A light curve for V377 Geminorum, plotted from TESS data, [1] with the 6.46 day rotation period shown in red, | |
Observation data Epoch J2000 Equinox J2000 | |
---|---|
Constellation | Gemini [note 1] |
Right ascension | 07h 49m 55.05s [2] |
Declination | 27° 21′ 47.45″ [2] |
Apparent magnitude (V) | 6.92 [3] |
Characteristics | |
Evolutionary stage | Main sequence [4] |
Spectral type | G5V [4] |
Variable type | BY Draconis [5] [6] |
Astrometry | |
Radial velocity (Rv) | −16.07±0.13 [3] km/s |
Proper motion (μ) |
RA: −10.0268±0.0846
mas/
yr
[3] Dec.: −11.3143±0.0487 mas/ yr [3] |
Parallax (π) | 44.6848 mas [7] |
Distance | 73.035±0.073
ly (22.4035±0.0225 pc) [3] |
Absolute magnitude (MV) | 5.19 [8] |
Details [9] | |
Mass | 0.99±0.03 M☉ |
Radius | 0.912±0.034 R☉ |
Luminosity | 0.753±0.026 L☉ |
Surface gravity (log g) | 4.52±0.05 [4] cgs |
Temperature | 5640±74 K |
Metallicity [Fe/H] | 0.03±0.05 [4] dex |
Rotation | 6.45±0.05 d |
Rotational velocity (v sin i) | 7.3±0.3 km/s |
Age | 414±23 Myr |
Other designations | |
Database references | |
SIMBAD | data |
HD 63433 (TOI-1726, V377 Geminorum) is a G-type main sequence star located 73 light-years from Earth in the zodiacal constellation Gemini, [9] [note 1] visually close to the star Pollux. [7] It has nearly the same radius and mass of the Sun, hence being classified as a Sun-like star. [9] However, it is much younger than the Sun, less than one tenth as old with an age of about 400 million years. [9] [a] With an apparent magnitude of 6.9, it is not visible to the naked eye, but can be seen with a small telescope [12] or binoculars. [13] Based on its kinematic, rotational and lithium abundance properties, it is part of the Ursa Major Moving Group. [9] There are three exoplanets orbiting it, one is classified as an Earth-sized planet, while the two others are mini-Neptunes. [4]
HD 63433 is a G-type main sequence star with a radius of 0.912 R☉, a mass of 0.99 M☉, an effective temperature of 5640 K and a spectral type G5V. [9] Its properties are quite similar to those of the Sun, which has a spectral type G2V and a temperature of 5772 K. [14] Therefore, it is classified as a solar analog. [9] HD 63433, however, is much younger than the Sun, having an age of 414 million years, [9] just 9% of the solar age of 4.6 billion years. [11] It has a surface gravity of 33.8 g [b] and a rotational period of 6.45 days, [9] which is 3.8 times faster than the Sun.
With an apparent magnitude of 6.92m, [3] it is below the limit for naked-eye visibility, generally defined as 6.5m, [15] which would mean that this star is not visible to the naked eye, but easily visible using a small telescope [12] or binoculars. [16] [13] Despite being faint, HD 63433 is actually the third-brightest star with transiting exoplanets confirmed by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite, with only Pi Mensae (5.65m) [17] and HR 858 (6.38m) [18] being brighter. [9] [19]
According to stellar kinematics, lithium abundance and stellar rotation, HD 63433 is part of the Ursa Major moving group. [9] It was initially identified as a possible member of this group by Gaidos (1998) [20] and included as a possible member in later analyses, until HD 63433's membership in this moving group was finally confirmed by Mann et al. in 2020. [9] As it is part of this moving group, its age is estimated at 414 ± 23 million years, the same as the group. [9]
It is located in the northern hemisphere, about 73 light-years from the Earth, in the constellation of Gemini. [12] It is visually close to Pollux, the brightest star in the constellation. [7] HD 63433 is predicted to approach within 7.33 light-years of the Sun in 1.33 million years. [21] That will make it one of the nearest stars to the Sun. Its closest neighbor is the orange dwarf HD 63991, located at a distance of 2.7 light years. [12]
Name | Distance
(light-years) |
---|---|
HD 63991 | 2.7 |
LSPM J0801+2342 | 6.1 |
HD 68017 | 9 |
BD+31 1781 | 9.1 |
G 90-52 | 9.2 |
HD 63433 belongs to the class of BY Draconis variables, [5] [6] stars have variations in their luminosity due to their rotation together with sunspots and other chromospheric activities. The brightness of the star varies by 0.05 magnitudes over a period of 6.46 days. [6]
It was found to be variable by Gaidos et al. in 2000. [22] The star was given the variable-star designation V377 Geminorum in 2006. [23]
The star HD 63433 is orbited by 3 exoplanets, all discovered by the transit method.
