown, to describe precautions to be taken by the public when violence has occurred or might occur (particularly in shootings) in the area and the perpetrator is believed to still be in the area but not apprehended. The public in the area is advised to carry out all the same tasks as a typical shelter-in-place but without the key step of sealing the shelter up to prevent outside air from circulating indoors, in this scenario people are simply urged to lockdown - stay indoors and "close, lock and stay away from external doors and windows." [12] [13]
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There's been improvements made by various IP users to the Lucky Dragon 5 & Kuwait oil fires articles recently that might be worth considering. 92.251.133.92 ( talk) 11:42, 13 June 2014 (UTC)
That duck and cover has its origins in advice given to soldiers and civilians during, and probably prior to, WWII. To reduce the lethality of conventional bombs and bombing, and that just like nuclear bombs, conventional bombs similarly have various probability of killing/ lethality zones for standing adult males/soldiers in the open at particular distances.
Although conventional bombs are limited in energy when compared to nuclear weapons, due to the unlikelihood that a nuclear weapon would be detonated directly beside the individual, but some distance away, the duck and cover countermeasure has greater efficacy under a nuclear attack scenario than a conventional strategic bombing - as the space of time between observing first light, being stunned in surprise by the explosion and the arrival of potentially lethal blast and flash burn effects is sufficiently long to permit a slower reaction response time from first light to completing a duck and cover maneuver.
The psychological sense of awe from observing a large, and oft described as beautiful,[chicago ref & others] explosion is chief amongst the distractions that usually prevent individuals from hitting the deck immediately, particularly so for megaton class explosions.
We have indirect evidence that Duck and Cover was taught at some point in time to those who are 20 and older in Russia, due to the response of Yulia at Chelyabinsk in 2013. There is also a prior Czechoslovakia wiki user here in the talk page archive that describes the advice also being given in that former Soviet republic.
According to this alleged 1950-60s child, the film was shown roughly every year in the 1960s and although he's not very clear on this latter bit, but they appeared to practice fire drills weekly and perhaps rolled duck and cover practice up with the fire drill. [1]
“Now then, Dmitri, you know how we've always talked about the possibility of something going wrong with the Bomb... The *Bomb*, Dmitri... The *hydrogen* bomb!... Well now, what happened is... ahm... one of our base commanders, he had a sort of... well, he went a little funny in the head... you know... just a little... funny. And, ah... he went and did a silly thing... Well, I'll tell you what he did. He ordered his planes... to attack your country... Ah... Well, let me finish, Dmitri... Let me finish, Dmitri... Well listen, how do you think I feel about it?... Can you *imagine* how I feel about it, Dmitri?... Why do you think I'm calling you? Just to say hello?... *Of course* I like to speak to you!... *Of course* I like to say hello!... Not now, but anytime, Dmitri. I'm just calling up to tell you something terrible has happened... It's a *friendly* call. Of course it's a friendly call..." (See how long before some nuclear war supporter takes this down)
84.13.14.75 ( talk) 16:21, 3 August 2014 (UTC)
Only someone with no understanding of history would think that those gas masks had real world applications. Tell all the british people who died in conventional air raids about the terror of gas bombs. Puma6374 ( talk) 21:14, 26 October 2020 (UTC)
http://www.remm.nlm.gov/nuclearexplosion.htm According to the above, cloudshine is radiation emitted from the mushroom cloud 178.167.196.163 ( talk) 13:14, 4 September 2014 (UTC)
"Skyshine" is a technical term for gamma rays that reach a target from all directions because of scattering in the atmosphere, as opposed to those rays that travel to the target in a straight line from the fireball. See Glasstone and Dolan, Effects of Nuclear Weapons, 3rd ed, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, 1977, §8.44 and Fig. 8.45a. Jessegalebaker ( talk) 08:30, 1 November 2015 (UTC)
Drawing by Goro Kiyoyoshi of his memories of the Hiroshima attack. “I got on a streetcar of the Kabe line about 8:10 AM. The door was open and I was standing there. As I heard the starting bell ring, I saw a silver flash and heard an explosion over the platform on which l had just walked. Next moment everything went dark. Instinctively I jumped down to the track and braced myself against it. Putting a handkerchief to my mouth, I covered my eyes and ears with my hands.” https://archive.org/details/UnforgettableFireDrawingsByAtomicBombSurvivors1967
In a rare example of binksternet actually trying to make a productive contribution to articles I have essentially re-written entirely by myself, he removed the following and simply inserted the similar, but less direct halifax story. with one such incident being the 1944 Port Chicago explosion, where about 4,600 tons (4,173 metric tons) [1] of chemical explosive accidentally detonated in a series of events. Survivor, Robert Routh, reported enjoying the sight of the wonderfully bright fireball and then suddenly never seeing anything again, as following the blast arriving, he was permanently blinded by the window he was viewing the fireball from, shards of which pierced his eyes and face. [2] I'll leave his edit there for the time being, although as can be seen, it actually fails in getting the full point across, contrary to Routh's story. I will be summarizing the Halifax story, stating it was known after that, and merging the two stories as time permits.
