This article needs additional citations for
verification. (January 2024) |
Breynia androgyna | |
---|---|
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Rosids |
Order: | Malpighiales |
Family: | Phyllanthaceae |
Genus: | Breynia |
Species: | B. androgyna
|
Binomial name | |
Breynia androgyna (
L.) Chakrab. & N.P.Balakr. (2012)
| |
Synonyms [2] [3] | |
List
|
Breynia androgyna, also known as katuk, star gooseberry, or sweet leaf, is a shrub grown in some tropical regions as a leaf vegetable.
Its multiple upright stems can reach 2.5 meters high and bear dark green oval leaves 5–6 cm long.
It is native to India and Bangladesh, Indochina, southern China including Hainan, Malesia, and New Guinea. [2] It inhabits tropical and subtropical humid lowland forest, where it grows on brushy slopes and sunny forest margins from 100 to 400 meters elevation. [1] It is cultivated up to 1,300 m. [4][ full citation needed]
It is a good source of vitamin K.[ citation needed] and contains high level of provitamin A carotenoids, especially in freshly picked leaves, as well as high levels of vitamins B and C, protein and minerals. The more the leaves mature, the higher the nutrient content of the leaves. [5]
However, a study has suggested that excessive consumption of uncooked and juiced katuk leaves (due to its popularity for body weight control in Taiwan in the mid 1990s) can cause lung damage, due to its high concentrations of the alkaloid papaverine. [6]
It is one of the most popular leafy vegetables in South and Southeast Asia and is notable for high yields and palatability. [7]
In Indonesia, the flowers, leaves, and small purplish fruits of Breynia androgyna has been consumed and used traditionally since ancient times by the Javanese and Sundanese ethnic groups as the alternative medicine in a form of Jamu (traditional concoction native to Java island, originally formulated by the Javanese) to improve the circulation of blocked breast milk for breastfeeding mothers. [8] Interestingly, according to modern research findings on the efficacy of this herb, indicates that the extract of the Breynia androgyna leaf increases the expression of prolactin and oxytocin genes 15 to 25 times in breastfeeding mice. [9]
In Malaysia, it is commonly stir-fried with egg or dried anchovies.
In Vietnam, the shoot tips have been sold in cuisine and used similarly like the asparagus; the locals usually cook it with crab meat, minced pork or dried shrimp to make a soup.
Various studies have confirmed that Breynia androgyna has notable phytochemical constituents and various pharmacological activities including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-obesity activities. [10]
Although the exact cause is unknown, consumption of uncooked Breynia androgyna leaves has been reported as being associated with bronchiolitis obliterans, leading to lung failure. [11] [12] [13]
Breynia androgyna is a good source of provitamin A carotenoids, and vitamin C and vitamin B. [5]
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |
---|---|
Energy | 245 kJ (59 kcal) |
11 g | |
1 g | |
4.8 g | |
Vitamins | Quantity
%DV† |
Vitamin A | 10370 IU |
Thiamine (B1) | 8% 0.1 mg |
Vitamin C | 266% 239 mg |
Minerals | Quantity
%DV† |
Calcium | 16% 204 mg |
Iron | 17% 3 mg |
Phosphorus | 8% 98 mg |
Other constituents | Quantity |
Water | 91.4 g |
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults, [14] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies. [15] |
Sauropus has a high level of provita-min A carotenoids, especially in freshly picked leaves, as well as high levels of vitamins B and C, protein and minerals. Nutrient content of the leaves is usually higher in more mature leaves.
This article needs additional citations for
verification. (January 2024) |
Breynia androgyna | |
---|---|
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Rosids |
Order: | Malpighiales |
Family: | Phyllanthaceae |
Genus: | Breynia |
Species: | B. androgyna
|
Binomial name | |
Breynia androgyna (
L.) Chakrab. & N.P.Balakr. (2012)
| |
Synonyms [2] [3] | |
List
|
Breynia androgyna, also known as katuk, star gooseberry, or sweet leaf, is a shrub grown in some tropical regions as a leaf vegetable.
Its multiple upright stems can reach 2.5 meters high and bear dark green oval leaves 5–6 cm long.
It is native to India and Bangladesh, Indochina, southern China including Hainan, Malesia, and New Guinea. [2] It inhabits tropical and subtropical humid lowland forest, where it grows on brushy slopes and sunny forest margins from 100 to 400 meters elevation. [1] It is cultivated up to 1,300 m. [4][ full citation needed]
It is a good source of vitamin K.[ citation needed] and contains high level of provitamin A carotenoids, especially in freshly picked leaves, as well as high levels of vitamins B and C, protein and minerals. The more the leaves mature, the higher the nutrient content of the leaves. [5]
However, a study has suggested that excessive consumption of uncooked and juiced katuk leaves (due to its popularity for body weight control in Taiwan in the mid 1990s) can cause lung damage, due to its high concentrations of the alkaloid papaverine. [6]
It is one of the most popular leafy vegetables in South and Southeast Asia and is notable for high yields and palatability. [7]
In Indonesia, the flowers, leaves, and small purplish fruits of Breynia androgyna has been consumed and used traditionally since ancient times by the Javanese and Sundanese ethnic groups as the alternative medicine in a form of Jamu (traditional concoction native to Java island, originally formulated by the Javanese) to improve the circulation of blocked breast milk for breastfeeding mothers. [8] Interestingly, according to modern research findings on the efficacy of this herb, indicates that the extract of the Breynia androgyna leaf increases the expression of prolactin and oxytocin genes 15 to 25 times in breastfeeding mice. [9]
In Malaysia, it is commonly stir-fried with egg or dried anchovies.
In Vietnam, the shoot tips have been sold in cuisine and used similarly like the asparagus; the locals usually cook it with crab meat, minced pork or dried shrimp to make a soup.
Various studies have confirmed that Breynia androgyna has notable phytochemical constituents and various pharmacological activities including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-obesity activities. [10]
Although the exact cause is unknown, consumption of uncooked Breynia androgyna leaves has been reported as being associated with bronchiolitis obliterans, leading to lung failure. [11] [12] [13]
Breynia androgyna is a good source of provitamin A carotenoids, and vitamin C and vitamin B. [5]
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |
---|---|
Energy | 245 kJ (59 kcal) |
11 g | |
1 g | |
4.8 g | |
Vitamins | Quantity
%DV† |
Vitamin A | 10370 IU |
Thiamine (B1) | 8% 0.1 mg |
Vitamin C | 266% 239 mg |
Minerals | Quantity
%DV† |
Calcium | 16% 204 mg |
Iron | 17% 3 mg |
Phosphorus | 8% 98 mg |
Other constituents | Quantity |
Water | 91.4 g |
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults, [14] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies. [15] |
Sauropus has a high level of provita-min A carotenoids, especially in freshly picked leaves, as well as high levels of vitamins B and C, protein and minerals. Nutrient content of the leaves is usually higher in more mature leaves.