The first ones to be discovered, HD 63433 b and HD 63433 c, are mini-Neptunes [24] that were discovered in by Mann et al. in 2020 using the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite. [25] In 2024, an additional planet was discovered, after an analysis of a transit signal detected by TESS. Named HD 63433 d, it is an Earth-sized planet. [26]
According to theoretical models, the compositions of the mini-Neptunes HD 63433 b and c are mostly silicate and water, with no iron dominance, surrounded by a gaseous envelope which, in the case of planet c, makes up around 2% of the planet. [24]
The planetary system of HD 63433 is quite young, at around 400 million years old, it is only 9.13% as old as the Solar System. [4] [26] [c] HD 63433 d is also the smallest planet that is less than 500 million years old.
Temperature comparisons |
HD 63433 b [24] | HD 63433 c [24] | HD 63433 d [4] |
Global equilibrium temperature | 769 – 967 K 496 – 694 °C 925 – 1281 °F |
540 – 679 K 267 – 406 °C 513 – 763 °F |
1040 K 767 °C 1413 °F |
Companion (in order from star) |
Mass |
Semimajor axis ( AU) |
Orbital period ( days) |
Eccentricity | Inclination | Radius |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
d | — | 0.0503±0.0027 | 4.21 | 0.16+0.36 −0.12 |
88.73±1 ° | 1.073+0.046 −0.044 R🜨 |
b | <21.76 M🜨 | 0.0719+0.0044 −0.0031 |
7.11 | 0.24+0.27 −0.18 |
— | 2.14+0.087 −0.069 R🜨 |
c | 15.54±3.86 M🜨 | 0.1458±0.015 | 20.55 | 0.161+0.014 −0.013 |
— | 2.692+0.108 −0.088 R🜨 |
The middle planet, HD 63433 b, is a mini-Neptune planet that was discovered together with HD 63433 c. [4] HD 63433 b is 2.14 times larger than Earth, [24] but is about 45% smaller than Neptune. [d] The planet has an upper mass limit of 21.7 M🜨, [24] which is 21% greater than the mass of Neptune (17.15 M🜨 [27]). These values calculate an upper density limit of 13 g/cm3, [24] 2 times greater than that of Earth, [note 2] and similar to that of the chemical element Mercury. HD 63433 b orbits its parent star at a distance of 0.0719 astronomical units (10,760,000 km) – about 5 times closer than Mercury is to the Sun – and completes one revolution every 7 days and 3 hours. The relative proximity of its star makes it hot, with an equilibrium temperature between 769 and 967 Kelvin (496 and 694 °C). [24] [e]
HD 63433 b was probably a mini-Neptune that later lost its atmosphere. [29] Some factors, such as the fact that no absorption of Ly-α was detected during its transit, and its mass-loss timescale being shorter than the age of the planetary system, indicate that it has already lost its primordial atmosphere, and could be a rocky planetary core. [29] However, if HD 63433 b were a rocky core, it would need to be unusually massive and, therefore, a water-rich composition in addition to an atmosphere with a high mean molecular weight could explain both the radius and the non-detection of the Ly-α. [29]
The outermost planet, HD 63433 c, is a mini-Neptune planet discovered together with HD 63433 b. [9] It is 2.7 times larger than Earth, [24] but 30% smaller than the Solar System's ice giants, Neptune and Uranus. Being 15.5 times more massive than the Earth, [24] it is more massive than Uranus (14.54 M🜨), but still less massive than Neptune (17.15 M🜨). The density of HD 63433 c calculated at 4.6 g/cm3, slightly lower than that of Earth, [24] but greater than the densities of all gas giants in the Solar System.