References
I tried to clean up this article, but there appears to be a lot of problems with it, some of which may be related to how the article was written and the information therein. The sources being cited may not all be reliable, though most appear to be, and this article may need some review by an expert. I wish I could do more, but this is out of the scope of my expertise. I've added a template header for now, though more may be added in the future if needed. I'll continue to work on this page, but I can only do so much with what little I know, and it'll probably be exclusively copy editing. ― Nøkkenbuer ( talk • contribs) 00:02, 15 April 2015 (UTC)
I've been reviewing your changes. Some of them are worthy to keep, but a lot of it involves simply reverting my wording and reintroducing extraneous information. For example, Here are the two leads, the first being the current one (mine):
"Duck and cover" is a safety precaution most notably used for personal protection against the effects of a nuclear explosion. Similar procedures are also used during the event of a sudden earthquake or tornado when emergency evacuation is not an option. Ducking and covering is useful in conferring a degree of protection to practitioners outside the radius of the nuclear fireball but still within sufficient range of the nuclear explosion that standing upright is likely to cause serious injury or death. As a countermeasure to the lethal effects of nuclear explosions, it is most effective in the both the event of a surprise nuclear attack and a nuclear attack of which the public has received sufficient warning, typically between a few seconds to minutes before the nuclear weapon strikes, as given by a system such as the Pinetree Line in the United States or the four-minute warning in the United Kingdom. This countermeasure is intended to replace emergency evacuation when the latter would no longer be viable. In the cases of earthquakes and tornadoes, ducking and covering can prevent injury or death which may otherwise occur if no safety precautions are taken.
This is your proposed lead:
"Duck and cover" is a method of personal protection against the near prompt effects of a nuclear explosion. Ducking and covering is useful in conferring a degree of protection to practitioners, unprotected by other means, situated outside the radius of the nuclear fireball but who still are within sufficient range of the nuclear explosion that death or injury would be certain. As a countermeasure to the lethal effects of nuclear explosions, it is effective in the event of both a surprise nuclear attack, which might come at any time without warning, [note 1] and in the more likely event of sufficient warning of a few seconds to minutes being given by a missile detection system such as the Pinetree Line, time enough to enter a bomb shelter but not enough advance notice to permit an effective evacuation.
These are the problems I'm seeing with your proposal:
What is your rationale for these changes? Why did you remove the content about tornadoes and earthquakes, while keeping it in the article (which is not how it works)? Why did you arbitrarily change the sentence structure to be worse? You added some important information which could be added to the lead, but the way you did—along with your deletion of otherwise important information—renders your lead inferior. I can continue reviewing your proposal, but let's start here. Your other changes are more substantial, and will require more discussion. ― Nøkkenbuer ( talk • contribs) 23:19, 21 April 2015 (UTC)
References
http://www.johntreed.com/duckandcover.html Good summary info on it commonly being ridiculed but that the maneuver and those who advocated it, veterans of WWII to the Korean war, were well aware of its capabilities and the various zones in which the countermeasure would be both useless and effective. 178.167.178.178 ( talk) 04:31, 12 September 2015 (UTC)
Hello 185.51.***.***
In early December I spent about an hour going through the "See also" and "See related" sections. I checked to see if any of the links in those sections were present in the body of the article. There were many, and as those two sections were excessively-large, I removed the duplicates per WP:SEEALSO. Once the duplicates were removed, I replaced redirects with their targets, then placed the remaining items in alphabetical order. Dawnseeker2000 21:34, 14 December 2015 (UTC)
"R. A. Langevin and others in 1958 compared the ability of trained troops and the untrained civilian population to duck and turn away, covering exposed skin (Operations Research, vol. 6, p. 710). Trained troops duck and cover in 0.75 second when a very bright flash occurs. The untrained civilians fared less well: 2% protected themselves within 1 second, 15% by 2 seconds, 50% by 3 seconds, 70% by 4 seconds, 80% by 5 seconds, 90% by 7 seconds, but 7.5% are still fully exposed at 10 seconds after detonation. The young and the old react most slowly if they lack clear simple knowledge of the dangers. Langevin shows that even this untrained protective reaction increases the amount of energy required to cause burns to an exposed population, especially in the case of high-yield weapons which expose the most people." Boundarylayer ( talk) 20:54, 20 December 2016 (UTC)
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This entire article is an exercise in proving that “scientists” and the US government have little to no understanding of war, weapons, or ballistics. This entire article is cargo cult craziness aimed at the obsessive people who want to try to ensure they will somehow survive a hydrogen bomb going off a mile away from them. The people who survived attacks who are cited in the article are so clearly random as to be outwardly laughable. It is true that at least one person has been in a situation around a nuclear bomb in which ducking and covering likely saved their lives. However the real savior in all those events is not the act of ducking, but rather the topography, the nature of the explosive, and the ballistics of the explosion that put those few people in a position where ducking actually would make a difference. Plenty of people ducked and covered and got cooked like a thanksgiving turkey anyway, because that is how munitions work. It’s like taking examples of air raids in which people saved themselves by crossing the street and changing the ballistic angles of shrapnel and saying that because these people clearly saved their lives everyone should focus first on crossing the street during all potential air raids. If you are close enough to the blast to be seriously imperiled, even the scientists admit that ducking and covering will only change a .01% survival rate into a .02%, while if you are far away ducking and covering changes a 94% survival rate into a 95% survival rate. You can use those statistics as proof that ducking and covering is the most important move you can make, or you can be straight up with people and actually teach them about the weapons we all point at each other. Talk to actual soldiers about the laughable drills for the potential of being on the battlefield during a tactical nuclear weapon strike and you will soon realize how much of this government research is all claptrap. I understand this article is edited by busybodies who desperately want hope and something tangible they can do about a nuclear blast, but you have to understand that this is all an exercise in wishful thinking and a waste of time. If you are going to somehow be close to a nuclear weapon detonation, you are likely dead. That’s why they build nuclear weapons. Superpowers don’t build and maintain them because they are easy to survive. If you are far enough away to not die you will likely not die. If you cannot come to an understanding with those simple facts no pamphlet from 1950 is going to save you. Puma6374 ( talk) 21:02, 26 October 2020 (UTC)
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"the exact time of arrival being dependent on the speed of sound in air in their area"
A "shock wave" is, by definition, faster than sound. I'm not sure that the speed of sound has anything to do with how fast the blast from a nuclear explosion reaches you.
