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The Shafi'i school or Shafi'ism ( Arabic: ٱلْمَذْهَب ٱلشَّافِعِيّ, romanized: al-madhhab al-shāfiʿī) is one of the four major schools of Islamic jurisprudence within Sunni Islam. [1] [2] It was founded by the Muslim scholar, jurist, and traditionist al-Shafi'i, "the father of Muslim jurisprudence", [3] in the early 9th century. [4] [5] [3]
The other three schools of Sunnī jurisprudence are Ḥanafī, Mālikī and Ḥanbalī. [1] [2] Like the other schools of fiqh, Shafiʽi recognize the First Four Caliphs as the Islamic prophet Muhammad's rightful successors and relies on the Qurʾān and the "sound" books of Ḥadīths as primary sources of law. [4] [6] The Shafi'i school affirms the authority of both divine law-giving (the Qurʾān and the Sunnah) and human speculation regarding the Law. [7] Where passages of Qurʾān and/or the Ḥadīths are ambiguous, the school seeks guidance of Qiyās (analogical reasoning). [7] [8] The Ijmā' (consensus of scholars or of the community) was "accepted but not stressed". [7] The school rejected the dependence on local traditions as the source of legal precedent and rebuffed the Ahl al-Ra'y (personal opinion) and the Istiḥsān (juristic discretion). [7] [9]
The Shafiʽi school was widely followed in the Middle East until the rise of the Ottomans and the Safavids. [6] [10] Traders and merchants helped to spread Shafiʽi Islam across the Indian Ocean, as far as India and Southeast Asia. [11] [12] The Shafiʽi school is now predominantly found in parts of the Hejaz and the Levant, Lower Egypt and Yemen, and among the Kurdish people, in the North Caucasus and across the Indian Ocean ( Horn of Africa and the Swahili Coast in Africa and coastal South Asia and Southeast Asia). [13] [14] [1] [15]
One who ascribes to the Shafi'i school is called a Shafi'i, Shafi'ite or Shafi'ist ( Arabic: ٱلشَّافِعِيّ, romanized: al-shāfiʿī, pl. ٱلشَّافِعِيَّة, al-shāfiʿiyya or ٱلشَّوَافِع, al-shawāfiʿ).
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The fundamental principle of the Shafiʽi thought depends on the idea that "to every act performed by a believer who is subject to the Law there corresponds a statute belonging to the Revealed Law or the Shari'a". [9] This statute is either presented as such in the Qurʾān or the Sunnah or it is possible, by means of analogical reasoning ( Qiyas), to infer it from the Qurʾān or the Sunnah. [9]
As-Shafiʽi was the first jurist to insist that Ḥadīth were the decisive source of law (over traditional doctrines of earlier thoughts). [16] In order of priority, the sources of jurisprudence according to the Shafiʽi thought, are: [4] [17]
The school rejected dependence on local community practice as the source of legal precedent. [7] [18] [9]
The concept of Istishab was first introduced by the later Shafiʽi scholars. [10] Al-Shafiʽi also postulated that "penal sanctions lapse in cases where repentance precedes punishment". [16]
The groundwork legal text for the Shafiʽi law is al-Shafiʽi's al-Risala ("the Message"), composed in Egypt. It outlines the principles of Shafiʽi legal thought as well as the derived jurisprudence. [19] A first version of the Risālah, al-Risalah al-Qadima, produced by al-Shafiʽi during his stay in Baghdad, is currently lost. [9]
Al-Shāfiʿī fundamentally criticised the concept of judicial conformism (the Istiḥsan). [20]
Al-Shāfiʿī ( c. 767–820 AD) visited most of the great centres of Islamic jurisprudence in the Middle East during the course of his travels and amassed a comprehensive knowledge of the different ways of legal theory. He was a student of Mālik ibn Anas, the founder of the Mālikī school of law, and of Muḥammad Shaybānī, the Baghdad Ḥanafī intellectual. [3] [28] [29]
The Shafiʽi school is presently predominant in the following parts of the world: [13]
The Shafiʽi school is one of the largest school of Sunni madhhabs by number of adherents. [2] [13] The demographic data by each fiqh, for each nation, is unavailable and the relative demographic size are estimates.