Orbiting its star at a distance of 0.145 astronomical units (21,700,000 km) in a orbital period of 20 days, [24] it is the outermost planet in its planetary system, but still close to its star, making it a warm planet, with a planetary equilibrium temperature estimated between 267 and 406 °C. [24] [f]
Due to the high radiation received from its star, the atmosphere of HD 63433 c, made up of hydrogen, is slowly being stripped away and escaping from the planet, like a hot air balloon. [30] The hot gas escapes into the space at a velocity of 50 km/s, forming a gas cocoon 12 times larger than the planet itself. [30] As its atmosphere evaporates, HD 63433 c will slowly become a super-Earth planet. [30]
HD 63433 d was the last planet to be discovered in the system, 4 years after planets b and c. [4] With a diameter of ~13,690 km, it is very similar to Earth in size, being only 7% larger, but its mass is currently unknown. [4] It is the innermost planet orbiting HD 63433, having a semi-major axis (mean distance from its star) of 0.0503 astronomical units (7,520,000 km) and an orbital period of just 4 days. [4] The extreme proximity to its star makes it extremely hot, having a daytime temperature estimated at 1,260 °C (2,300 °F), [4] [g] hot enough to melt all the minerals present on its surface, [31] as well as being tidally locked, meaning that one half of the planet is always facing towards its star, while the other is always facing away from it. [32] [26] The planet also possibly lacks a substantial atmosphere. [4] [26] [31]
It is believed that the dayside of the planet, always facing its star due to tidal locking, is fully composed of lava due to the high surface temperature, [33] [26] in addition to possibly having volcanic activity. [34] [35] Meanwhile, the nightside of the planet, which never faces its star, may be the opposite, resembling Pluto with glaciers of frozen nitrogen. [36]
HD 63433 d was discovered in 2024, through an analysis of a transit observation made by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS). [26] As two other planets had already been discovered in the system, the transit signals of these objects were removed, thus revealing an additional transit signal that reappeared every 4.2 days. [26] [37] [4] Further investigation allowed researchers to confirm that this signal was from another orbiting exoplanet, now called HD 63433 d. [26] The discovery was announced on January 10, 2024, in The Astronomical Journal. [32] [36]
The HD 63433 planetary system plays an important role in understanding the evolution of planetary systems in the first billion years after formation. [9] [4] As HD 63433 is relatively bright (6.9 m) and close (73 ly away), its planets b and c can have their atmospheres characterized by the Hubble Space Telescope and James Webb Space Telescope. [29] This star is also a favorable target for studies of atmospheric mass loss in exoplanets, as it is a young and active star with close-in mini-Neptune planets, in addition to having a negative radial velocity (−16.07 km/s). [29]
A light curve for V377 Geminorum, plotted from TESS data, [1] with the 6.46 day rotation period shown in red, | |
Observation data Epoch J2000 Equinox J2000 | |
---|---|
Constellation | Gemini [note 1] |
Right ascension | 07h 49m 55.05s [2] |
Declination | 27° 21′ 47.45″ [2] |
Apparent magnitude (V) | 6.92 [3] |
Characteristics | |
Evolutionary stage | Main sequence [4] |
Spectral type | G5V [4] |
Variable type | BY Draconis [5] [6] |
Astrometry | |
Radial velocity (Rv) | −16.07±0.13 [3] km/s |
Proper motion (μ) |
RA: −10.0268±0.0846
mas/
yr
[3] Dec.: −11.3143±0.0487 mas/ yr [3] |
Parallax (π) | 44.6848 mas [7] |
Distance | 73.035±0.073
ly (22.4035±0.0225 pc) [3] |
Absolute magnitude (MV) | 5.19 [8] |
Details [9] | |
Mass | 0.99±0.03 M☉ |
Radius | 0.912±0.034 R☉ |
Luminosity | 0.753±0.026 L☉ |
Surface gravity (log g) | 4.52±0.05 [4] cgs |
Temperature | 5640±74 K |
Metallicity [Fe/H] | 0.03±0.05 [4] dex |
Rotation | 6.45±0.05 d |
Rotational velocity (v sin i) | 7.3±0.3 km/s |
Age | 414±23 Myr |
Other designations | |
Database references | |
SIMBAD | data |
HD 63433 (TOI-1726, V377 Geminorum) is a G-type main sequence star located 73 light-years from Earth in the zodiacal constellation Gemini, [9] [note 1] visually close to the star Pollux. [7] It has nearly the same radius and mass of the Sun, hence being classified as a Sun-like star. [9] However, it is much younger than the Sun, less than one tenth as old with an age of about 400 million years. [9] [a] With an apparent magnitude of 6.9, it is not visible to the naked eye, but can be seen with a small telescope [12] or binoculars. [13] Based on its kinematic, rotational and lithium abundance properties, it is part of the Ursa Major Moving Group. [9] There are three exoplanets orbiting it, one is classified as an Earth-sized planet, while the two others are mini-Neptunes. [4]
HD 63433 is a G-type main sequence star with a radius of 0.912 R☉, a mass of 0.99 M☉, an effective temperature of 5640 K and a spectral type G5V. [9] Its properties are quite similar to those of the Sun, which has a spectral type G2V and a temperature of 5772 K. [14] Therefore, it is classified as a solar analog. [9] HD 63433, however, is much younger than the Sun, having an age of 414 million years, [9] just 9% of the solar age of 4.6 billion years. [11] It has a surface gravity of 33.8 g [b] and a rotational period of 6.45 days, [9] which is 3.8 times faster than the Sun.