Does the speed of sound really differ that much from place to place? I think that other factors are far more important than the speed of sound in determining how quickly a shockwave will arrive. 198.24.6.155 ( talk) 17:18, 3 April 2013 (UTC)
In response to some of the chatter here, a great many people in Hiroshima and Nagasaki survived. It is not impossible to survive a nuclear attack. Getting behind something as fast as you can is better than doing nothing. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.194.160.37 ( talk) 08:54, 28 May 2012 (UTC)
Duck and cover... glad to see American intelligence was the same back in the fifties as it is now.
-G
It was used more as fodder to keep people from being upset that if a bomb WERE to drop, chances of survival would be pretty slim.
-- Liz —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.81.207.88 21:12, 13 June 2007 ( talk • contribs)
Oh yeah, G, you think you're all so "superior" over the (U.S.-)Americans, don't you? — Preceding
unsigned comment added by
71.213.0.154 (
talk) 08:24, 17 June 2013 (UTC)
In fact this strategy must works where you will need to improvise. The first danger by a nuclear weapons is the shock effect, if you duck and cover your chances to survives are high, not for the radioactive protection (yes but a little) but for earthquakes, flying debris (mainly glasses and broken windows) and for protect of the shock. Before the shock effect you must look some shelter, you will have from 7h-9h to do it before the fallout... and if you can obtain a secure shelter then you must survive at least 2-3 weeks inside it. This will be the worst part ^__^
The another options is to run (opposing to the wind) and pray for the wind don't change the direction.
Even when duck and cover is a simplist way to say it, it's a effective way to explain the most common oportunity. Of course is way better to be inside a 1meter-leaded shelter with a suply of air, food and such but for many people we will be very short of options.
-- Magallanes 01:13, 29 June 2007 (UTC)
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
While most people of the world do not consider themselves superior to the people of the USA - your government, MSM and Power Elites clearly do. Otherwise, the powers-that-be would never have produced a film supporting nuclear war. With a very minimum of 20 million dead, does anyone here believe that to Duck and Cover would protect them from the long-term effects of Cite error: There are <ref>
tags on this page without content in them (see the
help page).fallout from a 'limited' nuclear attack?
84.13.14.75 (
talk) 15:44, 3 August 2014 (UTC)
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
The "assessment" is preposterous. It's entirely a cynical, revisionist, post-Vietnam spin on history. It is indisputable that g, like "Duck and Cover" was part of some insidious plot to instill fear of the ever-harmless Soviet Union and had no practical value, this section needs to be fundamentally changed. -- ArminTamzarian 09:46, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
I grew up on Patrick Air Force Base, the military supply and defense command for Cape Canaveral, during the Cuban missile crisis.
One reason the drills were discontinued was that elementary school children could not distinguish between civil defense drills and fire drills. Imagine a fire where all the kids hid under desks and in bathrooms. The schools involved were Patrick Elementary School and Spessard Holland Elementary school in Brevard County, Florida.
References to paranoia are wrong. There was a real threat to the safety of many Americans. The fear of nuclear attack was not illogical, projective or imaginary to Floridians during the Kennedy administration. Slang usage of psychiatric terms is best avoided in any case.
There is much opinion throughout that needs to be objectified, linked and sourced. In paragraph 2, the critics are unnamed yet "paranoia" is no sopressure groups. -- Bonarien 00:09, 14 Mar 2005 (UTC)
Anyone want to speak to the merge issue? Tedernst 22:35, 9 November 2005 (UTC)
If anything, this article is too fair and objective. I grew up in L.A. during the Seventies, and we had these drills quite frequently. As early as in the third grade we knew what a farce it was. One day, I recall, as our teacher was giving us the routine "in the event of an emergency" talk, some kid suddenly yelled out, laughing, "You mean if the Russkies nuke us?" The woman immediately snapped back, "I didn't say that," because of course they were under instructions not to "traumatize" us poor tykes. Complete dissociation from reality. Everyone knew that a nuclear attack would make us instant crispy critters. Hence: "In the event of a nuclear attack, get under the desk, cover your head with your hands, and kiss your ass goodbye."
I entered first grade in suburban Boston in 1971... to my knowledge, no Boston-area schoolchild ever heard of this in the 1970s. Surely this was phased out most everywhere in the U.S. by the early 1960s? -- Wlindley 23:51, 22 October 2007 (UTC)
with those, having one after each sentence. Can we drop at least some of those, please? It's heavily distracting.
In U.S. Army basic training in the 1970s, soldiers were taught to fall immediately down, covering face and hands and using their bodies to shield their weapons from the heat of the blast.[citation needed]
This citation needed should be dropped. It's still actively taught in Marine Corps Basic Training. Pick up any Basic Instruction manual and you'll be able to find it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.46.56.34 ( talk) 19:51, 9 March 2010 (UTC)
I'm very surprised by ridiculous claim that this is something "unique" to USA. I remember vividly "Civil Defense" days at elementary school, when we practiced "lay down and cover" with raincoats and plastic bags (to cover hands and feet). "Remember - always feet towards epicentre!"