From Middle East and North Africa:
From Southeast Asia:
From South Asia:
Primary sources
Scholarly sources
Part of
a series on Sunni Islam |
---|
Islam portal |
The Shafi'i school or Shafi'ism ( Arabic: ٱلْمَذْهَب ٱلشَّافِعِيّ, romanized: al-madhhab al-shāfiʿī) is one of the four major schools of Islamic jurisprudence within Sunni Islam. [1] [2] It was founded by the Muslim scholar, jurist, and traditionist al-Shafi'i, "the father of Muslim jurisprudence", [3] in the early 9th century. [4] [5] [3]
The other three schools of Sunnī jurisprudence are Ḥanafī, Mālikī and Ḥanbalī. [1] [2] Like the other schools of fiqh, Shafiʽi recognize the First Four Caliphs as the Islamic prophet Muhammad's rightful successors and relies on the Qurʾān and the "sound" books of Ḥadīths as primary sources of law. [4] [6] The Shafi'i school affirms the authority of both divine law-giving (the Qurʾān and the Sunnah) and human speculation regarding the Law. [7] Where passages of Qurʾān and/or the Ḥadīths are ambiguous, the school seeks guidance of Qiyās (analogical reasoning). [7] [8] The Ijmā' (consensus of scholars or of the community) was "accepted but not stressed". [7] The school rejected the dependence on local traditions as the source of legal precedent and rebuffed the Ahl al-Ra'y (personal opinion) and the Istiḥsān (juristic discretion). [7] [9]
The Shafiʽi school was widely followed in the Middle East until the rise of the Ottomans and the Safavids. [6] [10] Traders and merchants helped to spread Shafiʽi Islam across the Indian Ocean, as far as India and Southeast Asia. [11] [12] The Shafiʽi school is now predominantly found in parts of the Hejaz and the Levant, Lower Egypt and Yemen, and among the Kurdish people, in the North Caucasus and across the Indian Ocean ( Horn of Africa and the Swahili Coast in Africa and coastal South Asia and Southeast Asia). [13] [14] [1] [15]
One who ascribes to the Shafi'i school is called a Shafi'i, Shafi'ite or Shafi'ist ( Arabic: ٱلشَّافِعِيّ, romanized: al-shāfiʿī, pl. ٱلشَّافِعِيَّة, al-shāfiʿiyya or ٱلشَّوَافِع, al-shawāfiʿ).
Part of
a series on Aqidah |
---|
Including:
|
The fundamental principle of the Shafiʽi thought depends on the idea that "to every act performed by a believer who is subject to the Law there corresponds a statute belonging to the Revealed Law or the Shari'a". [9] This statute is either presented as such in the Qurʾān or the Sunnah or it is possible, by means of analogical reasoning ( Qiyas), to infer it from the Qurʾān or the Sunnah. [9]
As-Shafiʽi was the first jurist to insist that Ḥadīth were the decisive source of law (over traditional doctrines of earlier thoughts). [16] In order of priority, the sources of jurisprudence according to the Shafiʽi thought, are: [4] [17]
The school rejected dependence on local community practice as the source of legal precedent. [7] [18] [9]
The concept of Istishab was first introduced by the later Shafiʽi scholars. [10] Al-Shafiʽi also postulated that "penal sanctions lapse in cases where repentance precedes punishment". [16]
The groundwork legal text for the Shafiʽi law is al-Shafiʽi's al-Risala ("the Message"), composed in Egypt. It outlines the principles of Shafiʽi legal thought as well as the derived jurisprudence. [19] A first version of the Risālah, al-Risalah al-Qadima, produced by al-Shafiʽi during his stay in Baghdad, is currently lost. [9]
Al-Shāfiʿī fundamentally criticised the concept of judicial conformism (the Istiḥsan). [20]
Al-Shāfiʿī ( c. 767–820 AD) visited most of the great centres of Islamic jurisprudence in the Middle East during the course of his travels and amassed a comprehensive knowledge of the different ways of legal theory. He was a student of Mālik ibn Anas, the founder of the Mālikī school of law, and of Muḥammad Shaybānī, the Baghdad Ḥanafī intellectual. [3] [28] [29]
The Shafiʽi school is presently predominant in the following parts of the world: [13]
The Shafiʽi school is one of the largest school of Sunni madhhabs by number of adherents. [2] [13] The demographic data by each fiqh, for each nation, is unavailable and the relative demographic size are estimates.
From Middle East and North Africa:
From Southeast Asia:
From South Asia:
Primary sources
Scholarly sources