With an apparent magnitude of 6.92m, [3] it is below the limit for naked-eye visibility, generally defined as 6.5m, [15] which would mean that this star is not visible to the naked eye, but easily visible using a small telescope [12] or binoculars. [16] [13] Despite being faint, HD 63433 is actually the third-brightest star with transiting exoplanets confirmed by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite, with only Pi Mensae (5.65m) [17] and HR 858 (6.38m) [18] being brighter. [9] [19]
According to stellar kinematics, lithium abundance and stellar rotation, HD 63433 is part of the Ursa Major moving group. [9] It was initially identified as a possible member of this group by Gaidos (1998) [20] and included as a possible member in later analyses, until HD 63433's membership in this moving group was finally confirmed by Mann et al. in 2020. [9] As it is part of this moving group, its age is estimated at 414 ± 23 million years, the same as the group. [9]
It is located in the northern hemisphere, about 73 light-years from the Earth, in the constellation of Gemini. [12] It is visually close to Pollux, the brightest star in the constellation. [7] HD 63433 is predicted to approach within 7.33 light-years of the Sun in 1.33 million years. [21] That will make it one of the nearest stars to the Sun. Its closest neighbor is the orange dwarf HD 63991, located at a distance of 2.7 light years. [12]
Name | Distance
(light-years) |
---|---|
HD 63991 | 2.7 |
LSPM J0801+2342 | 6.1 |
HD 68017 | 9 |
BD+31 1781 | 9.1 |
G 90-52 | 9.2 |
HD 63433 belongs to the class of BY Draconis variables, [5] [6] stars have variations in their luminosity due to their rotation together with sunspots and other chromospheric activities. The brightness of the star varies by 0.05 magnitudes over a period of 6.46 days. [6]
It was found to be variable by Gaidos et al. in 2000. [22] The star was given the variable-star designation V377 Geminorum in 2006. [23]
The star HD 63433 is orbited by 3 exoplanets, all discovered by the transit method.
The first ones to be discovered, HD 63433 b and HD 63433 c, are mini-Neptunes [24] that were discovered in by Mann et al. in 2020 using the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite. [25] In 2024, an additional planet was discovered, after an analysis of a transit signal detected by TESS. Named HD 63433 d, it is an Earth-sized planet. [26]
According to theoretical models, the compositions of the mini-Neptunes HD 63433 b and c are mostly silicate and water, with no iron dominance, surrounded by a gaseous envelope which, in the case of planet c, makes up around 2% of the planet. [24]
The planetary system of HD 63433 is quite young, at around 400 million years old, it is only 9.13% as old as the Solar System. [4] [26] [c] HD 63433 d is also the smallest planet that is less than 500 million years old.