Unfortunately, I have no evidence aside my own memory from late 1980s Czechoslovakia. Podlesh 21:58, 18 June 2007 (UTC)
Just watched this video and was intrigued by the image used after the credits. It's attached. This looks very similar to the All Seeing Eye, which I know is frequently brought up in conspiracy theories and stuff like that. Anyway, is there a spot for this observation on this page? I don't really know anything about it beyond the fact that it is there.
File:Duck and Cover End Title.jpg Hendo1769 20:21, 11 November 2007 (UTC)
It makes me really sad that people criticize the whole "duck and cover" tactic.
I also think that the "in popular culture" section should be taken down. That, or changed to "list of media spoofs and insults", or something like that.
I hate that section; it's nothing but a list of people and shows that all call the ideal stupid. It's not informative, it's not very encyclopedic, and it is very Biased. I'm not a politically correct person, but the section in question really does violate the "Wikipedia is Neutral" policy. There is nothing neutral about a list of people and shows calling it stupid. It sways opinions.
Really, all that does is fuel the belief that the whole protection theory is ludicrous, and I hate that. To all of you "superiors" and mockers, I bet that if any bomb, not just a nuclear type, exploded, you too would jump under a desk or cower in your cellar, "ducking and covering" just like everyone else. So, unless you have somehow survived an explosive and seen exactly what happens, I would wait and give criticism when criticism is due. That, or do some serious reading.
This isn't just a paranoid video, either.
In the 1950s, WWII just ended, and the Hiroshima and Nagasaki explosions were still fresh in every one's minds. Russia (then the USSR) was starting to build its nuke-arsenal, and the Cold War was just around the corner.
People lived in fear that a war might break out at any time, and the Air Raid system was established for this reason. In the Blitz of WWII, people in England often had to duck and cover, be in basements or otherwise, to avoid being blasted sky high by Nazi bombers. This tactic is also employed in tornado drills, and I have actually done it for actual tornado purposes. For your information, I have seen, first handed, people saved by this tactic in severe weather, and I've read about it in earthquakes. I say that you need to read. Also, if you've ever heard of "Cuban Missle Crisis", perhaps it would make sense... especially in Florida, where I happen to have some friends living.
On the subject of nukes, however, you have somewhat of a point. Anyone too close to an Atomic Bomb will instantly be vaporized, with no hope of survival. Anyone near the fall-out (the zone where radiation sickness occurs) region will suffer a similar fate of radiation sickness.
Yet, if you have ever watched a video of a nuclear weapon exploding, you will notice how blinding it is, and the wall of dust flying outward. This is where ducking and covering comes in handy.
You see, the "flash" mentioned in this video is in fact the blinding light of the bomb undergoing fission. Though the mushroom cloud itself is huge, the fall-out region is enormous, and the light can be seen for miles. Whenever a massive explosion or collision happens, it will send out a high speed, pressurized wall of air and debris with it. This is called a "shock wave", and its force can literally blow off windows and tear down houses without any actual help from the bomb itself. It comes before the bomb, and extends far from the mushroom cloud's reach. It is highly destructive in its own right.
The "flash" can also blind any of its unlucky viewers. Have any of you ever stared at the sun? If you look at it for too long, you can damage your eyes. Now, a nuclear bomb's flash is much brighter than the sun for an instant or so. It will blind in seconds.
Where does ducking and covering come into this?
Okay. Let's think.
When a shard of glass comes your way at high speeds, what would happen?
That's right! It would slice you to bits!
Now, if that same shard of glass hit something thick and/or heavy, say... a wall or a desk you are taking shelter in or under, it would collide with the item, and if it managed to penetrate, said projectile would do less damage than if you were out in the open.
I learned in elementary school that covering your face and neck, as well as putting something heavy on top of you, would prevent the ceiling from killing you instantly, or being guillotined from a beam falling from above. It would hurt severely, and you may lose a hand, a leg, or get paralyzed, but would you rather be in an Emergency Room or in a grave?
By getting away from windows and attempting to seek shelter, your chance of surviving would greatly increase.
In the case of a bomb, it's location, location, location. If you are within the blast range or the fall-out, of course you would die. If you are far enough away to survive vaporization or radiation sickness or cancer, that shock wave could still get you.
Before you criticize it, try using some common sense. Anyone who would want a chance of survival would seek some kind of shelter. It's logic!
I would say "duh", but this is an encyclopedia.
I kind of feel like making a userbox that says "this user believes that ducking and covering may save lives", and link it to the actual article (not the talk page).