Temperature comparisons |
HD 63433 b [24] | HD 63433 c [24] | HD 63433 d [4] |
Global equilibrium temperature | 769 – 967 K 496 – 694 °C 925 – 1281 °F |
540 – 679 K 267 – 406 °C 513 – 763 °F |
1040 K 767 °C 1413 °F |
Companion (in order from star) |
Mass |
Semimajor axis ( AU) |
Orbital period ( days) |
Eccentricity | Inclination | Radius |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
d | — | 0.0503±0.0027 | 4.21 | 0.16+0.36 −0.12 |
88.73±1 ° | 1.073+0.046 −0.044 R🜨 |
b | <21.76 M🜨 | 0.0719+0.0044 −0.0031 |
7.11 | 0.24+0.27 −0.18 |
— | 2.14+0.087 −0.069 R🜨 |
c | 15.54±3.86 M🜨 | 0.1458±0.015 | 20.55 | 0.161+0.014 −0.013 |
— | 2.692+0.108 −0.088 R🜨 |
The middle planet, HD 63433 b, is a mini-Neptune planet that was discovered together with HD 63433 c. [4] HD 63433 b is 2.14 times larger than Earth, [24] but is about 45% smaller than Neptune. [d] The planet has an upper mass limit of 21.7 M🜨, [24] which is 21% greater than the mass of Neptune (17.15 M🜨 [27]). These values calculate an upper density limit of 13 g/cm3, [24] 2 times greater than that of Earth, [note 2] and similar to that of the chemical element Mercury. HD 63433 b orbits its parent star at a distance of 0.0719 astronomical units (10,760,000 km) – about 5 times closer than Mercury is to the Sun – and completes one revolution every 7 days and 3 hours. The relative proximity of its star makes it hot, with an equilibrium temperature between 769 and 967 Kelvin (496 and 694 °C). [24] [e]
HD 63433 b was probably a mini-Neptune that later lost its atmosphere. [29] Some factors, such as the fact that no absorption of Ly-α was detected during its transit, and its mass-loss timescale being shorter than the age of the planetary system, indicate that it has already lost its primordial atmosphere, and could be a rocky planetary core. [29] However, if HD 63433 b were a rocky core, it would need to be unusually massive and, therefore, a water-rich composition in addition to an atmosphere with a high mean molecular weight could explain both the radius and the non-detection of the Ly-α. [29]
The outermost planet, HD 63433 c, is a mini-Neptune planet discovered together with HD 63433 b. [9] It is 2.7 times larger than Earth, [24] but 30% smaller than the Solar System's ice giants, Neptune and Uranus. Being 15.5 times more massive than the Earth, [24] it is more massive than Uranus (14.54 M🜨), but still less massive than Neptune (17.15 M🜨). The density of HD 63433 c calculated at 4.6 g/cm3, slightly lower than that of Earth, [24] but greater than the densities of all gas giants in the Solar System.
Orbiting its star at a distance of 0.145 astronomical units (21,700,000 km) in a orbital period of 20 days, [24] it is the outermost planet in its planetary system, but still close to its star, making it a warm planet, with a planetary equilibrium temperature estimated between 267 and 406 °C. [24] [f]
Due to the high radiation received from its star, the atmosphere of HD 63433 c, made up of hydrogen, is slowly being stripped away and escaping from the planet, like a hot air balloon. [30] The hot gas escapes into the space at a velocity of 50 km/s, forming a gas cocoon 12 times larger than the planet itself. [30] As its atmosphere evaporates, HD 63433 c will slowly become a super-Earth planet. [30]
HD 63433 d was the last planet to be discovered in the system, 4 years after planets b and c. [4] With a diameter of ~13,690 km, it is very similar to Earth in size, being only 7% larger, but its mass is currently unknown. [4] It is the innermost planet orbiting HD 63433, having a semi-major axis (mean distance from its star) of 0.0503 astronomical units (7,520,000 km) and an orbital period of just 4 days. [4] The extreme proximity to its star makes it extremely hot, having a daytime temperature estimated at 1,260 °C (2,300 °F), [4] [g] hot enough to melt all the minerals present on its surface, [31] as well as being tidally locked, meaning that one half of the planet is always facing towards its star, while the other is always facing away from it. [32] [26] The planet also possibly lacks a substantial atmosphere. [4] [26] [31]
It is believed that the dayside of the planet, always facing its star due to tidal locking, is fully composed of lava due to the high surface temperature, [33] [26] in addition to possibly having volcanic activity. [34] [35] Meanwhile, the nightside of the planet, which never faces its star, may be the opposite, resembling Pluto with glaciers of frozen nitrogen. [36]
HD 63433 d was discovered in 2024, through an analysis of a transit observation made by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS). [26] As two other planets had already been discovered in the system, the transit signals of these objects were removed, thus revealing an additional transit signal that reappeared every 4.2 days. [26] [37] [4] Further investigation allowed researchers to confirm that this signal was from another orbiting exoplanet, now called HD 63433 d. [26] The discovery was announced on January 10, 2024, in The Astronomical Journal. [32] [36]
The HD 63433 planetary system plays an important role in understanding the evolution of planetary systems in the first billion years after formation. [9] [4] As HD 63433 is relatively bright (6.9 m) and close (73 ly away), its planets b and c can have their atmospheres characterized by the Hubble Space Telescope and James Webb Space Telescope. [29] This star is also a favorable target for studies of atmospheric mass loss in exoplanets, as it is a young and active star with close-in mini-Neptune planets, in addition to having a negative radial velocity (−16.07 km/s). [29]