I believe I've spoken my point,
TurtleShroom! :) †Jesus Loves You and Died for you!† 21:39, 9 December 2008 (UTC)
Ok. The assessment is simply misleading. "Within a considerable radius—depending on the explosion's height and yield—ducking and covering would offer negligible protection against the intense heat, shock waves, and radiation following a nuclear explosion." Negligible meaning not practically different than doing nothing. Source here: Real life example Hiroshima destructive radius of total destruction 1 mile, Closest known survivor Akiko Takakura 300M from ground 0 saved by the building she was in. But the entry of Yoshitaka Kawamoto should stand the most testament. He was only a kilometer away from ground 0, well within the total destruction zone, meaning he had approximately 3 seconds between the visible explosion and the arrival of the blast. A number of his classmates survive the collapse of the school. To give you an idea, at 1km radius blast area is about 3km2 at 1 mile radius blast area is about 8km2 meaning that more of the area WITHIN the radius of total destruction was as far or further out than Kawamoto and his classmates. All of the people in that area potentially benefit from "Duck and Cover". And that is just the total destruction zone, the light damage zone is much much larger such that the entirety of the total destruction zone (less than half of which is practicably unsurvivable) makes up only about 10% of the area of the blast. So think about that, in a dense population center, OVER 90% of the people potentially effected by the nuclear blast would benefit from "Duck and Cover"
Considering the total destruction radius is less than a third of the blast radius, and more than 90% of the effected area benefits from "Duck and Cover" The statement "Within a considerable radius..." is misleading to the point of either being deliberately deceptive or so uniformed about explosions and their effects that they should steer clear of writing about them.
Unless someone responds with a serious, scientifically based cite in the next couple of days, I will change the opening of this assessment to be more realistic. Yes I did work in the nuclear weapons business.
Next, unless someone can cite me a pole showing most people believe that the purpose behind the civil exercises was "less practical use than psychological use to keep the danger of nuclear war high on the public mind" I will change the opening of that sentence from "The exercises of civil defense are now seen" to "Some people now believe the civil defense exercises "
Mikethemoose ( talk) 06:30, 23 February 2011 (UTC)
I can't remeber how it went, but there was a popular parady that ended "and put your head between your knees and kiss your ass goodbye".
It would be interesting to have a section about the paradys in the article.
Wendingwanderer ( talk) 07:26, 24 January 2009 (UTC)WendingWanderer
The radiological defense book I had access to in the late 1950s detailed effects of actual atomic bomb tests (early 1950s 20 kiloton range) on material and personnel. Some of the nukes in todays arsenals are that size down to 0.5 kilotons. Not all nukes are megaton city-busters and those are actually hard to deliver.
But for 1949 to 1954:
Nuclear explosions in the actual tests were not instant universal destruction. At sufficient distance and sometimes with minimal cover material survived. It seems insane that they had soldiers in some of those tests, but soldiers who ducked-and-covered in trenches surprisingly near the test sites survived. The preferred tactic for maximum material damage--air burst--generally sent the radioactive material into the stratosphere so blast and heat were bigger problems that radioactive fallout. Scoffing at duck-and-cover as a first response to nuclear attack is as unrealistic as saying no point in building a tornado shelter, no one can resist a Force Five tornado. Naaman Brown ( talk) 18:13, 23 August 2009 (UTC)
Technically speaking if you are in a tornado shelter and you take a direct hit from a category 5 tornado you are dead no matter what Puma6374 ( talk) 21:17, 26 October 2020 (UTC)
The New York Times today has a good article about the current U.S. policy; it's not too far from this one. Might be a good article to use. -- Bobak ( talk) 18:28, 16 December 2010 (UTC)
This article states: "assume the fetal position, lying face-down and covering their heads with their hands" Which is it? The fetal position doesn't even resemble "covering their heads with their hands" —Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.158.61.140 ( talk) 18:40, 17 January 2011 (UTC)
The movie shows intergrated classrooms in 1951 with black and white students in the same classroom. While this may have been somewhat common in Northern cities, it would be unheard of in Southern cities. I wonder if a different version was produced for showing in the Southern states? Seki1949 ( talk) 15:33, 19 July 2012 (UTC)
I came here to mention the fact that a lot of POV-pushers have infiltrated this article in an interesting way. There is a lot of blather and fluff that needs rewriting and purging. But I am torn as to how to see this subject even now.
Not too long ago I was reading up about the effects of nuclear weapons. Add to this the facts versus the inevitable propaganda and hype associated with this topic. Nuclear warfare quickly touches political and conspiratorial views, plus societal and emotional sentiments, with a smattering of logic, scientific debate, and the occasional esoteric platitude thrown in for good measure. Yeah, well, so I am stricken by the latter in this case.
It would seem that regardless of the many things you and I know about the effects of nuclear weapons, the truth of the matter is that they can be a lot more bark than bite. Now, I am not trying to minimize the real danger of them, but I think that there is a legitimate discussion to be had about how a nuclear weapon would damage a modern, industrial target.
Recall that the proponents of the bomb always intended them to be used against industrial targets. Yeah, the silly capitalists wanted to target, uh, the infrastructure of capitalism: the city that manufactures products that are in turn necessary for waging war. In today's world the developed nations are producing most of their products in and around city centers, or at least that is where they warehouse and distribute them. So the Bomb needs to be dropped on a city for maximum effectiveness against an enemy state.
The problem is this. A modern city is made of virtually indestructible buildings... reinforced concrete, blocks, bricks, etc. Obviously there are many steel-framed buildings, too, and some of the concrete is poorly designed, but those are considerable stronger than a typical stick-frame house like the one shown on this page. Keep in mind that hospitals and schools are very likely to be some of the strongest buildings in town.
With that background, understand that a lot of work was done estimating the effects of a bomb blast. Stage left: Enter the films of blast waves hitting mock-up homes, people, animals, and trees. Yea for the scientists, they have their blast curves! Let's print them and give them out to the weapons designers and the folks aiming the missiles. The problem is going to be a shock... The blast curves are not accurate; they overstate the amount of damage done to modern cities because they neglect the shielding effect of structures.
There was really no major push to consider the fortification and protection afforded by modern buildings. The blast curves and practically every bomb that was ever test are geared for deserts, tropical islands, and uninproved land. There is no consideration given for the fact that buildings will tend to shield and protect people inside and people and facilities further from ground zero.
Now, this won't be much of a comfort to anyone directly below a blast or someone outside and within the true kill radius. But there is some unknown factor which will greatly attenuate blasts that are inside a modern city, making the likely effects less severe for a great number of people who might be within the kill radius of a bomb dropped on a desert. And so the bombs are more survivable that the hype would suggest, especially at the fringes.
The issue now becomes how a person reacts to the initial flash of light. As much as I might laugh and wryly joke about Duck and Cover hysteria, I am becoming convinced that it does serve a legitimate purpose in a survivable bomb situation. Yeah, there will be vaporized people, and blown away people, and third-degree burn people, and even a few radiation sick people. But there are going to be those who might potentially survive a blast wave with this type of simple counter-measure.
I just wish the POV was left out of the article. While I may be able to write convincing one way or the other, I know that the issue needs to be scrutinized, even agonizingly so, in a way the permits alternative conclusions. I like to saw logs! ( talk) 01:24, 4 September 2013 (UTC)
Agree with the above, and would like to suggest improvements. I came to the page interested in duck-and-cover in terms of the broader debate on nuclear weapons/policy. I had no idea the technique is useful. At the same time, those who mock the technique have a potentially valid point of view in that the publicizing of the technique may have had some political effects, that is, in discouraging anti-nuclear opinions among some U.S. citizens (and maybe elsewhere). Certainly, the anti-nuclear movement made extensive political use of the matter. I realize wikipedia is an encyclopedia, and pop culture aspects must be controlled. In this case, however, duck-and-cover has had a huge presence in pop culture/politics. For example, I don't remember being taught the technique when in school (1970s New England), and given the info here, I assume that's because the matter had become politicized, thus it was much easier to retire the drills, especially given declining concern regarding nuclear attack (and the lack of tornadoes in that region). Readers who are strongly anti-nuclear weapons might not read the page far enough to learn anything. I'd recommend an earlier statement to the effect that criticism of the technique was partly due to a misperception as to its aims, following by a link to a separate section or page about the contested politics of duck and cover. That section/page should include some of the more prominent pop culture references. ProfessorAndro ( talk) 20:41, 16 March 2017 (UTC)
I believe the paragraph that mentions the book Hiroshima (John Hersey) is incorrect. I just read through the book and no where does it mention police going to Nagasaki to train them about the duck and cover technique. 2 possiblites...I can't read and it needs a proper citation, or it's not real information and needs to be taken off. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.151.152.127 ( talk) 03:27, 10 October 2013 (UTC)
Shelter in place ( SAME code: SPW) is the use of a structure and its indoor atmosphere to temporarily separate individuals from a hazardous outdoor atmosphere. [1] It entails closing all household doors, windows and vents and taking immediate shelter in a readily accessible location, such as a basement or central medium to small room, and trying to make it as airtight as possible by shutting off all ventilation/ HVAC systems and extensively sealing the shelter's doors and windows from all outside air contaminants with damp towels, or if available, plastic sheeting and adhesive tape. [2] Diagrams of what sheltering in place entails following a (CBRN) Chemical, biological, radiological or nuclear threat, and how long it is advised to be done for, is provided by the FEMA affiliated website ready.gov. [3]
Shelter-in-place effectiveness has been evaluated and experimental results show that proper sealing can make a substantial difference to a normal home shelter, finding it to be at least twice as effective against a host of airborne substances when compared against simply staying inside and not implementing the countermeasure, and in most airborne contaminant cases, it is usually much more effective, depending on the particle size of the substance in question. [4] [5] [6] If the occupant's breathing produced carbon dioxide is the only consumer of oxygen in the room then carbon dioxide levels would not begin to reach dangerous values until 3+ hours had passed, in all likely, 4 family home, scenarios. [7] [8]
In the military, "Shelter-in-Place" is comparable to "buttoning up" and has proved life saving in many instances. [9]
If an individual finds themselves outside during an emergency that calls for shelter-in-place, then effective but low-tech decontamination is required before entering into the shelter. [10]
In practice, depending on the exact situation, everyone within a specific distance of the airborne incident may be ordered to shelter in place or people within a closer range may be ordered to evacuate while everyone else shelters in place to minimize public exposure as much as possible. [11] Sheltering in place is generally only used for a short period of time, typically a few hours. However it can be extended if the occupants are equipped with common drain cleaner that contains sodium hydroxide- which is an effective carbon dioxide scrubber in addition to self contained oxygen candles or the more common welding Oxygen tanks, both of which also have the added benefit of producing and maintaining a shelter positive pressure which keeps any shelter leaks, leaking out rather than leaking in.
The phrase has also erroneously been used, instead of the more accurate lockdown, to describe precautions to be taken by the public when violence has occurred or might occur (particularly in shootings) in the area and the perpetrator is believed to still be in the area but not apprehended. The public in the area is advised to carry out all the same tasks as a typical shelter-in-place but without the key step of sealing the shelter up to prevent outside air from circulating indoors, in this scenario people are simply urged to lockdown - stay indoors and "close, lock and stay away from external doors and windows." [12] [13]
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There's been improvements made by various IP users to the Lucky Dragon 5 & Kuwait oil fires articles recently that might be worth considering. 92.251.133.92 ( talk) 11:42, 13 June 2014 (UTC)
That duck and cover has its origins in advice given to soldiers and civilians during, and probably prior to, WWII. To reduce the lethality of conventional bombs and bombing, and that just like nuclear bombs, conventional bombs similarly have various probability of killing/ lethality zones for standing adult males/soldiers in the open at particular distances.
Although conventional bombs are limited in energy when compared to nuclear weapons, due to the unlikelihood that a nuclear weapon would be detonated directly beside the individual, but some distance away, the duck and cover countermeasure has greater efficacy under a nuclear attack scenario than a conventional strategic bombing - as the space of time between observing first light, being stunned in surprise by the explosion and the arrival of potentially lethal blast and flash burn effects is sufficiently long to permit a slower reaction response time from first light to completing a duck and cover maneuver.
The psychological sense of awe from observing a large, and oft described as beautiful,[chicago ref & others] explosion is chief amongst the distractions that usually prevent individuals from hitting the deck immediately, particularly so for megaton class explosions.
We have indirect evidence that Duck and Cover was taught at some point in time to those who are 20 and older in Russia, due to the response of Yulia at Chelyabinsk in 2013. There is also a prior Czechoslovakia wiki user here in the talk page archive that describes the advice also being given in that former Soviet republic.
According to this alleged 1950-60s child, the film was shown roughly every year in the 1960s and although he's not very clear on this latter bit, but they appeared to practice fire drills weekly and perhaps rolled duck and cover practice up with the fire drill. [1]
“Now then, Dmitri, you know how we've always talked about the possibility of something going wrong with the Bomb... The *Bomb*, Dmitri... The *hydrogen* bomb!... Well now, what happened is... ahm... one of our base commanders, he had a sort of... well, he went a little funny in the head... you know... just a little... funny. And, ah... he went and did a silly thing... Well, I'll tell you what he did. He ordered his planes... to attack your country... Ah... Well, let me finish, Dmitri... Let me finish, Dmitri... Well listen, how do you think I feel about it?... Can you *imagine* how I feel about it, Dmitri?... Why do you think I'm calling you? Just to say hello?... *Of course* I like to speak to you!... *Of course* I like to say hello!... Not now, but anytime, Dmitri. I'm just calling up to tell you something terrible has happened... It's a *friendly* call. Of course it's a friendly call..." (See how long before some nuclear war supporter takes this down)
84.13.14.75 ( talk) 16:21, 3 August 2014 (UTC)
Only someone with no understanding of history would think that those gas masks had real world applications. Tell all the british people who died in conventional air raids about the terror of gas bombs. Puma6374 ( talk) 21:14, 26 October 2020 (UTC)
http://www.remm.nlm.gov/nuclearexplosion.htm According to the above, cloudshine is radiation emitted from the mushroom cloud 178.167.196.163 ( talk) 13:14, 4 September 2014 (UTC)
"Skyshine" is a technical term for gamma rays that reach a target from all directions because of scattering in the atmosphere, as opposed to those rays that travel to the target in a straight line from the fireball. See Glasstone and Dolan, Effects of Nuclear Weapons, 3rd ed, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, 1977, §8.44 and Fig. 8.45a. Jessegalebaker ( talk) 08:30, 1 November 2015 (UTC)
Drawing by Goro Kiyoyoshi of his memories of the Hiroshima attack. “I got on a streetcar of the Kabe line about 8:10 AM. The door was open and I was standing there. As I heard the starting bell ring, I saw a silver flash and heard an explosion over the platform on which l had just walked. Next moment everything went dark. Instinctively I jumped down to the track and braced myself against it. Putting a handkerchief to my mouth, I covered my eyes and ears with my hands.” https://archive.org/details/UnforgettableFireDrawingsByAtomicBombSurvivors1967
In a rare example of binksternet actually trying to make a productive contribution to articles I have essentially re-written entirely by myself, he removed the following and simply inserted the similar, but less direct halifax story. with one such incident being the 1944 Port Chicago explosion, where about 4,600 tons (4,173 metric tons) [1] of chemical explosive accidentally detonated in a series of events. Survivor, Robert Routh, reported enjoying the sight of the wonderfully bright fireball and then suddenly never seeing anything again, as following the blast arriving, he was permanently blinded by the window he was viewing the fireball from, shards of which pierced his eyes and face. [2] I'll leave his edit there for the time being, although as can be seen, it actually fails in getting the full point across, contrary to Routh's story. I will be summarizing the Halifax story, stating it was known after that, and merging the two stories as time permits.
References
I tried to clean up this article, but there appears to be a lot of problems with it, some of which may be related to how the article was written and the information therein. The sources being cited may not all be reliable, though most appear to be, and this article may need some review by an expert. I wish I could do more, but this is out of the scope of my expertise. I've added a template header for now, though more may be added in the future if needed. I'll continue to work on this page, but I can only do so much with what little I know, and it'll probably be exclusively copy editing. ― Nøkkenbuer ( talk • contribs) 00:02, 15 April 2015 (UTC)
I've been reviewing your changes. Some of them are worthy to keep, but a lot of it involves simply reverting my wording and reintroducing extraneous information. For example, Here are the two leads, the first being the current one (mine):
"Duck and cover" is a safety precaution most notably used for personal protection against the effects of a nuclear explosion. Similar procedures are also used during the event of a sudden earthquake or tornado when emergency evacuation is not an option. Ducking and covering is useful in conferring a degree of protection to practitioners outside the radius of the nuclear fireball but still within sufficient range of the nuclear explosion that standing upright is likely to cause serious injury or death. As a countermeasure to the lethal effects of nuclear explosions, it is most effective in the both the event of a surprise nuclear attack and a nuclear attack of which the public has received sufficient warning, typically between a few seconds to minutes before the nuclear weapon strikes, as given by a system such as the Pinetree Line in the United States or the four-minute warning in the United Kingdom. This countermeasure is intended to replace emergency evacuation when the latter would no longer be viable. In the cases of earthquakes and tornadoes, ducking and covering can prevent injury or death which may otherwise occur if no safety precautions are taken.
This is your proposed lead:
"Duck and cover" is a method of personal protection against the near prompt effects of a nuclear explosion. Ducking and covering is useful in conferring a degree of protection to practitioners, unprotected by other means, situated outside the radius of the nuclear fireball but who still are within sufficient range of the nuclear explosion that death or injury would be certain. As a countermeasure to the lethal effects of nuclear explosions, it is effective in the event of both a surprise nuclear attack, which might come at any time without warning, [note 1] and in the more likely event of sufficient warning of a few seconds to minutes being given by a missile detection system such as the Pinetree Line, time enough to enter a bomb shelter but not enough advance notice to permit an effective evacuation.
These are the problems I'm seeing with your proposal:
What is your rationale for these changes? Why did you remove the content about tornadoes and earthquakes, while keeping it in the article (which is not how it works)? Why did you arbitrarily change the sentence structure to be worse? You added some important information which could be added to the lead, but the way you did—along with your deletion of otherwise important information—renders your lead inferior. I can continue reviewing your proposal, but let's start here. Your other changes are more substantial, and will require more discussion. ― Nøkkenbuer ( talk • contribs) 23:19, 21 April 2015 (UTC)
References
http://www.johntreed.com/duckandcover.html Good summary info on it commonly being ridiculed but that the maneuver and those who advocated it, veterans of WWII to the Korean war, were well aware of its capabilities and the various zones in which the countermeasure would be both useless and effective. 178.167.178.178 ( talk) 04:31, 12 September 2015 (UTC)
Hello 185.51.***.***
In early December I spent about an hour going through the "See also" and "See related" sections. I checked to see if any of the links in those sections were present in the body of the article. There were many, and as those two sections were excessively-large, I removed the duplicates per WP:SEEALSO. Once the duplicates were removed, I replaced redirects with their targets, then placed the remaining items in alphabetical order. Dawnseeker2000 21:34, 14 December 2015 (UTC)
"R. A. Langevin and others in 1958 compared the ability of trained troops and the untrained civilian population to duck and turn away, covering exposed skin (Operations Research, vol. 6, p. 710). Trained troops duck and cover in 0.75 second when a very bright flash occurs. The untrained civilians fared less well: 2% protected themselves within 1 second, 15% by 2 seconds, 50% by 3 seconds, 70% by 4 seconds, 80% by 5 seconds, 90% by 7 seconds, but 7.5% are still fully exposed at 10 seconds after detonation. The young and the old react most slowly if they lack clear simple knowledge of the dangers. Langevin shows that even this untrained protective reaction increases the amount of energy required to cause burns to an exposed population, especially in the case of high-yield weapons which expose the most people." Boundarylayer ( talk) 20:54, 20 December 2016 (UTC)
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This entire article is an exercise in proving that “scientists” and the US government have little to no understanding of war, weapons, or ballistics. This entire article is cargo cult craziness aimed at the obsessive people who want to try to ensure they will somehow survive a hydrogen bomb going off a mile away from them. The people who survived attacks who are cited in the article are so clearly random as to be outwardly laughable. It is true that at least one person has been in a situation around a nuclear bomb in which ducking and covering likely saved their lives. However the real savior in all those events is not the act of ducking, but rather the topography, the nature of the explosive, and the ballistics of the explosion that put those few people in a position where ducking actually would make a difference. Plenty of people ducked and covered and got cooked like a thanksgiving turkey anyway, because that is how munitions work. It’s like taking examples of air raids in which people saved themselves by crossing the street and changing the ballistic angles of shrapnel and saying that because these people clearly saved their lives everyone should focus first on crossing the street during all potential air raids. If you are close enough to the blast to be seriously imperiled, even the scientists admit that ducking and covering will only change a .01% survival rate into a .02%, while if you are far away ducking and covering changes a 94% survival rate into a 95% survival rate. You can use those statistics as proof that ducking and covering is the most important move you can make, or you can be straight up with people and actually teach them about the weapons we all point at each other. Talk to actual soldiers about the laughable drills for the potential of being on the battlefield during a tactical nuclear weapon strike and you will soon realize how much of this government research is all claptrap. I understand this article is edited by busybodies who desperately want hope and something tangible they can do about a nuclear blast, but you have to understand that this is all an exercise in wishful thinking and a waste of time. If you are going to somehow be close to a nuclear weapon detonation, you are likely dead. That’s why they build nuclear weapons. Superpowers don’t build and maintain them because they are easy to survive. If you are far enough away to not die you will likely not die. If you cannot come to an understanding with those simple facts no pamphlet from 1950 is going to save you. Puma6374 ( talk) 21:02, 26 October 2020 (UTC)
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